Get documents about "EHIA in EIA
Description
Lecture note on EHIA practice in the context of EIA.
Document Sample
Tips
Before you conduct HIA or HRA
Anticipate reaction from the
public
May have to go beyond minimum
requirement
Risk = Hazard + Outrage
What is EIA?
EIA is a study to identify, predict, evaluate and communicate
information about the impacts on the environment of a
proposed project and to detail out the mitigating measures prior
to project approval and implementation (DoE, EIA Procedure
and Requirement in Malaysia (Revised) 2007)
History of EIA
Handbook of EIA EIA Procedure and Requirement
1987 (1st Edition) • 1990 (1st Edition)
1995 • 1991
• 1992
2000 • 1993
2007 • 1994
2009 (5th Edition) • 2007 (6th Edition)
Inclusion of Human Health
NATIONAL POLICY ON THE ENVIRONMENT
POLICY STATEMENT
FOR CONTINOUS ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
PROGRESS AND ENHANCEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE
OF MALAYSIANS, THROUGH ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
21 October 2002
Aim and objectives of the EIA
5 objectives of EIA:
To examine and select the best from the project options
available;
To identify and incorporate into the project plan
appropriate abatement and mitigating measures;
To predict residual environmental impacts;
To determine the significance of the residual
environmental impacts predicted; and
To identify the environmental costs and benefits of the
project to the community.
Significant impact?
Activities and their impacts are judged to be
significant if they create, or have the potential to
create concern and controversy in the public or
professional community.
It can be health concern
Environmental concern
Socio-cultural concern
Type of EIA
Preliminary EIA
Detailed EIA
HIA is a must
Those projects for which PEIA was carried out;
Impacts are unknown-require further studies
Potential significant residual impact
Those projects for which PEIA was not done but based on
experience of such development
Known to have significant residual impact which require detailed
study. (Listed as Prescribed activities which require DEIA)
List of Activities Requiring Detailed EIA
Iron and Steel Industry
Pulp and Paper Mill
Cement Plant
Coal Fired power plant
Dams for water supply and hydroelectric power
Land reclamation
Incineration plant
Municipal solid waste landfill facility (including
municipal solid waste transfer station)
Logging 500 hectares or more
Scheduled waste recovery or treatment facility
Primary smelting industries
Recovery plant for lead-acid battery
Development of tourist or recreational facilities on
islands in surrounding waters gazetted as marine
parks
What is HIA
A combination of procedures, methods and tools that
systematically judges the potential, and sometimes
unintended, effects of a policy, plan, programme or
development project on the health of a population,
and the distribution of those effects within the
population.
HIA identifies appropriate actions to manage those
effects.
Health Impact Assessment in the EIA process
DOE’S EXPECTATION – Especially with
projects with high health risk and implications:
Existing Health Status with health indicators
relevant to proposed projects
Health Risk Assessment
Predict morbidity and mortality rates
Predict acute and chronic risks
To be relevant for the decision making process
Key Principles of HIA
A social model of health and well-being
An explicit focus on equity and social justice
A multidisciplinary, participatory approach
The use of qualitative as well as quantitative
evidence
Explicit values and openness to public scrutiny
Values underpinning HIA.
Democracy – allowing people to participate in the development and
implementation of policies, programmes or projects that may impact
on their lives.
Equity – HIA assesses the distribution of impacts from a proposal on
the whole population, with a particular reference to how the proposal
will affect vulnerable people (in terms of age, gender, ethnic
background and socio-economic status).
Sustainable development – that both short and long term impacts are
considered, along with the obvious, and less obvious impacts.
Ethical use of evidence – the best available quantitative and qualitative
evidence must be identified and used in the assessment. A wide variety
of evidence should be collected using the best possible methods.
HOW?
Policy
Procedure
Methods
Tools
Policy
National Physical Plan (April 2005)
Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA)
Legal requirement
In Malaysia, EIA is required under section 34A, EQA, 1974, EIA for
prescribed activities
Which activities are subject to EIA?
Prescribed activities –EQA (Prescribed Activities) Order 1987
Who can conduct EIA study?
EIA Consultant Registration Scheme
Registered EIA Consultant
Registered Subject Consultant
Assistant Consultant
As of 1 October 2007, DOE will only accept EIA reports prepared
by registered EIA consultants.
Guidelines
Procedure/method/tools ?
Procedure is good management
Requirement and process to follow
saying what you will do
getting it done
proving that you have done it
Method is technical
doing the assessment
Predicting the impact
Tools
The equipment for data collection, predicting
the impact
Method
Screening and scoping determine focus and
boundaries
Hazards need to be translated into risks
The assessment considers community risk factors,
environmental risk factors and institutional risk
factors
The evidence base is not limited to scientific
information
Objectivity and procedural rigour must be verifiable
Pre Project
Implementation
Prospective HIA HIA in EIA
Process
SCREENING Methods
Qualitative
SCOPING
Post Project
Implementation
Direct Method
Profiling Environmental
Epidemiology Monitoring
equation
Prediction of HIA Retrospective
Indirect Method HIA
Quantitative Environmental
Risk Statement
Epidemiology
Applied HRA study
Risk Management
Mitigating Measures Method Sentinel Disease
Monitoring Surveillance
HIA in EIA
Site-Specific
Exposure condition
Exposure intake / dose
ZOI (Zone of Impact)
Project phase
Construction
Operational
Worst case
Health as defined by WHO
Focus mainly on – possible negative health impacts
Acute / Chronic health risk/Cancer risk
Health Risk Assessment Facility Basic facility information
Emission source
Framework Characterization Identifying COPC
Existing Air Water Exposure Exposure Phase
Environ Modeling Modeling Scenario Exposure scenario
Likelihood of exposure?
Pathways analysis Receptors? Future Land
use?
Baseline Value
Media Predicted MAIC
Concentration (Air, Water, soil)
Appropriate
Environmental Health
Quantifying Quantifying Exposure
Guideline
Exposure Intake Dose
Dose-Response
Cancer potency factor Characterizing Acute / chronic risk
Risk Cancer risk
Methods
Direct Method
Rely on epidemiological equation for estimation
Weakness -Limited information, No established
reference values for risk acceptability
Indirect Method
Rely on HRA method
Rely on threshold toxicity values
Well established methodology
Risk acceptability level – well defined.
Weakness – uncertainty, toxicity data based on
extrapolation from animal to human, or high dose
exposure to low dose exposure
Type of health effects
Cancer
Acute Chronic
Risk
Local Local
reaction reaction Lifetime
Cancer Risk
Systemic Systemic
effects effects
Average over
A Year and a lifetime
Up to 24hr exposure
above
Health Hazards
Type of health hazard released into
environmental media
•Chemical
•Biological
•Physical
Type of toxicity
•Irritation
•Systemic toxicity
•Cancer
Nature of toxicity
•Acute
•Chronic
Similarity of toxicological action
(mode of action, similar target organ)
Health Hazards
Threshold Dose
•Acute
•Chronic
•RfC
•RfD
•ADI
•REL
Non-Threshold Dose
•Cancer Potency Factor
•Cancer Slope Factor
•Cancer Unit Risk Factor
Framework of Health Risk Estimation
Toxicity Data
Dose-response
Hazard
Threshold dose
Type of toxicity
Cancer potency factor
Health Risk
Estimation
Data Input
Exposure Data
Estimating Intake
For different route of
exposure
Contaminants Consumption pop.at
levels in Data Risk Inhalation Ingestion Dermal
Baseline media
Env. Incremental
ASK
Hazard ; Can it
cause cancer?
Carcinogen No Does not requires
Group ? Cancer Risk
A, B Estimation
Yes
Need to evaluate for
Cancer Risk
Carcinogen Classification & Cancer
risk estimate
IARC U.S.
EPA
Description Cancer Risk Estimate
Group 1: A Proven human Risk estimates
carcinogens:
Group 2 B1 Probable human carcinogens Risk estimates
Group 2A B2 Limited evidence of Risk estimates
carcinogenicity in humans,
Sufficient evidence of
carcinogenicity in animals
Group 2B C Inadequate evidence of Guidelines based
carcinogenicity in humans on non-cancer
endpoints
Group 3 D Unclassified chemicals Guidelines based
on non-cancer
endpoints
Exposure Assessment
Source activities
Emissions
Exposure Pathway Environmental Concentration
analysis Air Water Food Soil
Exposure
External Exposure
Exposure intake or Dose
Dose estimation Health Effects
Early/Subclinical
Moderate/Clinical
Advanced/Permanent
Evaluating Exposure Pathways
The goal of EEP is to identify site-specific likely
exposure situations and answer the questions;
Is anyone at a given site exposed to environmental
contamination? (likelihood of exposure)
Exposure pathways;
Completed
Potential
Eliminated pathway
Exposure Pathway
Analysis
No
Exposure Eliminated Pathway
Likely
Yes
Completed or Health Effect
Potential exposure Evaluation
pathway
Exposure pathway analysis can be very complicated
From:
Paustenbach, DJ.
(2000) The practice of
exposure assessment:
a state-of-the-art
review. J Toxicol Env
Health, 3:179-291
Documenting Exposure Pathways
Exposure Pathway Elements
Source Environmental Point of Exposure Route of Exposure Potentially Exposed
Pathway Name Medium Population
Ambient Air Landfill Air Air Inhalation Local Residents
(completed)
Surface Soil Landfill Soil Contact with soil at No No
landfill (Eliminated)
Public Water Landfill Municipal Water Residences & Ingestion Users of Municipal
Supply (water Businesses, Tap Water Supply
intake point) (completed)
Private Wells Landfill Groundwater Residences, Tap Ingestion No
(Private Wells) Dermal Contact (Eliminated)
Food Chain Landfill Fresh water fish Fish Ingestion Unknown
(Biota) from river (Potential)
Land use map
Site visit
Profiling of environmental
health data from local area
Kesihatan Daerah
Local survey
Estimating Exposure Intake or Dose
Exposure intake for
Inhalation Ingestion Dermal
Ca * EF * ED
ADE.or.LADE =
AT * 365days / year
ADE * 0.001
HQinh(i ) =
RfC LCR(i ) = LADE *URF (i )
EF Exposure frequency Days/year Default value -350
ED Exposure duration year Default RME value 6,30, or 40 or life span of project
AT Averaging time year Site-specific for Non-cancer risk; 70 years for cancer risk
Estimating Exposure Intake or Dose
Estimating dose for
Inhalation Ingestion Dermal
C * IR * EF * ED
ExposureDose =
BW * AT
For specific exposure dose though Air, Water, Food, Fish, Dermal contact; refer
1. PHA Guidance Document Appendix G
2. Exposure Factor Hand Book, EPA 1997
3. Example Exposure Scenario, 2004
4. EPA Document 530-R-05-006, September 2005
EF Exposure frequency Days/year Default value -350
ED Exposure duration year Default RME value 6,30, or 40 or life span of project
AT Averaging time year Site-specific for Non-cancer risk; 70 years for cancer risk
Site-Specific Exposure Duration
Project life span
RME
Consider population movement in time and space
mobility rate and median time in a residence
In addition to the number of years at a particular location or
residence, the amount of time spent at that location each day
directly affects exposure.
population mobility census
Health Effects Evaluation (HEE)
Has a completed or
potential exposure
pathway been identified?
• Yes – proceed with HEE
Health Effects Evaluation (HEE)
Can we compare [environmental concentration] with
environmental standard or guideline?
Need to understand the derivation and use of that
standard
Standard Defaults exposure assumption used, and
Level of risk acceptability used
The standard is meant for what? Cancer risk, Non-
cancer risk?
Not site-specific
Example: Chromium in ambient air
Ambient Cr (VI) level of 0.0002 mcg/m3
Is it safe?
Compare with Environmental Health Guideline Values
WHO Air Quality Guideline: nil
RMAQG: nil
ATSDR’s EMEG: 1 mcg/m3
EPA NAAQS- annual-average = 2 mcg/m3
OEHHA’s Chronic REL = 0.2 mcg/m3
EPA RfC = 0.1 mcg/m3
ATSDR’s CREG for Cr (VI): 0.00008mcg/m3
Health Comparison Values
Specific Environmental Media Threshold Toxicity Values
Standard / Guideline s
Air, Food, Water Quality Standard or EPA’s RfD, RfC, URF, CSF
Guideline
ATSDR’s EMEG, CREG values ATSDR’s MRL
EPA NAAQS OEHHA’s REL, URF, CSF
WHO Drinking water, recreational ADI(Acceptable Daily Intake)
water guideline, WHO air Q
guideline for criteria pollutants
Applied for specific Applied for estimated dose /
environmental media exposure concentration (air)
concentration (ADE(air) or ADD or LADE(air) or
LADD or CDI)
Acute Exposure Guideline Values
Guideline Target Group Organization Definition Exposure Duration
Three-tier guideline for emergency response 10 min., 30 min, 1 hr, 4
AEGL Public COT NRC
hr., and 8 hr
For routine
REL Public OEHHA 1 hour
emissions and exposure
Three-tier planning guideline for emergency
ERPG Public AIHA 1 hour
response
LOC estimation based on IDLH
1/10 IDLH Public EPA/FEMA/DOT 30 minutes
(Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health)
Used to be 30 minutes.
Highest concentration from which escape The revised IDLH
IDLH Worker NIOSH
possible without permanent damage (1994) mentions no
exposure duration.
8 hours per day, 20 to 30
TLV, PEL, REL Worker ACGIH, OSHA, NIOSH Occupational exposure for 8-hour workday
years
STEL Worker ACGIH Occupational short-term exposure limit 15 minutes
NAAQS Public EPA 24 hrs, lifetime
Example: Ammonia Gas
Levels Safe Limit
(ppm)
0.1 Safety limit for chronic
exposure
1.7 Exposure up to 14 days without
any health effects
25 Safety limit for 8 hours exposure
(PEL)
35 Safety limit for 15 minute exposure
(Short Term Exposure Limit
(STEL))
50 – Mild Eye and throat irritation
100
140– eye and throat irritation after
400 immediate exposure
500- Corneal and throat burns
700
1000 - Airway distress, laryngospasm
1700
2500 Fatality (after halt-hour exposure)
5000 Rapidly fatal after exposure
No
Likelihood of Exposure Stop
Yes
No
Environmental Data Exposure Investigation needed; Env
Sampling; Env Monitoring Data
Available?
Yes
HEALTH EFFECTS
Env. Guideline Value ASSESSMENT
No LEVEL 1
Yes
Compare detected conc. with appropriate
Environmental Guideline Value for air or
water or soil or food quality
Refer Table 4.7.
Yes
Exceed Guideline Value
Site-specific Exposure/Dose HEALTH EFFECTS
No Estimation (Refer Health Evaluation ASSESSMENT
Appendix 1) LEVEL 2
Modified from the
Risk Characterization;
Public Health
cancer & non-cancer risk Assessment
Acceptable Guidance Manual
Health Risk Statement and Conclusion
(2005 Update)
Not ATSDR
Acceptable Risk Management
No Further Action Policy Decision and
Actions by Authority
Non-Cancer Health Risk
Acute health risk
HQ = [ ]/Health Reference Value for Acute effects (MRL
acute, REL acute)
Chronic Health Risk
HQ = [ ] / Health Reference Value for Chronic effects (RfD,
RfC, MRL Chronic)
Single pollutants
HI = HQoral + HQinhallation +HQdermal
Chemical mixture
HI = HICHEMICAL 1 + HICHEMICAL 2…….
Mixture of Chemical - Joint
toxicities
Rule for summing up HI
Similar type of health effects
Local reaction
Systemic effect
Similarity of tox. Action
Cancer Risk
Lifetime excess cancer risk (LECR)
Probability of cancer incidence e.g 1 x10-6
Incremental concentration is used to estimate excess
cancer risk
LECR = LADD or LADE x CSF or URF
Risk Estimation
Non Cancer risk Lifetime Cancer risk
Inhalation Inhalation
ADE * 0.001
HQinh(i ) = LCR(i ) = LADE *URF (i )
RfC
Risk Estimation
Non Cancer risk Lifetime Cancer risk
Oral / Dermal Oral /Dermal
ADD
HQ(i) = LCR(i ) = LADD * CSF (i )
RfD
Exposure Scenario for Health Risk Assessment: Landfill (Worse Case Scenario,
Burst pond)
Parameters Max. Levels of CDI for each route HQ for each route HI of all HImix of
Heavy Metals routes for chemical
in Receiving Ingestion of ingestio skin Ingestio ingesti skin specific mixture
Rivers Fish n of contact n of on of contact pollutant with
water with Fish water with water similar
water toxicologic
al endpoint
Cd (mg/L) 0.02 4.44E-05 6.02E-09 1.96E-06 0.044429 1.2E-05 0.078499 0.122941 -
Cr (VI) 0.11
(mg/L) ND 3.31E-08 1.08E-05 ND ND 0.143916 0.143916 -
Hg (mg/L) 0.01 0.000303 3.01E-09 9.81E-07 3.034773 ND 0.010903 3.045676 -
Lead 0.05
(mg/L) 4.7E-05 1.51E-08 4.91E-06 ND ND ND ND -
Ni (mg/L) 5.36 ND 1.61E-06 0.000526 ND ND ND ND -
Zn (mg/L) 0.58 3.52E-06 1.75E-07 5.69E-05 1.17E-05 0 0.000949 0.00096 -
Nitrate 58.9 1.11E-
(mg/l) ND 1.77E-05 0.00578 ND 05 ND 1.11E-05
Nitrite 15.4 4.63E-
(mg/l) ND 4.64E-06 0.001511 ND 05 ND 4.64E-05 5.74E-05
Direct Method
Air contaminant of % per 10 CONSTRUSTION PHASE OPERATIONAL PHASE
concern / Health ug/m3 Predicted Attributable Predicted Attributable Predicted Attributable Predicted Attributable
outcome [(RR- proportion (%) of health proportion (%) of proportion (%) of health proportion (%) of health
1)]*100 outcome health outcome outcome outcome
With control measures Without control With control measures Without control
measures measures
SMK Kg Sg Project SMK Kg Sg Project SMK Kg Sg Project SMK Kg Sg Project
Tamil Pedas site Tamil Pedas site Tamil Pedas site Tamil Pedas site
PM10(µg/m3)* 1.045 0.715 2.585 10.8 7.3 26.6 3.52 2.42 8.47 17.77 12.26 41.85
Hospital admissions 0.89% 0.09% 0.06% 0.23% 0.96 0.64% 2.36% 0.31% 0.21% 0.75% 1.58% 1.09% 3.72%
for cardiovascular %
causes
Hospital admission 1.50% 0.15% 0.10% 0.38% 1.62 1.09% 3.99% 0.52% 0.36% 1.27% 2.66% 1.83% 6.27%
for respiratory %
disease
Occurrence of 6.50% 0.67% 0.46% 1.68% 7.02 4.74% 17.29 2.28% 1.57% 5.50% 11.55 7.96% 27.20
respiratory symptoms % % % %
Asthma exacerbation 4.80% 0.50% 0.34% 1.24% 5.18 3.50% 12.7% 1.68% 1.16% 4.06% 8.52% 5.88% 20.08
(aged <15) % %
Asthma exacerbation 0.39% 0.04% 0.02% 0.10% 0.42 0.28% 1.03% 0.13% 0.09% 0.33% 0.69% 0.47% 1.63%
(aged >15) %
Quantification number of cases attributable to exposure
(based on epidemiological evidence only)
Dose-Response Morbidity Exposure Assessment
Step Mortality data step
Alternatively for Criteria Pollutants
Compare with WHO Air Quality Guideline (2005
Updates)
Established based on extensive epidemiology
studies
Exposure setting – general population
Uncertainty –
no extrapolation from animal to human or
High dose exposure to low dose exposure
Particulate Matter PM10 AND
PM2.5
Particulate Matter PM10 AND PM2.5
