GEOGRAPHY PAPER ONE THEORY INTRODUCTION Geography is regarded as the study of man in a fast-changing physio-cultural environment. As such, Geography is an eclectic discipline and has many areas of overlap in both the natural and social fields of study. Geographical inquiries extend beyond traditionally narrow subject boundaries and can help break down compartmentalised thinking. Facts are not important in themselves, but are rather the means whereby connections can be made and relationships can be established. Educators should therefore seek to develop skills and conceptual thinking which are concerned with the spatial interaction between humans and the environment. This syllabus takes into account the essential nature of Geography. The new Interim Syllabus provides us with a change in emphasis as we move from a content-based approach towards a more skills-based approach. It is essential that cognizance be taken, by all educators, of the Introduction to the new Syllabus. ASSESSMENT All pupils will write two formal examination papers. Both papers will be written on the same day.
COMPONENT Theory General Geographic Techniques COMPONENT TITLE Paper 1 Paper 2 DURATION 3 hours 1½ hours WEIGHTING 80% 20%
Description of Paper 1 Total marks: Higher Grade – 320 Standard Grade – 240 Time: 3 hours Section A: Physical Geography – two questions set (80/60 marks each) Section B: Settlement Geography – two questions set (80/60 marks each) Section C: South African Geography – two questions set (80/60 marks each) Combined questions may be set in each section:
Questions in Section A may comprise the climatology, geomorphology, soil study and ecology components. Questions in Section B may comprise the rural and urban settlement components. Questions in Section C may comprise the map study, population, environmental problems and economic activities components.
Questions may either be systematic or composite: A composite question in one section (e.g. Section A) may include aspects from one or both the other two sections (Section B and/or Section C), providing the marks allocated to aspects from other sections do not exceed 25% of the total marks for the question. The interpretation of maps, graphs, diagrams and tables will be included. The numbering of maps, graphs, diagrams and tables will correspond with the question numbers. Pupils should also be able to illustrate answers with simple, annotated diagrams. Marks allocation Higher Grade: 80 marks per question, therefore 4 x 80 = 320 1 mark for direct questions 1 mark for interpretation, analysis and application 60 marks per question, therefore 4 x 60 = 240 1 mark for direct questions 2 marks for interpretation, analysis and application Each question could include five short questions (multiple choice, match the columns, true or false) and will count 2 each.
Standard Grade:
marks
CONTENT AND STRUCTURE Please note that the two industrial areas that should be studied for the 2004/2005 Geography exams are the PWV Industrial Region and the Durban-Pinetown Industrial Region. Pupils must be made aware of HIV/AIDS as it could be questioned as part of population Geography: emphasise the role of HIV/AIDS in population growth, and economic development, and pay attention to preventative measures. Pupils must study development strategies implemented since 1994 to reduce inequalities and meet people’s basic needs. The two development strategies that should be studied are the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) and the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) strategy. Emphasise the aim of these development strategies and various ways in which these strategies are implemented. Each question will have a thematic approach and will be dealt with as a single unit. Learners must tackle the paper with a holistic approach and not compartmentalise the various sections studied during the course of the year. Examples in the various sections are:
Section A:
A single cross-section of a river valley can be given. Pupils could then be questioned on the reasons for the shape of the river valley, climatic conditions that could occur along the slopes of the river valley and why the soil profiles will differ along the slopes and valley floor. A single diagram of a city and its surrounding rural sphere of influence could be given. Pupils could then be questioned on the reasons for the development of the settlement, the morphology of the settlement (shape, street pattern, etc.) the reasons for the positioning of different land-use zones within the settlement, associated problems and solutions. A province or region within South Africa will be selected. Work studied as part of regional Geography will then be applied to that province/region. This does not mean that the selected province/region should have been studied in detail. Should Gauteng be selected, the following topics could be examined: the climate of the region, reasons for high population density, mining, industrialisation (PWV-complex). The Tugela-Vaal water transfer scheme, problems and solutions relating to centralisation of industries.
Section B:
Section C:
EXAM TECHNIQUES Setting out the paper neatly and clearly creates a good impression. Candidates should follow the following instructions that appear on the outside of the examination scripts in order to allow for easy marking. Number all answers down the centre of your examination scripts. Leave at least one line open between answers. Do not write in the margins. Rule off across the page at the end of a completed question. Start each question at the top of a new page. Candidates must encircle the four questions they have answered on the script cover.
Candidates must answer FOUR questions only: One from Section A One from Section B One from Section C A fourth from any of the three sections
THE MANAGEMENT
Many pupils fail as they do all the questions, do not manage their time properly or do not choose the best possible questions.
You have to earn 320/240 marks in 180 minutes. This means you have only 45 minutes per 80/60 marks. Step 1: Choose Step 2: Allow 5 minutes to read Section A only, i.e. Questions 1 and 2. ONE of these and do it in 40 minutes. Allow 5 minutes to read Section B only, i.e. Questions 3 and 4. Choose ONE of these and do it in 40 minutes. Allow 5 minutes to read Section C only, i.e. Questions 5 and 6. Choose ONE of these and do it in 40 minutes. You have 45 minutes left. You have now read through the whole paper. Now select your fourth question from Section A, B or C.
Step 3:
Step 4:
No extra questions will be marked. ANSWERING TECHNIQUES When answering a question it is important to look at the way in which questions are numbered. Most questions are grouped together to form a unit, e.g. Question 1.1.1 Question 1.1.2 Question 1.1.3 Or Question 5.1.1(a) Question 5.1.1(b) Question 5.1.1(c) Be aware of the mark allocation per question. Do not write more than THREE lines for a 2-mark question. When a longer answer is required (8 or more marks) write a short, well-planned paragraph. Even though pupils are writing a Geography Paper, attention should be given to good language use. Pupils must do what the question requires. Note whether the question requires a description, explanation or listing of facts. The following table should be a helpful resource. GENERAL ADVICE Answer questions with brief, clear sentences. Take note of mark allocation and answer accordingly.
Once you have started answering a question, do not change your mind halfway through the answer. Where possible, illustrate answers with simple, annotated sketches.
When sketches are asked for, pupils must heed the instructions for a plan view sketch or a cross-section. Make pupils aware of the structure of the paper and train them in the time management of the paper. Set answers out in point form. Ensure that your handwriting is neat. Write with a blue or black pen only. Keep your handwriting consistent throughout the paper. GRADE 12 CURRICULUM CONTENT
The curriculum is divided into two units: THEORY GENERAL GEOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES The THEORY unit is further subdivided as follows: SECTION A PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1. 2. 3. 4. Climatology Geomorphology Soil studies Ecological studies SECTION B SETTLEMENT GEOGRAPHY 5. 6. Rural settlements Urban settlements SECTION C SOUTH AFRICAN GEOGRAPHY 7. 8. Map study, population and environmental problems Economic activities
The GENERAL GEOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES unit is further subdivided as follows: READING, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS READING, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS All the abovementioned areas of study are compulsory.
THEORY SECTION A PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1. CLIMATOLOGY At the end of this section pupils should be able to … 1.1 The mid-latitude cyclone Define the terms air mass and front Describe and explain the growth and development of a midlatitude cyclone Describe the characteristics of a mid-latitude cyclone Describe and explain weather changes associated with the passage of a mid-latitude cyclone Describe the influence of mid-latitude cyclones on South Africa’s weather Observe, describe and explain weather conditions associated with mid-latitude cyclones when studying synoptic charts
1.2
The tropical cyclone Identify the major regions of occurrence Describe and explain the growth and development of a tropical cyclone Describe the characteristics of a tropical cyclone Describe and explain weather changes associated with the passage of a tropical cyclone Describe the environmental hazards associated with a tropical cyclone Observe, describe and explain weather conditions associated with tropical cyclones when studying synoptic charts Give a brief account of the growth, development, track and consequences of tropical cyclone Domoina
1.3
Major controls of South Africa’s climate Show understanding of how the following factors influence South Africa’s climate; surrounding oceans plateau character of South Africa
-
latitudinal position anticyclonic circulation
1.4
Travelling disturbances Describe and explain the development of: line thunderstorms coastal low pressures South African berg winds Observe, describe and explain weather conditions associated with these travelling disturbances when studying synoptic weather charts
1.5
Valley climates Describe the influence of aspect and altitude Describe and explain the development of: nocturnal inversions first objects radiation fog the warm thermal belt Describe and explain the development of: Anabatic winds Katabatic winds Mountain breezes Valley breezes Show understanding of how the above influence human activities
1.6
Urban climates Contrast rural and urban climates Explain the differences between rural and urban climates Describe and explain the development of urban heat islands Show understanding of how atmospheric pollution affects urban microclimates
2.
GEOMORPHOLOGY At the end of this section pupils should be able to – 2.1 Drainage basins Define the term drainage basin Distinguish between the two main sources of water supply: Surface run-off Groundwater Explain how the following factors influence run-off and infiltration: - Precipitation Soil moisture content
-
Vegetation Slope Porosity Permeability
2.2
Characteristics of drainage basins Determine stream order State the relationship between stream order and: Number of streams Average stream length Stream gradient Drainage basin area Calculate drainage density Explain how the following factors influence drainage density: Precipitation Vegetation Permeability Resistance of rock type Use topographical maps when studying the above
2.3
Stream patterns Identify the different types of stream patterns: Dendritic Rectangular Trellis Radial Centripetal Circular Parallel Deranged Explain why different stream patterns develop Give South African examples of the different stream patterns Identify different stream patterns on topographical maps
2.4
Stream profiles Show understanding of the concepts of base level of erosion and be able to distinguish a permanent base level of erosion and a temporary base level of erosion Show understanding of the concept of grade level and be able to distinguish between a graded stream, an overgraded stream and an undergraded stream State the relationship between longitudinal and transverse profiles of the upper, middle and lower courses of a stream Describe the influence of temporary base levels of erosion and rejuvenation on the longitudinal profile of a stream
2.5
Stream channel characteristics Distinguish between the following flow patterns of streams: Laminar flow Turbulent flow Distinguish between the following types of stream flow: Permanent stream Periodic stream Episodic stream Exotic stream Outline the flow characteristics of South Africa’s rivers Identify and explain the development of the following stream channel patterns: Braided pattern Meandering pattern Rock-controlled pattern Identify these stream channel patterns on topographical maps
2.6
Stream flow characteristics Define the term flow hydrographs Describe and explain the factors influencing the shape of a flow hydrograph Define the terms normal and abnormal flow State the causes of floods Explain the shape of flow hydrographs for floods Describe the factors influencing the flood peak Describe the influence of floods on sculpturing the landscape Describe and explain how floods can be controlled by humans
2.7
River capture Outline the conditions necessary for river capture Identify and describe the development of features associated with river capture To show understanding of the characteristic changes in the: Shape of the drainage basin Discharge of the rivers Long profile of rivers Identify examples of river capture on topographical maps
2.8
Superimposed and antecedent streams
Describe and explain the development of superimposed and antecedent streams Outline the conditions necessary for the development of superimposed and antecedent streams
2.9
Topography associated with horizontal rock strata Outline the characteristics and processes associated with the development of: Hilly landscapes Basaltic plateaus Canyon landscapes Karoo landscapes State how these landscapes can be utilised by humans Identify landforms associated with horizontal rock strata on topographical maps
2.10
Topography associated with inclined rock strata Outline the characteristics and processes associated with the development of Homoclinal ridges Basin-shaped structures State how these landscapes can be utilised by humans Identify landforms associated with inclined rock strata on topographical maps
2.11
Topography associated with massive igneous rock Outline the characteristics and processes associated with the development of: Batholiths Laccoliths Lopoliths Tors
2.12
Slope characteristics Identify the following slope elements: Crest Cliff/scrap or free face Talus/scree/debris slope Pediment Describe the characteristics of the four slope elements Identify the four slope elements on topographical maps
3.
SOIL STUDIES At the end of this section pupils should be able to –
3.1
Soil profile Show understanding of the concept of a soil profile Name and identify the three soil horizons Outline the characteristics of the three soil horizons
3.2
Soil-forming processes Describe and explain the influence of the following passive factors in the formation of soil Parent material Relief Time Describe and explain the influence of the following active factors in the formation of soil Climate Biotic factors
3.3
Soil erosion State the natural causes of soil erosion State the human causes of soil erosion Describe the results of soil erosion Describe and explain how humans can combat soil erosion
4.
ECOLOGICAL STUDIES At the end of this section pupils should be able to: 4.1 Ecosystems Define an ecosystem Distinguish between biotic and abiotic components Show understanding of the interdependence of the element of an ecosystem, including man
4.2
Ecological processes Define the term food chain Show understanding of energy flow in a simple food chain/web Describe the following nutrient cycles: Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
-
Sulphur Phosphorus
4.3
Human impact on ecosystems Give a brief outline of imbalances in the ecosystem by referring to the following: Population growth and the food problem Salination Misuse of insecticides Disruption of the food chain Deforestation Motivate the need for environmental conservation State the various ways in which the environment can be managed SECTION B SETTLEMENT GEOGRAPHY
5.
RURAL SETTLEMENTS At the end of this section pupils should be able to – 5.1 Settlements Define the term settlement Distinguish between the different types of settlement in terms of size and complexity
5.2
Nucleated and dispersed settlements Distinguish between nucleated and dispersed settlement types Discuss reasons as to why some settlements are nucleated and others are dispersed with reference to: Physical factors Social, cultural factors Agronomic factors Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of living in nucleated or dispersed settlements, respectively
5.3
Site and situation of settlements Distinguish between the terms site and situation Give a brief outline of the factors that will influence the site and situation of settlements
5.4
The internal structure and form of rural settlements Discuss the isolated farmstead with reference to the following: The focal point of the farm The situation of the focal point External appearance of the farmstead Layout of the farmyard Classify villages according to their shape e.g.: Round/square villages Linear villages Crossroad villages Explain why villages assume different shapes
5.5
Rural depopulation in developed countries Explain the term rural depopulation List the push and pull factors responsible for rural depopulation Discuss the consequences of rural depopulation Discuss possible solutions to counterbalance rural depopulation
5.6
Rural development strategies in developing countries Outline the following problems experienced in rural areas in developing countries: Overpopulation Low productivity as a result of traditional agricultural systems Outline the following development strategies as possible solutions to the problems mentioned above: Industrialisation Industrial decentralisation Agricultural planning and development Rural planning and resettlement The basic needs philosophy
6.
URBAN SETTLEMENTS At the end of this section pupils should be able to – 6.1 Processing and characteristics of urbanisation Define the following terms:
-
Urbanisation Urban growth Urban expansion Level of urbanisation Rate of urbanisation
6.2
Site and situation Define the terms site and situation Discuss the factors influencing site and situation of an urban settlement
6.3
Classification of urban settlement Outline the main function of central places Distinguish between the following types of trade and transport cities Break-of-bulk point Junctions Gateways Explain the development of specialised cities such as: Mining towns Manufacturing centres Resort towns Educational centres Administrative centres
6.4
Central place theory Define the term central place Discuss the factors that play a role in the distribution of central places with reference to relief and population distribution Explain the term threshold population Explain the term range of goods/services Explain the term sphere of influence
6.5
Urban sphere of influence Define the term urban sphere of influence Describe the ideal shape of the urban sphere of influence and discuss the factors that will determine its shape in reality Discuss the various methods of determining the urban sphere of influence Discuss the value of determining the urban sphere of influence
6.6
Urban hierarchies Define the concept of urban hierarchies Explain the development of urban hierarchies
Describe the characteristics of an urban hierarchy Compare the ideal hierarchical system with the hierarchical system that developed in South Africa
6.7
Urban morphology Identify the various shapes that urban areas can assume and give reasons why a specific shape developed Identify the different street plans that can develop, give reasons for their development and discuss all the advantages and the disadvantages for each street plan Define the term urban profile and explain the shape of the urban profile
6.8
The morphological structure of a city Explain the role played by physical factors in the development of a city’s morphological structure Explain how planning or the lack thereof, plays a role in the development of a city’s morphological structure Explain how improved means of transport resulted in: Depopulation of the urban centre Functional differentiation The development of skyscrapers Residential segregation Lower densities New structures Decentralisation of functions Commercial ribbon development Multi-centred urban structures
6.9
The physical expansion of cities List the advantages private motor vehicles have over public means of transport Describe the effect private motor vehicles had on: Ribbon development Urban sprawl The development of the rural-urban fringe Distinguish between the following urban constellations: Metropolis Conurbation Megalopolis
6.10
Land use zones Explain the role played by the following factors in the development of urban land use zones: Accessibility
-
Land values Specialised requirements Compatibility
Planning Centrifugal forces Centripetal forces Describe the central business district (CBD) in terms of: Its position in the city Its characteristic features The functions found here Associated problems Explain the term commercial decentralisation and give a brief description of the following retail trade area in the suburbs: The isolated store cluster Commercial ribbon development The outlying business centre The planned shopping centre Distinguish between and explain why the following industrial areas locate at different places in the city: Light industries close to the CBD Light industries in the suburbs Heavy industries away from the city Industrial estates outside the city Outline the factors that resulted in suburban growth and explain why residential density changes from the CBD towards the outskirts of the city Outline the factors that result in the development of the following residential areas and explain their location in the city: Low income residential areas Middle income residential areas High income residential areas Golf estates Show understanding of the term rural-urban fringe, explain its development and be able to list the urban functions that occur here.
6.11
Urban problems and possible solutions Should be able to describe the causes and consequences and give possible solutions to the following urban problems: Centralisation Congestion Urban sprawl Urban decay/blight (slums) Informal/squatter settlements Pollution Environmental despoliation
SECTION C SOUTH AFRICAN GEOGRAPHY 7. MAP STUDY, POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS At the end of this section pupils should be able to – 7.1 Map study 7.2 Identify South Africa’s neighbouring countries Identify political divisions Identify major features of relief and drainage Identify physiographic regions Identify vegetation regions Identify climatic regions
Population Describe South Africa’s population distribution Explain South Africa’s population distribution and explain why pockets of high density occur in low density areas The role of HIV/AIDS in: Population growth Economic growth Ways in which the spread of HIV/AIDS can be prevented
7.3
Environmental problems and possible solutions Assess the problems associated with and evaluate the shortand long-term solutions to the following environmental problems Droughts Floods Vegetation imbalance Provision of water Pollution Wildlife extinction
8.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES At the end of this section pupils should be able to – 8.1 Economy Define the terms: Gross Domestic Product Gross National Product
and 8.2
Primary activities Secondary activities Tertiary activities Describe the contribution to the GDP by primary, secondary tertiary activities
Define the terms:
Primary activities Outline the factors which promote or hinder development of agriculture in South Africa Outline the factors which promote or hinder the development of mining in South Africa Describe the importance of agriculture and mining to the economy of South Africa
8.3
Secondary activities Outline the development of the PWV industrial complex as well as the Durban-Pinetown industrial region Outline the factors which promote or hinder the development of these two industrial complexes List problems associated with industrial growth in these two industrial regions and give possible solutions to these problems
8.4
Tertiary activities Describe South Africa’s position with regard to world trade Describe the importance of world trade to South Africa Define the term balance of trade Outline the provision of services in South Africa with specific reference to the following: Electricity supply Transport
8.5
Development planning Show a clear understanding of the term development Explain the meaning of sustainable development Give a brief outline of development strategies implemented since 1994 with specific reference to the following strategies: RDP GEAR
GENERAL GEOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES READING, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS At the end of this section pupils should be able to – 1. Types of photographs 2. Distinguish between horizontal, oblique and vertical aerial photographs List the advantages and disadvantages of using horizontal, oblique and vertical aerial photographs Explain what an orthophoto is and list all the advantages of using an orthophoto when interpreting the landscape Explain what a stereopair is
Calculation Calculate the scale of any given vertical aerial photograph
3.
Interpretation Read, analyse and interpret vertical aerial photographs by studying the following aspects: Size and shape of features Tone and texture of the photograph Shadows Patterns
READING, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS At the end of this section pupils should be able to – 1. Techniques 2. Understand the concept of contour lines and contour interval Understand the concept of scale Calculate distance in reality between two given points Determine direction between two given points Determine true bearing between two given points Calculate present magnetic bearing between two given points Give co-ordination of a specific place Calculate the gradient between two given points Draw a cross-section between two given points and calculate the vertical exaggeration of a cross-section Explain how topographic maps are named
Interpretation
Identify all landforms studied in Geomorphology Distinguish between all major agricultural activities Identify land uses and, where possible, give reasons for their occurrence in specific locations Describe the relationship/interdependence of relief, climate, vegetation, drainage, economic activities, communication links, settlements and population distribution and density
FIGURE 1
GEOGRAPHY PAPER TWO TIME: 1½ hours MARKS: 80 (HG) 60 (SG) 1. GENERAL 1.1 1.2 Answer ALL the questions. Any of the following resource material can be used:
1:50 000 Topographic Map Photograph 1:10 000 Orthophoto Map Photograph Graphs, diagrams etc. 1.3
• •
Vertical Aerial Oblique Aerial
The resource material (map, photo, etc.) will not be of an area within Gauteng. Schools to accumulate resource material for their own further use and must keep these materials after the exam.
1.4 The learners must know the political divisions of South and Southern Africa. The theoretical aspects of maps and aerial photographs, i.e. the so-called “basics”, can also be assessed. 2. SPECIFIC INFORMATION 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Refer to Section 1 of the Grade 10 syllabus: General Geographical Techniques. The conventional map symbols, magnetic declination, etc. will be shown on the topographic map. Translations of English / Afrikaans terms and words which appear on the resource material will be given if applicable. Calculations and techniques Learners must be able to do the calculations and show all the steps. know the formula.
can be North.
be able to read co-ordinates in degrees, minutes and tenths of minutes, e.g. 28° 10,4' South; 26° 36,2' East.
Magnetic declination Take note of the two ways in which the declination indicated: 22°.1 OR 22° 06' West of True If 22°.1 then it must be converted: 22° (1x6) = 22° 06' West. The date, e.g. 1997.5 must be accepted as 1997, if instructed otherwise.
not
accurate diagram.
Cross-sections Learners must be able to draw or complete an cross-section of the landscape, using either the topographic map or man-made features on the Free-hand cross-section can also be assessed.
2.5
Multiple-choice questions NO formal questions of this nature will be included in the question papers as from 2003 and onwards (Preparatory included). Questions with possible answers between brackets can be included.
exam
2.6
The application of Theory
Theory refers to ALL sections of the syllabus, i.e. Climatology (regional and local), Geomorphology, Ecology, Settlement and Economic (Regional) Geography. Although the paper will focus on the Grade 12 syllabus, learners will be expected to draw on their overall knowledge of concepts and skills developed in previous years, i.e. Grades 10 and 11. Almost all answers will be “visible” on the resource material. 2.7 Resource Material The material used in the Preparatory (Preliminary) Exam can be used for the next year’s Portfolio mapwork modules. 3. EQUIPMENT 3.1 Learners must supply their own equipment: ruler, protractor, compass etc. The use of a calculator and magnifying glass will be allowed. Advise learners to write with pens with BLUE ink only.
3.2 3.3