training.itcilo.itactravcourses2004A3-50351_we

							  Trade Union Training on Youth
Employment for Leaders of National
 Youth Committees in Asia and the
          Pacific Region


              Bangkok
          10-15 May 2004
    Global and Regional Trends in
          Youth Employment




                     Elizabeth Morris
Senior Labour Market and Human Resources Policies Specialist
           ILO Sub-regional Office for East Asia
                          Bangkok
            Contents


1 Measures
2 Trends
3 Limitations
1   Measures
The ILO Key Indicators of the
Labour Market (KILM) has four
measures for youth employment.
1   Measures
• Youth unemployment rate
• Ratio of youth unemployment rate
  to adult unemployment rate
• Youth unemployment as a
  percentage of total unemployment
• Share of unemployed youth in the
  youth population
How do we measure employment and
         unemployment?

Where:

E = Employed
U = Unemployed
LF = E + U = Labour force
Unemployment rate = U/LF*100
                    = U/(E + U)*100
How do we measure employment and
         unemployment?


Youth unemployment rate:

U(15-24)/LF(15-24)*100
How do we measure employment and
         unemployment?


Ratio of youth unemployment rate
to adult unemployment rate:

U(15-24)/LF(15-24)*100 divided
by U(25+)/LF(25+)*100
How do we measure employment and
         unemployment?


Youth unemployment as a percentage
of total unemployment:

U(15-24)/U(15+)*100
How do we measure employment and
         unemployment?


Share of youth unemployment in the
youth population:
U(15-24)/P(15-24)*100
Where P = Population
1      Measures
    The youth unemployment rate is also used
    as an indicator for the United Nations
    Millennium Development Goals.
    Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for
    development
    Target 16: Develop strategies for decent
    and productive work for youth
    Indicator 45: Unemployment rate of 15-
    24 year olds, each sex and total
 2   Trends
• The growth rate of the world’s
  youth labour force has accelerated
  substantially over the past decade,
  increasing competition among young
  people for productive employment.
 2   Trends
• The world youth unemployment rate
  in 2003 was 14.4 per cent, more
  than twice the total world rate of
  6.2 per cent and up from 11.7 per
  cent registered a decade earlier.
 2   Trends
• There are 52.4 million young men
  and 35.8 million young women who
  are unemployed.
• The share of youth unemployment in
  total unemployment was 47.4 per
  cent in 2003 down from 49.5 per
  cent in 1993.
 2   Trends
• The ratio of youth to adult
  unemployment rates was 3.5 in 2003
  up from 3.1 in 1993.
• The share of unemployed youth in
  the youth population grew from 6.7
  per cent in 1993 to 7.9 per cent in
  2003.
 2   Trends
• There were 526 million employed
  youth in the world in 2003.
• Employed youth aged 15-24
  accounted for 18.8 per cent of total
  employment in 2003.
 2   Trends
• The youth employment-to-population
  ratio measured by employed youth as
  a percentage of total youth fell from
  51.9 per cent in 1993 to 47.0 per
  cent in 2003. This could be because
  relatively more are in education
  and/or relatively fewer are in
  employment.
 2   Trends
• The total youth labour force
  including employed plus unemployed
  was 614 million in 2003.
                   Unemployment rates: Total and youth by region, 2003

             25


                                                                          20.8

             20

                                                          16.5

                                        14.6
             15
Percentage




                                                                   10.2
             10

                         7.0
                                                    6.4
                                  5.2
              5
                   3.3




              0
                  Eastern Asia    South Asia     Southeast Asia   Western Asia



                                         Total     Youth
           Youth unemployment rates by sex and region, 2003

                                                             14.2
        World                                                 14.5
                                                              14.4


                                                                                             22.5
 Western Asia                                                                       20.1
                                                                                      20.8


                                                                        17.7
Southeast Asia                                                    15.6
                                                                     16.5


                                                                      17.1
   South Asia                                              13.5
                                                               14.6


                                 5.8
  Eastern Asia                               8.1
                                       7.0


                 0           5                     10        15                20                   25


                     Total                          Male                    Female
3   Limitations
Why do we need other measures
besides the unemployment rate?
3   Limitations
Unemployment is only one dimension of
the problem. A large number of young
people in many countries are
underemployed.
Some would like more hours of work.
Others work long hours below their full
potential for low earnings .
  3   Limitations
  Other information might include:
• Length of unemployment
• “Discouraged youth” who have dropped
  out of the labour force because they
  think no work is available or they face
  barriers and discrimination
  3   Limitations
  Other information might include:
• Employed youth by status in
  employment – employer, self employed,
  employee, contributing family member
• Employed youth in part-time work and
  temporary jobs
• Youth as a percentage of migrant
  workers
 3     Limitations
     Other information might include:
• Proportion of employed youth aged
  15-17 years in hazardous or non-
  hazardous forms of work
• Percentage of youth with no labour
  contracts and/or social protection
• Average earnings of youth relative to
  the minimum wage, median wage,
  poverty level, etc.
3   Limitations
These measures provide information
about young women and young men aged
15-24 years. However, we may want
to learn more about specific groups.
3   Limitations
• Teenagers (15-19 years) versus
  young adults (20-24 years)
• Levels of education and skills
• Marital status
• Ethnic origin
• Family background
• Social groups
3   Limitations
• Rural and urban
• Youth with disabilities
• HIV/AIDS
  Group Work - LMI Exercise
You will be given some statistics from
the ILO Key Indicators of the Labour
Market in hard copy and Excel files.
You are to calculate the four
indicators for youth employment and
provide a brief analysis. We are will
help you use the chart wizard in
Excel software to create figures if
you wish.