training.itcilo.itactravcourses2005A1-00389_we

							PROMOTING GENDER
    EQUALITY
Evolution over last years about
        gender equality
Prior to 50s: women were defined mainly in
terms of their reproductive role and
traditional role in the family: C. 3 (maternity
protection, 1919), C. 103 (revised 1952), R.
4 (excludes women from work involving
exposure to lead poisining, 1919), C. 29 (the
forced participation of women and children in
prostitution,1939), C.45 (underground work
in mines, 1935), C.89 (prohibition of night
work for women in industry).
  Women are protected as a vulnerable
         group subordinate to men
Convention 100 (equal remuneration-
                 1951)

Applies to basic salaries and to any other
additional emoluments (supplements,
bonuses, allowances, etc.) paid directly
or indirectly to worker, in cash or in kind,
as a result of his or her work
Defines equal pay for work of equal value
as a rate of pay fixed without
discrimination based on sex
The application of the C. is facilitated by
the objective appraisal of jobs on the
basis of the work to be done
Governments are to co-operate with
employers ’ and workers ’ organisation in
the practical application
   Convention 111 - Discrimination
 (employment and Occupation - 1958)
Promote equality of opportunity and
treatment in respect of employment and
occupation without discrimination based
on race, colour, sex, religion, political
opinion, national extraction or social
origin
Covers access to vocational training,
access to employment and to particular
occupations, and terms and conditions of
employment
Any law and administrative instructionsor
practices which are not in line with this
policy, should be modified
The policy is to be carried out under the
   THE WID APPROCH (women in
          development)


The 70s focus on the division of labour
based on sex: the different impact of
development       and    modernization
strategies    on   women    and    men
respectively.
Initiatives emphazided women’s access
to training, credit and employment in
order to improve women’s contribution
to and their capacity to benefit from
development          to       minimize
          The WID Approach
4 shortcomings:
  passive beneficiaries in the development
  process
  it accepted existing social structures which
  tend to perpetuate gender inequalities
  it focussed on the productive aspects of
  women ’s work and overlooked the burden
  of social and reproductive functions
  « women-only » marginal and isolated
  projects.
          GAD (Gender and
           development)
In the 80ths,
 Distinguishes biological differences (that
 are universal) from the social
 differences (that are variables) between
 women and men
 Attention is given to the social
 processes and institutions that result in
 inequalities between women and men
 to the disadvantage of women
  C. 155 (Occupational safety and
 health-1981), C.156 (workers with
 family responsabilitiess, 1981).
            GENDER
Social differences between men and
women that are: learned, changeable
over time, have wide variations with
and between cultures
Socio-economic variable to analyse:
roles, responsibilities, constraints,
opportunities, needs of men and
women.
Gender roles are affected by age, class,
race, ethnicity, religion and ideologies
and by the geographical, economical
        Gender analysis
Is a tool to identify:
  what women and men do and why
  Who has access to and control
  over resources of benefits
  What needs men and women have
  and why
  Linkage of above factors with the
  political and social environmental
  contex providing
  opportunity/constraint to ensure
     GENDER PLANNING
    STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME
     CONSTRAINTS AND UTILIZE
         OPPORTUNITIES

Addressing participation patterns and
 assistance requirement of men and
   women at all steps of policy and
      programme development
      GAD APPROACH
To alter gender relations, women
must participate in decision-
making and must be empowered
to develop and pursue strategies
to address their own situation and
to influence the direction of social
change
Empowerment is a process of
awareness and capacity building
leading to greater participation, to
  Mainstreaming women in
       development
Inherent to the GAD approach
Requires explicit consideration of the
actual and potential role of women in
all sector of the economy and the
impact of all policies, plans and
programmes on women
Can include affirmative measures
      Other Conventions
C. 156 (workers with family
responsibilities, 1981)
C. 175 (part-time work, 1994)
C. 177 (home work, 1996)
C. 183 (maternity, 2000)