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THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA
GRADUATE COLLEGE
and
THE CONSTRUCTION SCIENCE DIVISION

HANDHELD COMPUTING DEVICE TECHONOLOGY
CAPABILITY FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTROL TASKS

A SPECIAL STUDY PROJECT
SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CONSTRUCTION ADMINISTRATION

by
Sulapa Rungtapnapa
Norman, Oklahoma
July 2001
HANDHELD COMPUTING DEVICE TECHONOLOGY
CAPABILITY FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTROL TASKS

A SPECIAL STUDY PROJECT
APPROVED BY THE DIVISION OF CONSTRUCTION SCIENCE

By the Graduate Committee:

Douglas D. Gransberg
Associate Professor of Construction Science
Committee Chairman

Richard Ryan
Associate Professor of Construction Science

Bill McManus
Associate Professor of Construction Science
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to the
chairman of the committee, Professor Doug Gransberg for his continuing advice,
encouragement and support throughout my study. Grateful acknowledgment is also made
to Professor Bill McManus for his suggestions and encouragement. Thanks to Professor
Richard Ryan, who gave me the opportunity to study in this department. With their
knowledge, teaching skills, experiences, and professionalism, they have provided me
with an excellent level of education. Further, I would like to thank Dr. James Koch for
his information throughout this study.

Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to my family. Without what you
have taught and given to me, I could not be where I am today.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS IV
LIST OF TABLE VI
LIST OF FIGURE Viii

CHAPTERS
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 5
1.2 Objective 6
1.3 Content 7
1.4 Methodology 8

2 PDA Hardware 9
2.1 Operating System 9
2.2 PDA-PC Connection 16
2.3 PDA-PC Network Connection 17
2.4 Comparison of Various Model PDA 21

3 PDA Software 26
3.1 Bundled Application 26
3.2 Add-on Software for the Construction Industry 29
4 PDA Survey Development & Survey Result 50
4.1 Survey Objective 50
4.2 Personal Survey Design 52
4.3 Organization Survey Design 55
4.4 Respondent Data 58

5 PDA Survey Analysis 74

REFERENCES 83
APPENDIXES
Appendix A Survey Form 85
Appendix B PDA Models Comparison Table 89
LIST OF TABLE

Table Page

1. Personal digital assistant (PDA) and Traditional Computer Comparison 5
2. Summarizes the Basic Characteristics of these Four Platforms 11
3. Summarizes Platform Connectivity Support 20
4. Comparison of Three Models Monochrome PDA: Handspring, 22
Casio and Compaq
5. Comparison of three model monochrome PDA: Handspring, Palm 24
and Compaq
6. Timeframe for Survey Study 51
7. Firm Type Responses to the Survey 58
8. Responses Data to Question 1 59
9. Responses Data to Question 2 59
10. Responses Data to Question 3 60
11. Responses Data to Question 3.1 60
12. Number of PDA's Users Categorize by Model 60
13. Responses Data to Question 3.2 61
14. Responses Data to Question 4 61
15. Responses Data to Question 4.1 61
16. Responses Data to Question 4.2 62
17. Responses Data to Question 4.3 62
18. Responses Data to Question 6 63
19. Responses Data to Question 8 63
20. Responses Data to Question 7 63
21. Responses Data to Question 9 64
22. Responses Data to Question 10 64
23. Responses Data to Question 11 65
24. Responses Data to Question 12 65
25. Responses Data to Question 13 66
26. Responses Data to Question 13.1 66
27. Responses Data to Question 14 67
28. Responses Data to Question 14.1 67
29. Responses Data to Question 15 68
30. Summarizes the Response Data of PDA Users 70
31. Summarizes the Response Data of Non-PDA Users 70
32. Comparison of Mean Ranking between PDA Users and Non-PDA Users 71
33. Comparison of Important Ranking between PDA Users and
Non-PDA Users 71
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Palm Os Interface 13
2 Pocket PC Interface 14
3 Model PDA: Handspring Prism 22
4 Model PDA: Casio E115 Cassiopia 23
5 Model PDA: Compaq Ipaq 23
6 Model PDA: Palm Vx 25
7 Model PDA: Handspring: Visor Edge 25
8 Punch List Application Interface 31
9 JobCal Application Interface 35
10 FastTrack Schedule™ Application Interface 37
11 OnSite Punchlist Application Interface 41
12 OnSite-Daily Reports Application Interface 43
13 OnTrak Application Interface 45
14 AutoDesk OnSite View Interface 46
15 AutoDesk OnSite View Interface 47
16 AutoDesk OnSite View Interface 49
17 Decision Criteria Ranking for Selecting a PDA 73
Chapter 1
Introduction

A handheld computing device, hereafter referred to as the personal digital assistant
(PDA), is a mobile hand-held device that provides computing and information storage
and retrieval capabilities for personal or business use, often for keeping schedule
calendars and address book information handy. Presently, PDA has been used to assist in
managing daily lives. It is not only beneficial in the personal life, but it is also beneficial
in the business life.

“Mobile computing is the fastest growing sector of the personal computer market. Since
the personal digital assistant (PDA) had been introduced in 1996, more than 10 million of
these devices have been sold. The boom in PDA usage has led to software applications
that allow these devices also to be used as digital cameras, wireless e-mail/Internet
machines, cell phones and, of course, e-book reading devices.” (Kang, 2001) A mobile
computing strategy is quickly becoming a necessity for businesses. The US market is
pushing for mobile-device competition, and solution providers. (Stirpe, 2001) It is the
next wave in an ongoing computer evolution where machines are continually decreasing
in size while still increasing in speed and processing power. With the explosive growth
of information technology and the Internet, companies require better tools for managing
the overwhelming amounts of digital information that gets generated today. In order to
be effective, however, businesses require simple, easy to use tools to help them manage
this flood of information. Mobile computers and wireless connectivity provide many of
the solutions for helping companies better manage this information overload while
operating away from their offices and out in the field. These solutions provide anytime,
anywhere access to information, more rapid dissemination of critical information and
easier methods for data collection that eliminate inefficient paper-based forms and
redundant data entry. A well-developed mobile computing strategy gives businesses a
competitive advantage by increasing productivity, reducing costs and saving time.
Currently, there are a variety of hardware and software products that are the starting point
for building a mobile computing strategy for business.

In the construction industry, PDA is starting to be an important model to assist in the
communications that directly improve the quality of the project. Incorrect or unsuccessful
communications can cause the loss of profit, lack of quality, or project delay.
Professionals in the construction industry are constantly on the move, visiting multiple
job sites. Tremendous advantages can be realized through mobile information
management utilizing PDA. Punch-list information, daily reports and scheduling are just
a few areas where mobile computing solutions are currently being applied. But these
aren’t the limitations. PDA can be used to track personnel, equipment and materials from
site to site. If a fast, efficient and easy way to track project progress is needed, mobile
computing devices reduce redundancy by eliminating the need to track notes out in the
field and then manually enter them into a computer when returning to the office.

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Aids in Data Collection

“Collecting construction inspection data, one of the more important roles played by the
owner’s field representative, help owners document such things as quantities installed to
justify progress payments, project field conditions, and project status. Increasingly, these
data are also being used by the owner as defensive evidence in construction claims.”
(Navarrete, 1999)

Traditionally, documentation of inspection data have been paper forms, called inspector’s
daily reports (IDRs), and kept on file along with field office records. When the field
information is needed, the owner, contractor, or others involved have to search for the
records manually and sort the information by hand. To solve this problem, the
information can be transferred from the paper IDR to a personal computer (PC) database
that allows digital sorting and manipulation. Even though this procedure of sorting the
data can improve the record-keeping process, it still requires double manipulation of data:
first is to write the data on the paper IDR and then enter them into a PC database.

The PDA system can solve the redundancy and time consumption problems that can
occur with paper IDAs and database. Typical information collected includes contract
number, contractor personnel, inspection checklist, project data, and determined data by a
user. By using the PDA, everyone at the job site and home office can keep track of the
same information to improve the data collection process which prevents the lost of data,
minimizes the paperwork, and easily brings data up to date. Once the records are
collected using the PDA, they are uploaded or synchronized with the PC and appended to
a database program such as Microsoft Access, where the records can be shared across a
network and manipulated, sorted, and printed as required.

The functions of PDA for users in the construction field are as follows (Navarrete, 1999):
1. Minimize duplicate data entry: Eliminate the time for inputting the data again.
2. Facilitate data entry: The advantages PDA in data entry are quick and easy to
operate. The users can maximize a method of data entry where they can pick
with a stylus from predetermined choices. A stylus is a pen-like instrument
usually used with PDA to enter data or make selections by tapping or writing
on the screen.
3. Allow for easy data sorting and data retrieval: To allow for easy data
manipulation, the data would have to be easily transferable from the PDA to a
PC database program. When the data is in the PC database program, the
program should allow for sorting and filtering of data and printing customized
reports. Between the PDA and the PC, the data would be allowed to
automatically synchronize information. The synchronization process entails
no more than placing the PDA in the cradle supplied with the unit and
pressing a button. The data in the PDA are transferred to the PC in less than a
minute.
4. Simplicity: The data can be easily input into the PDA by using a program
called Graffiti (Brown, 1999), or on screen keyboard. Graffiti is a kind of
shorthand that users must learn before inputting text into a PDA. (Landergren,
2000) The keyboard for PDA is now available. These options allow the user to
input data anywhere, even out of the office.

5. Personal information manager: Every PDA offers programs such as personal
organizer for sorting addresses and to do lists that the users can input their
own personal information, warning messages, and directory. Examples of
those applications are the date book, the address book, the to-do manager and
the memo pad (Maxwell, 1999).

The differences between Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and Desktop Personal
Computer (PC): PDAs are widely used and easy to operate compared to PC computing
platform. Table 1 illustrates the comparison between PDA and PC. PC provides
enormous capacity such as processing power, unlimited RAM, larger screen while PDA
have limited capacity on such items. However, PDA contains some advantages that PC
do not have such as the use of Graffiti (Brown, 1999) in order to input the data into PDA.
Especially, the palm size PDA allows users to carry and use PDA from anywhere while
using PC is limited to use at the desk.
PDA PC

Limited processing power Large amount of processing power
Limited RAM and storage Almost unlimited RAM and storage
Limited screen size Very large screens
Single window visible Multiple overlapping windows
Window to desktop data Access to all data
Specific purpose General purpose
User can be anywhere User is typically at a desk
Simple UI elements Complex UI elements
Graffiti for data entry Keyboard for data entry
Battery powered AC powered

Table 1: Personal digital assistant (PDA) and Traditional Computer Comparison

1.1 Background

These days, PDA allows the construction manager to access a desktop computer from
remote sites, send and receive faxes, perform word processing, activate spreadsheet
facilities, connect to the Internet, and utilize e-mail. This is a very useful device, which
combines the jobsite and the main office together to maintain flow and increase
communication effectiveness. The information swapped between the site and the office is
less likely to be duplicated. All information and related communications are fully
documented on the site.

Storing master data in large servers and synchronizing portions of databases on portable
devices allows a new way of working which can save time. It can update information
immediately and reduce problems due to the disorganized flow of information
paperwork. With a plug-in modem or built-in modem, PDA can be easily connected to
the world with just a touch of a button. Along with the power to connect to the Internet,
this will keep updating information, allowing all workers to combine information, and to
track knowledge of work progress. At some point, this will be very useful in order to
recheck important data and reduce duplicated data.

In the near future, PDA will be used to connect team members, including the prime
contractor, subcontractors and owner, in order to collaborate and communicate twenty-
four hours a day and immediately share innovative ideas with other team members.
Utilizing a standard web browser, schedules, CADD files and other pertinent information
can be readily viewed, updated, and commented on by collaborators from anywhere in
the world. Communications can include e-mails, redlines, mark-ups, discussion groups,
and tracked information.

This will be a huge change in the way construction companies do business. Throwing
away the traditional work method (walking around the jobsite with a clipboard, and even
forgetting the PC for awhile) we can now carry a PDA over to the jobsite, collect fresh
data, and transfer it to the servers right away. With the capacity to browse the web, the
PDA will become a wonderful hand-tool. This device might soon be indispensable in our
daily work, much like the pervasiveness of the PC in the past decade.

1.2 Objectives

The objective of this report is to gather information about PDAs that are available on the
market and to create a useful source for selecting the best PDA for the construction
industry.

The report will focus mainly on the hardware accordance with the development of
software that is currently available for construction project control tasks, including the
survey. For the hardware, the report will include the models that are available on the
market, recommendation of the minimum requirements of specifications. For the
software, the report will list all software available, including the qualifications and
applications for specific types of work. In addition, the report will include all the
necessary information for direct contacts such as the manufacturers, addresses, and
salespersons. From the survey, several primary questions provide information about
PDA’s users in the construction industry. The survey attempts to discover their attitudes
toward the concept of using PDA in the construction industry. All collected information
will be compared and reported to aid the construction industry in selecting those devices
and software that are most effective and appropriate for this type of work.

1.3 Content

The content is mainly composed of three parts: PDA hardware, PDA project controls
software and a survey study.
 Hardware
 Operating system
- List of operating systems that available for PDA
 Model, Manufacturer
- The models and pricing data of those are available
in the market. The manufacturer and contact lists
which provide such models.
- The specification of PDA model.
 Accessories
- List of accessories that available for PDA
 Software
 Software that is bundled with PDA.
- Basic software that came with PDA for project
information management such as to do list, memo
pad, dates, address book.
- Add-on software for construction task
 Key feature of software including price and manufacturers
list.
 Survey
- Seek the users’ attitude toward using of PDA in
construction industry.
- Find the percentage of construction firms who now
use PDAs from the survey group.
- Find the type of software that are use or under
consideration by construction firm.

1.4 Methodology

The information will be collected from online resources, manufacturers literature and
software providers. A literature review was conducted in the first part of the report to
narrate the present products and capabilities of the handheld devices on the market. Due
to the fact that technology is continually developing, information float is a major issue.
Consequently, the report established a timeline for gathering information by the end of
March 2001. Then the information was analyzed and compared between each product.
The final work will be published on the Internet, under the student’s homepage, to
provide an easy link to the manufacturers and software providers, and increase the
number of potential contributors who will utilize this information.
Sources of information
 Journal
 Online Resource
 Manufacturers’ product
 Participants’ sample
Chapter 2
PDA Hardware

Generally, hardware is the physical aspect of computers, telecommunications, and other
information technology devices. The term arose as a way to distinguish the "box" and the
electronic circuitry and components of a computer from the program you put in it to
make it do things. (Hardware, 2001) In this chapter, the hardware term will be personal
digital assistance (PDA) that is also known as “Handheld computer”.

A PDA is a computer that can conveniently be stored in a pocket and used while you're
holding it. PDA’s are typically used for personal information manager (PIM) types of
applications: maintaining schedules, keeping names and phone numbers, doing simple
calculations, taking notes, and, with a modem, exchanging e-mail and getting information
from the Web. A PDA offers a variety of operating systems such as Palm operating
system, Window CE, EPOC and Blackberry.

Operating systems

An operating system (OS) is the program that manages all the other programs in a
computer. The other programs are called applications or application programs. The
applications make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a
defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with
the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a graphical
user interface. Generally, an operating system performs these services for applications:
 Manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple applications.
 Handles input and output to and from attached hardware devices, such as hard
disks, printers, and dial-up ports.
 Control a basic unit of programming

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Platforms
At present, there are four major handheld platforms emerging in the construction
industry.
 Palm platform (Palm OS)
 Pocket PC platform (Window CE)
 Symbian EPOC platform (EPOC)
 RIM Blackberry platform (Blackberry)
Table 2 illustrates a comparative analysis among the four platforms: Palm OS, Window
CE, EPOC, and Blackberry.
Table 2: Summarizes the Basic Characteristics of these Four Platforms

Table 2 ttttttttttttt
Palm Platform (Palm OS)

Palm OS is the computer operating system that provides a software platform for the Palm
Pilot series of PDAs made by Palm Computing, now part of 3Com. Palm OS was
designed from the beginning to fit into a palm-size device of a specific size and with a
specific display size. Palm OS uses multitasking, but the users can only use one
application at a time. One application program must finish before the next can be
selected. This constraint allows the operating system to devote full attention to the
application that is open. The space needed by the system for any application that is
running is kept in dynamic, reusable random access memory (RAM). The application and
its related database are also kept in RAM.

“The Palm software is easy to operate. Even if users have never used a PDA, users can be
up and running very quickly with the Palm OS because these units emphasize fast, simple
data entry and retrieval.” (McCarthy, 2001) The Palm OS platform optimizes ease of use,
size, battery life, and portability. Software memory utilization is very efficient and Palm
applications use significantly less memory and power than similar applications on other
platforms. The Palm software dominates the market, with an estimated 70 percent share
of sales and over 6,000 software applications available. (McCarthy, 2001) There are
some bundled applications that are provided with PDA and run on the Palm OS. Such
applications are Dates, Address Book, To Do List, Memo Pad, Calculator, Password
Protection and sometimes with communication interfaces to infrared transmission devices
for Web connection through wireless devices.

Current products based on the Palm platform typically have a small screen (monochrome
or color), a low-MHz processor (16 MHz or 33 MHz), and 2-8 MB of memory.
Palm Advantage:
 Simplicity
 Expandability
 Mobility
Figure 1 illustrates the Palm Os platform interface on Palm model.

Figure 1: Palm Os Interface (Palm, 2001a)

Pocket Platform (Window CE)

The Pocket PC platform is a stripped-down version of the full Windows package.
(McCarthy, 2001) It runs the Windows CE operating system; a version of Microsoft
Windows designed for handheld PCs. The platform has a familiar Windows-family user
interface, and relatively broad functionality and expansion options. Windows CE
interface is familiar to Microsoft Office interface and most software is similar such as
Word, Excel and Internet Explorer. Windows CE is designed for including or embedding
in mobile and other space-constrained devices. Window CE is a 32-bit operating system
that shares development tools with other Window platforms. When comparing Pocket Pc
platform to Palm Platform, Pocket PC software is more complex than the Palm OS and
the applications aren't as powerful as their PC-based counterparts.

The goal of the Pocket PC platform is to create an extensive platform that can be used to
run standard personal information management (PIM) software and to create integrated
custom business applications. Pocket PC devices run a variety of PIM applications
included in a “pocket” version of Microsoft Outlook. Pocket Outlook provides address
book, contacts, calendar, mail, and task lists. In addition, Microsoft has developed pocket
versions of Internet Explorer, Word, Excel, and the windows Media Player, which
enables devices to be used as MP3 players and e-book readers. Monochrome or color
displays are available. The pocket PC uses the most powerful processors of the four
platforms and typically has 16-32 MB of memory. Figure 2 shows the Pocket PC
platform interface on Hewlett Packard PDA model. It appears that the interface is similar
to Microsoft Window that runs on PC.

Figure 2: Pocket PC Interface (Hewlett Packard, 2001)

Symbian EPOC Platform

EPOC is an operating system designed for small, portable computer-telephones with
wireless access to phone and other information services. EPOC is based on an earlier
operating system from Psion. EPOC is an alternative platform to Microsoft's Window
CE. This platform originated out of a consortium led by Psion PLC, in conjunction with a
number of wireless companies, including Ericsson, Nokia, and Motorola. (Chaffee, 2001)
The company goal is to set the standard for mobile-wireless-operating systems and to
enable a mass market for wireless-information devices. It plans to do this by developing
core software, application frameworks, applications and development tools for devices,
and to evangelize standards for the interoperation of wireless-information devices with
wireless networks, content services, messaging and enterprise-wide solutions. (Chaffee,
2001) There are three Symbian reference platforms that define EPOC devices: a tablet
PC, a smart phone, and a PDA device. For the PDA, there is a distinctive clamshell
design and includes a very small, integrated keyboard. They run PIM applications, as
well as Web browser and word processor applications. Current implementations use an
ARM processor and typically have 8-16 MB of memory.

RIM Blackberry

BlackBerry is a PDA device made by RIM (Research In Motion). BlackBerry is marketed
primarily for its wireless e-mail handling capability, including access to other Internet
services and functions as a PDA that can include software for maintaining a built-in
address book and personal schedule. (Blackberry, 2001)

The BlackBerry is simpler when compared to other platforms, and offers fewer options
and applications. Its unnamed operating system apparently takes up a relatively small
space on its 4-megabyte flash memory, which is also used to store user data. BlackBerry
offers a tiny keyboard that some users say is faster than using graffiti. BlackBerry comes
in two configurations, one with a slightly larger LCD display.

Key Feature of Blackberry
 Advanced wireless handheld - slim and lightweight with large (16 or 20-
line) screen, thumb-operated keyboard; embedded wireless modem (no
external antenna needed), plus integrated email and organizer software.
 Single mailbox integration with corporate email systems - allows users to
keep their existing email address and manage one single mailbox.
 Powerful email features - read, originate, forward, reply, delete or file
messages using the wireless handheld (inbox and folders are synchronized
between the wireless handheld and PC); user-selectable message filters
allow user to control email flow.
 Full-featured connected organizer - includes calendar, address book, task
list, memo pad, calculator and alarm; synchronizes with PC.
 'Always On, Always Connected™' - designed to operate 24 hours per day
while remaining connected to the wireless network to allow easy
notification of incoming email.
 End-to-end security - email is encrypted using Triple DES and remains
encrypted at all points between the PC (or server) and wireless handheld;
meets strict corporate security guidelines for company-confidential
information.
 BlackBerry Enterprise Server - enterprise server software provides
centralized management and control with a scalable architecture.

PDA- PC Connection

Most PDAs can be connected to a host PC, the Internet or a corporate network. These
connections can be used for synchronization, data backup, downloading files, checking e-
mail, Web browsing, and so forth.

Direct connections to a host PC are typically via IrDA, USB, or serial connections. IrDA
and serial connections provide comparable data transfer rates of up to 115 kbps, but the
wired serial connection is more reliable. USB provides much higher data rates of up to
1.5 Mbps, which significantly improves performance on operations such as
synchronization, data backup, and downloads. If the host PC is connected to a network or
the Internet, the handheld device can gain access to these networks.
PDA-PC, Network Connection

Many PDA can also be connected to a standard 10 Mbps Ethernet network via an
optional Ethernet cradle or expansion card. Support for 56-kbps dial-up modem
connections to the Internet or a corporate network are common. In some cases, the
modem is integrated into the device.

Synchronization (HotSync)

Synchronization is the procedure where data is being transferred between PDAs and PC
or server. Synchronization can be done using a HotSync cable, or using a wireless
connection. If the portable computer and the larger machine are in the same room, the
link can be accomplished via infrared radiation. (Brown, 1995)

Direct linking between computers eliminates the need for cumbersome disks or tapes
when data must be copied from one hard drive to another. In a network, direct linking
allows each portable computer to take advantage of the resources of the whole system,
and also allows communication between or among end users.

Wireless Connectivity

In addition to the above connectivity options, additional wireless options are available.
The term wireless refers to telecommunication in which electromagnetic waves carry the
signal over part or the entire communication path. Wireless connections provide access to
communications and data networks when the user is mobile. Wireless technologies are
evolving rapidly. There are a number of technologies available that fall into three
functionally distinct categories:

 Wireless personal area networks (WPANs)
 Wireless local area networks (WLANs)
 Wireless wide area networks (WWANs)
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)

Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) provide communication over a short distance
between multiple personal devices such as PDA, portable computers, cell phones, and
digital pagers. WPAN technologies are designed to replace cables between such devices
and enable data sharing and synchronization. The leading WPAN technology is Bluetooth
technology (Bluetooth, 2001). Bluetooth is a computing and telecommunications industry
specification that describes how mobile phones, computers and PDAs can easily
interconnect with each other and business phones and computers using a short-range
wireless connection. By using Bluetooth Technology, PDA users will be able to buy a
three-in-one phone that can double as a portable phone at home or in the office, get
quickly synchronized with information in the computer, initiate the sending or receiving
of fax, initiate a print-out and have all mobile and fixed computer devices totally
coordinated.

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) allow personal digital assistant users to connect
portable devices to a local area network (LAN) through a wireless connection. The
leading WLAN technology is the wireless Ethernet standard, IEEE 802.11 (IEEE stands
for “Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers”), (802.11 refers to a family of
specifications developed by a working group of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers”). WLAN technology, IEEE 802.11 that enables data transfers of up to 11
Mbps, roughly comparable to standard 10-Mbps wired Ethernet connections. Currently,
802.11b PC Cards are available for PDA devices.

Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs)

Wireless wide area networks (WWANs) use cellular connections to provide wireless
connectivity for PDAs anywhere. A digital (an analog) cellular signal is available. The
PDA device accesses the digital signal just like a cell phone, then transmits and receives
data from any cellular-connected source. In this way, the user may connect to the
Internet, e-mail, or a corporate network while outside the office.

WWANs currently operate at modem speeds that range up to 9.6, 19.2, or in a few areas,
128.8 kbps, depending on the type of network and service being used. This data rate is
expected to increase substantially over the next few years as the wireless industry deploys
2.5-Generation (2.5G) and 3G packet data networks with maximum speeds that could
eventually reach 384 kbps to 2mpbs.

Some PDAs, such as RIM Blackberry devices have integrated wireless data connectivity
capabilities. Other PDAs use an infrared IrDA link or an external expansion card to
connect via a cell phone to the cellular network or directly to the network. Access card
allowing access to some of the cellular networks is currently available in the following
platforms and formats:

 Pocket PC: PC Card and CompactFlash card
 Palm: CompactFlash and Springboard cards
 EPOC: CompactFlash cards
Table 3 illustrates the availability for connecting PDA to Internet of the four platforms:
Palm, Pocket Pc, EPOC, and RIM Blackberry. The table explains the module that can be
used to connect to each platform.

Palm Pocket PC EPOC RIM
Blackberry
IrDA Integrated Integrated Integrated Integrated
Connect to
Serial Cradle or cable Cradle or cable Cable Yes
PC (personal
USB Cradle or cable Cradle or cable None None
computer)
56-kbps PC Card; PC Card; CompactFlash Integrated
Connect to modem CompactFlash CompactFlash
Internet Ethernet PC Card; PC Card; Not yet None
CompactFlash CompactFlash available
WPAN Not yet available Not yet Not yet Not yet
available available available
WLAN PC Card None None None
WWAN PC card; CompactFlash CompactFlash Integrated
CompactFlash;
IrDA link to cell
phone

Table 3: Summarizes Platform Connectivity Support (Current Platform Connectivity Support)
Comparison of Various PDA Models

There are a lot of PDA models that are currently available on the market. Each
manufacturer selects the operating system for use in their models. This report included
the models comparison table that could assist in selecting a PDA. (Appendix B) The
model comparison table will present information of company, product, price, platform,
CPU, memory, dimension, weight, expansion slot and contact telephone number as well
as the URL of each manufacturer.

The main factors in selecting the PDA model is to select the operating system and also
such qualifications such as color or monochrome monitor, rechargeable or regular battery
and some other criteria such as memory, which directly affect the amount of RAM and
capacity of installing the specific program for a specific type of work. The manufacturer
always provides options for customers to select the model that is most suitable for their
work. For example, Palm offers palm series including of Palm III, Palm IIIx, Palm IIIxe,
Palm V, Palm Vx, and Palm VII.

The list of some companies that provide various models of PDA:
1. Casio Inc.: Cassiopeia series
2. Compaq: Ipaq
3. Palm: Palm series
4. Handspring: Visor
5. Hewlett-Packard: Jornada
6. Psion PLC: Revo
7. Sony: Cleo
Color PDA is a PDA that displays on the color basis. Table 4 illustrates the comparison
of specifications among three color models which are Handspring Visor Prism, Casio
E115 Cassiopeia, and Compaq Ipaq. The data shows that the Handspring Visor model has
the smallest size. The price list is the same although it contains the least capacity of RAM
compared to the other two models. Figure 3, 4 and 5 are pictures of model PDAs from
Handspring, Casio and Compaq that were compared in table 4.

Feature Visor Prism Casio E115 Compaq Ipaq
Cassiopia
Operating System Palm OS Window CE Window CE
Build-in Microphone Yes Yes Yes
Infared port Yes Yes Yes
Display 16 bits color 16 bits color 12 bits color
160 x 160 pixels 240 x 320 pixels 240 x 320 pixels
Battery type Rechargeable Lithium Rechargeable Lithium Rechargeable Lithium
Weight 6.9 oz. 9.0 oz. 6.3 0z.
Size 4.8"x3.0"x0.8" 5.13"x3.25"x0.75" 5.11"x3.28"0.62"
Memory 8MB 32MB 32MB
Retail Price $449 $499 $499
Table 4: Comparison of Three Color Model PDAs: Handspring, Casio, and Compaq

Figure 3: Model PDA: Handspring Prism (Handspring, 2001)
Figure 4: Model PDA: Casio E115 Cassiopia (Casio, 2001)

Figure 5: Model PDA: Compaq Ipaq (Compaq, 2001)
Monochrome PDA is a PDA that displays on the gray scale basis. Table 5 illustrates the
comparison of specifications among three monochrome models, which are Handspring
Visor Edge, Palm Vx, and Compaq Ipaq. Handspring Visor Edge and Palm Vx operate
on Palm OS system, while Compaq Ipaq operates on Window CE. The data also shows
that the Palm Vx model has the smallest size with only 4 oz. of weight. Figure 6 and 7 are
pictures of Palm PDA and Handspring PDA that were compared in table 5.

Feature Visor Edge Palm Vx Compaq Ipaq
Operating System Palm OS 3.5 Palm OS 3.5 Window CCE
Built-in Microphone Yes No Yes
Infared port Yes Yes Yes
High resolution B&W High resolution B&W High resolution B&W
Display 16 shades of gray 16 shades of gray 15 shades of gray
160x160 pixels 160x160 pixels 240x320 pixels
Battery Type Rechargeable Lithium Rechargeable Lithium Rechargeable Lithium
Weight 4.8 oz. 4 oz. 5.7 oz.
Size 4.7"x3.1"x0.44" 4.5"x3.1"x0.4" 5.11"x3.28"x0.62"
Memory 8MB 8MB 16MB
Retail Price $399 $399 $349
Table 5: Comparison of Three Monochrome Model PDAs: Handspring Palm, and Compaq
Figure 6: Model PDA: Palm Vx (Palm, 2001b)

Figure 7: Model PDA: Handspring: Visor Edge (Handspring, 2001b)
Chapter 3
PDA Software

This chapter focuses on the PDA software in the market that is available for use in the
construction industry. Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used
to operate computers and related devices. Software can be purchased or acquired as
shareware or freeware. Shareware is software that is distributed free on a trial basis with
the understanding that the users may need or want to pay for it later. Some software
developers offer a shareware version of programs that users can pay only a small cost to
utilize. Some software developers offer a trial period. The users must pay after the trail
period ends or users may no longer use the program. Freeware is free software provided
with copyright restrictions to protect users from incorporating their programming into
anything they may be developing. When buying a PDA, it usually contains some bundled
applications that deal with project management information. However, there are a
number of add-on programs that perform other functions available on the market. From
the research, some of them are major aid software for construction tasks such as punch
list, cad on site, etc. This chapter focuses on the bundled applications that come with the
PDA and other software that is suitable for use in the construction industry.

3.1 Bundled application

Bundled application is the application provided with the hardware without additional cost
to the buyer. These applications function as a basic application for PDA. They normally
manage the personal information. The basic built-in application includes
 The date book
 The address book
 The to-do manager
 The memo pad

These applications are simple to use and to operate. All information stored can be
synchronized between a PDA and a personal computer by using the hot sync cradle. This
cradle provides the connection between two devices. The users can also set up the
conduit to specify channels that they want to synchronize. In addition to the built-in
application, there are some general kinds of application software available such as:
 Productivity software, which includes word processors, spreadsheets, and
tools for use by most computer users
 Presentation software
 Graphics software for graphic designers
 CAD/CAM software (computer-aided design/computer-aided
manufacturing software is used by architects, engineers, drafters, artists,
and others to create precision drawings or technical illustrations. CAD
software can be used to create two-dimensional (2-D) drawings or three-
dimensional (3-D) models.)
 Vertical market software (particular industry-specific software)

The Date Book

The date book application enables users to enter meetings, appointments, and other
information dealing with dates or scheduling appointments. The users can easily create
date book items by simply tapping and inputting in the data.

The Address Book
The address book application enables users to store contact information for friends,
associates and others. All address records can be arranged under arbitrary classifications
such as Business, Personal or Team Project. This feature allows users to view a subset of
the total data stored on the device.

To-Do Management

To-do management application enables users to store items that need to be done. The
application allows users to set up the due date and the priority scale. This will put all the
items in the order that shows the first thing that is needed to be done. In addition, each
item can be assigned into categories. This will keep users aware of things that need to be
done each day.

The Memo Pad

The memo pad application enables users to create free form text notes that can be
categorized and displayed in a number of font sizes. The ordering of memos in the
overview mode is done by category and creation time. This application allows users to
easily take notes anywhere.

Synchronization Software

A PDA is most powerful when it can be linked to databases and other more complex
applications that reside on desktop computers or corporate servers. The synchronization
process allows users to integrate and disseminate information collected on a PDA. This
level in the mobile computing architecture transports information from the PDA to a
computer and updates applications residing on the desktop or server. Common uses for
synchronization software include updating databases, and downloading information to
and from the computer. This application is usually provided with the PDA model at no
additional cost.
3.2 Add-On Software for the Construction Industry

Add-on software is software that can be added to a PDA to increase its capabilities. In the
construction industry, the demand for easy access to detailed project information in real
time is increasing. PDA is starting to be an important model to assist in communications
between all parties and also directly improves the quality of a project. One such trend is
the use of PDA in construction project control. There are quite a few providers who
develop construction-aid add-on software for use on the PDA. This section focuses on
some examples of such software, key features, price and other information.

With the rapid change in technology, software providers continue to develop better
software that is suitable for specific tasks. This add-on software is useful in project
management control, especially for improving field communications. Below is some of
the construction task software that is available now on the market:
 Punch List
 Project@Hand
 Project@hand Gantt Chart
 JobCalc
 Palm Estimating
 Prolog Pocket
 Onsite Punch list
 On-site Daily Reports
 OnTrak
 AutoDesk OnSite View
Punch List

Punch List software was developed by Strata Systems. (Punch List, 2001) Punch List is a
project software solution that communicates with users’ project resources and scheduling
applications. Users can create tasks on the Palm or the PC using custom choice lists.
Users may also automatically distribute task lists via print, fax, or email. This program
can also be used to update schedules.

Key Features:
 Create Tasks on the Palm or the PC using custom choice lists
 Automatically distribute tasks lists via print, fax or email
 Flexible setup so users can tailor Punch List for needs
 Interface with Microsoft® Project using import and export maps
 Primavera SureTrak® integration with one-button import and export
scripts
 Connect one or more field users to a central PC

System requirements:
 Punch List Desktop: Window 95/98/NT with minimum 16 MB RAM, 32
MB recommended. Up to 35 MB free disk space.
 Palm OS (except PalmPilot 1000 and 5000): at least 230 Kb free RAM

Price:
$199 (free 14-day demo available)

Information: www.punchlist.com
Figure 8: Punch List Application Interface (Punch List, 2001)

Figure 8 illustrates the interface for Punch list. The first picture illustrates the item that
allows work on this application. For example: “Create” is used when the user wants to
input the new punch list item. “Confirm” is used when the user needs to go back and
confirm the finished punch list item. The figure below illustrates the work sheet interface.
The screen shows the project name that the user was working on and also the application
allows the user to input other important data such as percent complete, date, and proposed
schedule.
Project@Hand

Project@Hand software was developed by Natara Software. Project@Hand is a solution
that allows users to take Microsoft Project 98 and 2000 into meetings to collect updates
to tasks. Users will appreciate the convenience of Natara’s Project@Hand™ project
management application for the Palm Computing platform. For the first time, a truly one-
step synchronization between your PDA and Microsoft Project 98 is available. This
program is simplicity itself and provides direct interface with Microsoft Project.

Key Features:
 Add/Insert new tasks right on the PDA
 Assign resources to tasks
 Add new resources to the project
 Add new notes, change, or append to existing ones (which preserves the
Desktop Rich Text Format)
 Easy graphical input of “Percentage Complete” of each task
 Filtering on the list of tasks makes dealing with large projects easier
 Remembers where project and what area of the program users were in
when leave to another application
 Conduit can warn users of conflicts, and even supports a timed “auto
answer”
 Mode to save on battery life and sync times

System requirements:
Palm OS: at least 70 KB free RAM

Price:
$49.95 (free 30-day fully function trial)

Information: www.natara.com
Project@Hand Gantt Chart V1.1.4

Project@Hand project management application is an add-on application to the
Project@Hand. This feature requires Project@Hand version 1.3.1 or greater.

Key Features:
 Nine different time scales from days to years.
 Unique symbols for tasks, summary tasks, and milestones.
 Draws percent complete for normal tasks.
 Expand and collapse summary tasks.
 Draws task dependencies.
 Easily and quickly switch from Project@Hand view to Gantt view at both
the list and details level.
 Returns to where users left off in the chart after using other applications.

System requirements:
Palm OS: at least 60 Kb free RAM

Price:
Free add-on to registered user of Project@Hand.

Information: www.natara.com
JobCalc

JobCalc software was developed by Pilot Solutions Inc. JobCalc provides construction
professionals with over thirty quick calculations using touch screen technology for field
estimating of multiple applications including concrete, site work, carpentry, masonry and
finishes. Calculations include slabs, piers, columns, footings, haul dirt, elevation,
structure displacement, rafters, plywood, concrete masonry unit (CMU), trim, and many
more.

Key Features:
 Easy to calculate supply materials
 Include more than 30 pre-formatted calculations such as concrete,
sitework, and carpentry)
 Perform a job cost analysis
 Complete lists for material ordering
 Tracking of inventory
 Perform construction related conversions

System requirements:
Palm OS: at least 84 Kb free RAM

Price:
$39.95 (free 30-day trial version)

Information: www.kadtek.com
Figure 9: JobCal Application Interface (JobCal, 2001)

Figure 9 illustrates the application interface for JobCal application. The first picture
illustrates the type or category of work that needs calculation. The format seems to be
very easy to use. The second picture illustrates the detail item that allows users to select
the task such as slab, beam etc.
FastTrack Schedule™

Key Features:
 Integrate with the desktop version of FastTrack Schedule
 Compatible with Palm, IBM, Sony, Handspring, and other popular PDA
 Built-in HotSync connectivity
 Create new schedules on PDA
 Save and sync multiple schedules
 Tap bars to change dates and durations
 Pop-up Choice Lists, Calendars, and Clocks for quick data entry
 Perform local and modem HotSyncs
 View timelines in hourly to yearly increments
 Link task bars graphically, access link data
 Customizable synchronization settings

System requirements:
 Palm, IBM, Sony, Handspring, and other popular organizers
 Palm OS v3.0 or higher
 200K RAM

Price:
$99 (free demo)

Information: www.aecsoft.com
Figure 10: FastTrack Schedule™ Application Interface (AECsoftware, 2001)

Figure 10 illustrates the work sheet interface of FastTrak schedule. Users can input the
work schedule and view the bar chart.
Palm Estimating

Palm Estimating was designed for PDA devices. Palm Estimating is equipped with all the
tools users need to perform detailed takeoffs, anywhere, in the palm of the users’ hand.
Then upon return to the office, users can transfer the data electronically from PDA device
to Precision desktop software and instantly generate a detailed estimate or change order.
This software is part of Timberline’s Precision Collection.

Key Features:
 Allows take off key project information on a PDA device
 Runs on 3Com® Palm computing® platform (on Palm III™ connected
organizers, or higher versions)
 Gives the capability to transfer data to Precision desktop software to
generate full, detailed bids and change orders
 Stores a subset of Precision database on the PDA device to ensure
collection of all the dimensional information needed to create an estimate
 Displays estimate cover page information, item numbers and descriptions,
WBS codes, variables and variable help
 Allow user to attach notes on an item, assembly or estimate

System requirements:
 Palm OS v3.0 or higher
 Window CE

Price:
Contact the company for more information.

More Information: www.timberline.com
Prolog Pocket

Prolog Pocket was developed by Meridian Project System. (MPS, 2001) Prolog Pocket
for Palm OS handheld enables construction professionals to manage and track
information from the field using a PDA, including labor hours, work performed,
equipment, safety notices and punch lists. This field data can then be synchronized with
Prolog Manager back at the office so that everyone is up-to-date.

Key Features:
 Eliminates handwritten notes that can be lost or forgotten
 Saves time by recording field information at the source
 Keeps Prolog Manager up to date with more accurate and more current
information
 Walks through project with up-to-date and accurate project information
 Take Prolog data with users anywhere

System requirements:
 Window CE
 Palm OS v3.0 or higher

Price:
 Prolog Pocket 6 for Palm OS (Mobile Project management) $299
 Prolog Pocket 6 for Palm Window CE (Mobile Project management) $395

More Information: www.mps.com
OnSite Punchlist

OnSite Punchlist was developed by Onsyss. Onsite is a powerful Desktop/PDA solution
designed for collecting, storing and distributing project management information from
the field. Key parties can easily create punch lists, document site conditions, keep work
journals, safety notices and notices to comply and then upload this information to a
central desktop database. The punch list information can be sorted by item, location,
subcontractor, trade, date, or by just about anyway necessary to make sure the work gets
done quickly and correctly, which directly affects the quality of the project.

Key Features:
 Create Tasks on the Palm or the PC
 Easily setup, input data
 Connect one or more field users to a central PC

System requirements:
 Windows 95/98/NT
 Palm OS 3.0 or higher

Price:
$289.95

More Information: www.onsyss.com
Figure 11: OnSite Punchlist Application Interface (OnSite, 2001)

Figure 11 illustrates the work sheet interface of OnSite Punch List application. The
interface looks very clear and easy to understand. It shows all the details of a punch list
item such as area, floor room, date, detail etc.
OnSite-Daily Reports

OnSite Daily Report was developed by Onsyss. OnSite-Daily Reports software is a
solution that allows contractors to electronically capture daily reports in the field and
synchronize those reports with a central desktop database.

Until now, completing a daily report was a superintendent’s and field engineer's most
dreaded task. Writing a daily report either meant documenting daily report information in
a notebook and then working late in the office to type that information into a computer;
or, worse yet, spending valuable field time sitting in the office typing daily reports
directly into a computer. Either way, writing daily reports has always been a necessary
but tedious task for construction field personnel. Now, with the OnSite-Daily Reports
feature, construction field personnel can quickly and easily record critical field
conditions, events, crew information, manpower data, equipment information, notices to
comply, safety notices and more in the field; and, when the person returns to the trailer,
all information from PDA can be uploaded to the desktop computer in a matter of
minutes.

Key Features
 Input the detail on the Palm or the PC
 Convenience to work at the job site
 Connect one or more field users to a central PC

Price:
$289.95

System requirements:
 Windows 95/98/NT
 Palm OS 3.0 or higher

More Information: www.onsyss.com
Figure 12: OnSite-Daily Reports Application Interface (Onsite, 2001)

Figure 11 illustrates the work sheet interface of OnSite Punch List application on Palm
Vx model. The interface looks very clear and easy to understand. It contains a lot of
empty space that allows users to input all the details.
OnTrak

OnSite Punchlist was developed by Onsyss. OnTrak is a powerful desktop/PDA solution
that extends the power of Primavera Project Planner® (P3®) and SureTrak Project
Manager® (SureTrak®) to Palm OS PDA device. OnTrak allows users to reference and
update project schedule, activities, durations, starts, finishes, percent completed. Just
download the schedule to a Palm PDA and users can take it anywhere.

Integration with Primavera P3 and SureTrak Link. The Palm PDA synchronizes with
a Microsoft Access Database. The Access database links to the project activity tables.
The Access database controls the exchange of information between the Primavera
products and the Palm PDA. Benefits of integration with OnTrak are that professionals
can now mobilize their project schedules. Users can use OnTrak to access and update
project schedule information on their Palm handheld devices at meetings, on the jobsite,
or just about anywhere.

Key Features:
 Integration with Primevera P3 and Sure Trak
 Easy to operate

System requirements:
 Windows 95/98/NT
 Palm OS 3.0 or higher

Price:
$289.95

More Information: www.onsyss.com
Figure 13: OnTrak Application Interface OnTrak (2001)

Figure 11 illustrates the work sheet interface of OnTrak application. The feature allows
users to update the project schedule, activities, durations, starts, finishes, percent
completed.
AutoDesk OnSite View

AutoDesk OnSite View was developed by AutoDesk. AutoDesk OnSite View delivers
mobile viewing of design data using PDA and tablet computing devices. It enables users
to review, mark up, and measure AutoCAD DWG and DXF design data in a robust,
precise environment away from the desktop. (Figure 46) By delivering live design data
directly to the point of work, users can break the limitations of working with paper plots
and increase the efficiency of the design process.

AutoDesk OnSite View is for everyone who needs to access design data away from the
desktop environment. This includes users in all types of work, including but not limited
to construction administration, project management, manufacturing, facilities
management, and field service work. Everyone who works with paper drawings will gain
efficiency by using AutoDesk OnSite View.

Figure 14: AutoDesk OnSite View Interface AutoDesk (2001a)
Key features:
 AutoDesk OnSite View enables team members to electronically review
design data at the point of work.
 Rich, vector viewing on a PDA or tablet device - High-performance
dynamic viewing of design and map data, including support for AutoCAD
2000i DWG and DXF data formats. AutoDesk OnSite View enables the
mobile work force to review design data electronically in the field,
therefore eliminating the printing and shipping of paper drawings.
 Powerful Markup - Mobile users can now mark up design changes or
problems at the point of work. These electronic markups can then be
returned to members of the project team for review using AutoDesk’s
XML-based Redline Markup Language. The whole design process is
streamlined by enabling mobile users to generate electronic markups that
can easily and quickly be exchanged by team members.

Figure 15: AutoDesk OnSite View Interface AutoDesk (2001b)
 Precise Measurement - Query the design on-site using a precise set of
measurement tools for linear distance, area and angle. Precise digital
measurement tools eliminate the need for conventionally inaccurate scales
for measuring paper drawings in the field.
 Automatic Synchronization - Leveraging Microsoft ActiveSync,
AutoDesk OnSite View offers an easy mechanism to transfer and manage
files between desktop computer and mobile device. Design data is
automatically managed, ensuring that the most current design is on PDA
at all times.

System requirements:
 Hardware: Window CE compatible device MIPS, SH3, SH4, and ARM
processors) and Pentium-based PC
 OS (PDA device): Window CE2.11 or higher, including Pocket PC, Palm-
Size PC, Handheld, Handheld Pro, and Tablet
 OS (PC): Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 3
or greater, Windows 95, or Windows 98
 RAM: 16 MB RAM
 Microsoft ActiveSync 3.0 or newer

Price:
$139

More Information: www.autodesk.com
Figure 16: AutoDesk OnSite View Interface AutoDesk (2001c)
Chapter 4
PDA Survey Development and Survey Results

This chapter describes the survey method used to investigate the attitudes within the
industry towards using PDA in project control. A survey questionnaire was developed
and posted on the student’s personal web page. (Rungtapnapa, 2001) (Appendix A). The
sample group was provided a direct link to the survey via the Internet during survey
solicitation. Due to the limited timeframe, the Internet online response method was
chosen as the fastest and the most efficient way of obtaining the response from the survey
questionnaire. A general advantage of this method is the accelerated time period of
response to the survey.

Survey Objective

The primary objective of this survey is to gather real information from a sample group
which is now presently working in the construction industry. Several primary questions
were asked in order to seek information about PDA. The survey attempts to discover their
attitudes toward the concept of using PDA devices as part of the job. All collected
information will be analyzed, compared and reported to aid the construction industry in
selecting a PDA and software that is most efficient and appropriate for the tasks at hand.

E-mail Survey Administration

The email request for survey response was sent out to the selected sample group. The
members of Design Build Institute of America (DBIA) were selected because the
members mainly contain contractors, architects and engineers. Since the members of
DBIA are presently working in the construction industry, the responses to the survey will
be more relevant to the objective of the survey. The email will provide the link that
allows a direct access to the survey form. By using this method, the sampled group will
have a convenient access to the survey form and may increase the number of responses to
the survey.

Timeframe

The timeframe for performing the survey was set up at the beginning of January 2001 and
concluded at the end of March 2001. Table 6 illustrates the survey’s timeframe. By
January 2001, the survey design was completed and posted on the student’s personal web
page. By February 2001, the survey solicitations were distributed to the sample group
(DBIA members) by E-mail approach. The response data was collected until the end of
March 2001 and that was also the start of the data analysis.

Date Scope
January 2001 Completed the survey design
January 2001 Posted the survey form on student personal web page
(http://students.ou.edu/R/Sulapa.Rungtapnapa-1/Form.htm)

February 2001 Start sending the survey solicitations to the sample
Group (Member of Design-Build Institute of America
(DBIA))

March 2001 Closed the survey and began analysis of the data

Table 6: Timeframe for Survey Study
Summary of Survey Design

A survey form was designed with Yes/No scale, ranking and open-ended questions. Some
questions included the option of “other” in order to receive more information from the
sample group. The survey form was divided into two sections, personal and organization.

Under the personal section, the survey searched for information about how each
individual uses PDA, familiarity with using PDA, the model used and so on. Under the
organization section, the survey searched for information about use of PDA within the
organization, software used or plans to use in the future.

Personal Survey Design

Personal use of Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) The following group of questions
was developed to determine the frequency of use and familiarity with computers and
PDA of the sample group. A sample of the form is contained in Appendix A. The
questions and rationale are as follows:

 Question 1 Do you usually use a computer? [Yes/No]
Question 1 was asked in order to see how familiar with computers the respondents are.
Also, the respondents will be separated into two groups, the ones who answered “Yes”
and those who answered “No”. The group with “No” answers will be eliminated from the
analysis.

 Question 2 Do you usually use an electronic organizer? [Yes/No]
 Question 3 Do you usually use a PDA (Handheld Device)? [Yes/No]
 Question 3.1 If yes, which model PDA are you using? [Text]
 Question 3.2 If yes, which operation system are you using? [Text]
The objective of asking questions 2 & 3 are to find the number of respondents who are
now using electronic organizer and PDA. Question 3 seeks the number of persons who
are using PDA, which is not necessarily an electronic organizer. The respondents will be
separated into two groups, one group that is currently using PDA and another group that
is not currently using PDA. Also, the question will further find the PDA model, and the
operating system that are being used. Responses to question 3 will be compared with
responses to question 2 to see the different number of respondents that utilize electronic
organizer and PDA. The results may differ between the two because it is not necessary
that electronic organizers may work as a PDA.

The following group of questions was asked to discover attitudes of the sample
population towards the use of PDA in their work and project control tasks.

 Question 4 Do you use a PDA as part of your job? [Yes/No]
 Question 4.1 If yes, do you believe PDA are valuable for project
control task? [Yes/No]
 Question 4.2 If no, would use of a PDA as part of your job be of
value? [Yes/No]
 Question 4,3 If no, do you plan to use a PDA in the future?
[Yes/No]
This set of questions was asked in order to discover the number of respondents who are
using PDA in their job other than using PDA only for personal information management.
If the data shows that there are a number of people using PDA as part of the job, the
question would further seek the attitude of respondents towards using PDA. If the data
shows that the people who are using PDA believe that it enhances the value of their work,
this data will act as a guide to the increase of usage in the future. Furthermore, the
software company may continue to develop and create software for use in construction
tasks. If the data shows that people do not use PDA as part of the job, the question would
further ask for attitude towards PDA use in the future.

 Question 5 How much would you spend on your first PDA? [Number]
Question 5 was asked in order to set an idea of how much respondents are willing to
spend on a PDA. This data will predict the limited selection of PDA models. The prices
directly reflect the model specifications, which also indicates the possibility of running
add-on software. For example, a $150 PDA model may allow 2 MB RAM which is not
enough capacity to run AutoDesk on Site software.

Several questions followed asking about usage of other devices such as digital cameras
and cellular phones. The questions were asked to gather information of how often the
sample group used a digital camera or a cellular phone. Furthermore, the questions seek
to project the intention of the sample group in using PDA as a digital camera or a cellular
phone. The questions are as follows:

 Question 6 Do you usually use a digital camera? [Yes/No]
 Question 7 If PDA included a digital camera function, would you use the PDA as
a digital camera? [Yes/No]
Questions 6 and 7 were asked in order to discover the number of people who usually use
a digital camera and the number of people who may use a PDA as a digital camera. The
responses to questions 6 & 7 will be compared to question 4.3’s responses. If there are
higher numbers of people who want to use PDA when the digital camera function is
included, this may project another objective of using PDA that is not only for personal
information management, but also for camera function. On the other hand, if there is less
number of people who want to use PDA when the digital camera function is included,
this may project to the opinion that people do not feel comfortable using PDA to perform
camera functions.

 Question 8 Do you usually use a cellular phone? [Yes/No]
 Question 9 If PDA includes a cellular phone device, would you use the PDA as a
cell-phone? [Yes/No]
Questions 8 and 9, were asked in order to discover the number of people who usually use
a cellular phone and the number of people who may use the PDA to perform phone
function. The responses to questions 8 & 9 will be compared to question 4.3’s responses.
If there are higher numbers of people who want to use PDA when the phone function is
included, this may project to another objective of using PDA that is not only for personal
information management, but also for phone function. On the other hand, if there is less
number of people who want to use PDA when the phone function is included, this may
project the opinion that people do not want the phone function in the PDA. The reason
may be due to the quality of communication through PDA, the model size, and the price.

 Question 10 Do you understand the difference between PALM OS and
WINDOW CE operating systems? [Yes/No]
Question 10 was asked in order to see whether respondents understand the difference
between Palm OS and Window CE.

Organization Survey Design

Organizational use of Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) The following questions were
developed in order to gather information about using devices such as computers and PDA
within the organization. The questions are as follows:

 Question 11 Does your company use a personal computer at the job site?
[Yes/No]
Question 11 was asked in order to see the number of companies that are using computers
at the job site. This data will indicate the need of using computer technology on the job.

 Question 12 How do you communicate/transfer information between the office
and the jobsite?
 Telephone [Checkbox]
 Email [Checkbox]
 Pager [Checkbox]
 Other [Text]
Question 12 was asked in order to see how people communicate/ transfer information
between the office and the jobsite. The data response will indicate communication
methods that were used in the field. If there are a number of people using telephone and
email, this may project the requirement for a faster communication method.
 Question 13 Does your company use an on-line application? [Yes/No] (If so,)
 Question 13.1 If no, does your company have a plan to use one in
the future? [Yes/No]
Questions 13 & 13.1 were developed in order to find the number of companies that are
currently using an on-line application or are planning to use one in the future. This data
shows how technologically advanced the company is and the need for service
applications on-line.

 Question 14 Does your company use a PDA to communicate project
information? [Yes/No]
 Question 14.1 If yes, which model are you using? [Text]
 Question 14.2 If yes, which operating system are you using?
[Text]
The above three questions were asked to find the number of companies that are currently
using PDA to communicate project information. The responses to this question will be
compared to the number of people who believe that using PDA is of value (question4.1 &
4.2) In the case that the company is using PDA, the question further asked for the model
and operating system that is used.

 Question 15 Does your company use any PDA software or is planning to use in
the future?
 Quick Sheet [Checkbox]
 FastTrack Schedule [Checkbox]
 OnSite-Punchlist [Checkbox]
 OnSite-Daily Reports [Checkbox]
 OnTrak [Checkbox]
 Prolog Pocket [Checkbox]
 AutoDesk Onsite [Checkbox]
 Other, please specify [Text]
Question 15 was developed in order to investigate the use of software PDA by the
construction firm both in the present and in the future. The question was designed into
checkbox form to allow an easier way to respond to the survey. The responses to this
question will express the number of users and the software that were selected by
companies, including software being planned to use in the future. The results will guide
the recommendation of software to companies in chapter 5.

 Question 16 Which do you think is the most important when choosing a PDA for
your type of business? [Rank number of importance]
 Operating System [Rank number]
 Dimension of PDA (WxDxH) [Rank number]
 Weight Processor Speed (MHz) [Rank number]
 Memory: Amount of RAM [Rank number]
 Screen Resolution [Rank number]
 Battery Type; Rechargeable, AAA [Rank number]
 Color of Display (multi-color, monochrome) [Rank number]
 Digital Camera Function [Rank number]
 Cell-Phone Function [Rank number]
 Availability of Applicable Software [Rank number]

Question 16 was asked in order to seek an idea from the sample group about the criterion
they will consider when selecting a PDA. The sample group was asked to rank criteria
when selecting a PDA. The most important criteria will be assigned rank #1. The next
most important criteria will be assigned rank #2 and so on. Responses to this question
will be separated into two groups, the group of people who have PDA and the group of
people who do not have PDA. (Question 3) Response data from both groups will be
analyzed to find the Mean (M) in order to determine a final important ranking. Later, the
important ranking from both groups will be compared to see the difference between the
two groups.
This calculation method will assist in setting a recommendation and determining a
criteria ranking.
Respondent Data

47 of the 200 (23.5%) survey solicitations responded to the survey. The respondents’
firm type included architectural firms, engineering firms, construction firms, Design-
Build firms and construction management firms. Of the 47 people who correctly
responded to the survey, 3 people were from Architectural firm, 7 people were from
Engineering firm, 11 people were from Construction Contractor firm, 6 people were from
Design-Build Construction firm, 15 people were from Construction Management firm
and 5 people were classified in “Other” category. Of those who chose “other”, 1 worked
in research, 1 worked in telecommunications and 3 did not specify. Table 7 summarizes
the respondent group by the type of firm: Architectural firm, Engineering firm,
Construction contractor firm, etc.

Respondent Type Responded Percent Response
Architectural firm 3 6.38%
Engineering firm 7 14.89%
Construction Contractor firm 11 23.41%
Design-Build Construction firm 6 12.77%
Construction Management firm 15 31.91%
Other 5 10.63%
Total 47 100%

Table 7: Firm Type of Responses to the Survey
Note: Survey Response Summary (Of 200, 47 (23.5%) responded to the survey)

By following the survey design, the response is composed of two sections, which are
personal data section and organizer data section.
Personal Data

Question 1: Do you usually use a computer? Question 1 related to the respondents’
experience in using computers. Of the 47 people who responded to the survey, 47 people
(100%) usually use a computer. (Table 8) The result shows that respondents are familiar
with computers. All of the 47 respondents’ opinions will be analyzed in the further
section.

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 47 100%
No 0 0%
Table 8: Response Data to Question 1

Question 2: Do you usually use an electronic organizer? Question 2 relates to the
respondents’ experience in using electronic organizers. Of the 47, 25 respondents (53%)
are currently using an electronic organizer while 22 respondents (47%) are not using one.
(Table 9) The result shows that about half of the respondents are familiar with an
electronic organizer. However, there are some differences between a PDA and an
electronic organizer. The data may not allow the conclusion that 25 respondents (53%)
are familiar with PDA.

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 25 53%
No 22 47%
Table9: Response Data to Question 2

Question 3: Do you usually use a PDA (Handheld Device)? Question 3 discovered the
number of respondents who are currently using PDA. 25 of 47 (53%) are currently using
PDA while 22 respondents (47%) are not. (Table 10) Compared to the data from question
2, the result shows that there are the same number of respondents who are using a PDA as
those who are using an electronic organizer.
Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 25 53%
No 22 47%
Table 10: Response Data to Question 3

Question 3.1: Which Model PDA are you using? Question 3.1 related to the type of
PDA model that the respondents are using. The data shows that 19 of 25 (76%)
respondents are using a Palm model. 1 of 25 (4%) respondents is using a Handspring
model. 3 of 25 (12%) respondents are using a Compaq model. 1 of 25 (4%) respondents
is using a Hewlett Packard model. 1 of 25 (4%) respondents is using a Psion Revo model.
(Table12) The results show that Palm PDA are mostly used by the respondents. However,
there are different types of Palm models that are being used by the respondents. (Table
11)

CANNOT RESPONSE
COMPAQ H3630
COMPAQ IPAQ
VISOR PRISM

PSION REVO
Model PDA

PALM IIIX

PALM IIIC

JORNADA
PALM VX
PALM VII
PALM III

PALM V
PALM

Number 1 5 2 3 5 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 22
Table 11: Response Data to Question 3.1

Model Palm Handspring Compaq Hewlett Psion Revo
Packard
Number 19 1 3 1 1
Percentage 76% 4% 12% 4% 4%
Table 12: Number of PDA's Users Categorize by Model

Question 3.2: Which operating system are you using? Question 3.2 asked about the
type of operating system that was selected. The answer to this question is directly related
to the answer from question 3.1. 20 of 25 (80%) respondents’ PDA were operated by
Palm operating system. 4 of 25 (16%) respondents’ PDA were operated by Window CE.
1 of 25 (4%) respondent’s PDA was operated by EPOC operating system. (Table 13).
The results show that the respondents’ PDA is mostly operated by Palm OS.

OS Type PALM OS Window CE EPOC

Number 19 1 3
Percentage 76% 4% 12%
Table 13: Response Data to Question 3.2

Question 4: Do you use a PDA as part of your job? Question 4 asked about the
number of respondents who are currently using a PDA as part of their job. 24 of 25 (96%)
respondents who have PDA use it as part of the job. 1 of 25 (4%) respondents do not use
PDA as part of the job. (Table 14)

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 24 96%
No 1 4%
Table 14: Response Data to Question 4

Question 4.1: If yes, do you believe PDA are valuable for project control tasks? The
results show that 23 of 24 (95.83%) believe PDA is valuable for project control tasks
such as scheduling, estimating, and construction administration. 1 of 24 (4.34%) did not
believe PDA is valuable for project control tasks. (Table 15) Almost 100% of
respondents who are using PDA at work believed that using PDA is valuable.

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 23 95.83%
No 1 4.34%
Table 15: Response Data to Question 4.1

Question 4.2: If no, would using a PDA as part of your job be of value? The result
show that 14 of 23 (60.86%) respondents anticipate that using a PDA as part of the job
would be of value. 6 of 23 (26.08%) respondents did not believe that using a PDA as part
of the job is valuable. 3 of 23 (13.04%) respondents did not respond to the question.
(Table 16)

Question 4.3: If no, do you plan to use a PDA in the future? The results shows that 14
of 23 (60.86%) respondents plan to use a PDA in the future. 6 of 23 (26.08%) do not
want to use one in the future. 3 of 23 (13.04%) did not respond to the question. (Table
17)

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 14 60.86%
No 6 26.08%
No answer 3 13.04%
Table 16: Response Data to Question 4.2

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 14 60.86%
No 6 26.08%
No answer 3 13.04%
Table 17: Response Data to Question 4.3

The responses from questions 4.2 & 4.3 show the same number of responses between the
respondents who believe a PDA is of value to the job and the respondents who plan to
use one in the future. The result may conclude that the number of PDAs used on the job
will definitely increase in the future.

Question 5: How much would you spend on your first PDA? The responses show that
the range of money those respondents would like to spend on PDA range from $200 to
$500. From market survey, models that range from $200 to $300 are mostly monochrome
PDA with a minimum of 8 MB RAM. For the models above $300, most PDA are color
models with the range of RAM from 2 MB to 32 MB.
Question 6: Do you usually use a digital camera? , Question 8: Do you usually use a
cellular phone? Questions 6 & 8 asked about the use of digital cameras and cellular
phones. 37 of the 47 (78.72%) respondents usually use a digital camera. 10 of 47
(21.27%) respondents do not use a digital camera. (Table18) 43 of the 47 (91.48%)
respondents usually use a cell phone. 3 of 47 (6.38%) respondents do not use a cellular
phone. (Table 19) the results show that a lot of people are using digital cameras and
cellular phones.

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 37 78.72%
No 10 21.27%
Table 18: Response Data to Question 6

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 43 91.48%
No 3 6.38%
Table 19: Response Data to Question 8

Question 7: If PDA included a digital camera function, would you use the PDA as a
digital camera? , Question 9: If PDA includes a cell phone device, would you use the
PDA as a cell-phone? Questions 7 & 9 were asking to find the number of the sample
group who want to use a PDA as a digital camera and/or a cellular phone. 29 of 47
(61.70%) respondents want to use a PDA if PDA included a digital camera function. 16
of the 47 (34.04%) respondents did not want to use a PDA if PDA include a digital
camera function. 2 of 47 (4.25%) did not respond to the question. (Table 20) 31 of the 47
(65.95%) respondents want to use a PDA if PDA included a telephone function. 15 of the
47 (31.91%) respondents do not want to use a PDA if PDA include a telephone function.
1 of 47 (2.12%) did not respond to the question. (Table 21)

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 29 61.70%
No 16 34.04%
No answer 2 4.25%
Table 20: Response Data to Question 7
Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 31 65.95%
No 15 31.91%
No answer 1 2.12%
Table 21: Response Data to Question 9

If we compare the results of question 7 (Table20) to the results of questions 3 & 4.3
(Table10&17), the number of people who want to use PDA if PDA included a digital
camera is stable. It may be concluded that people do not really want to use a PDA as a
digital camera if a PDA included a digital camera function.

When comparing the results of question 9 (Table21) to results of questions 3 & 4.3
(Table10&17), the number of people who want to use PDA if PDA included a cellular
phone function increases. It may be concluded that people are willing to use a PDA if a
PDA included a cellular phone function.

When comparing the results of these two questions to the results from questions 6 & 8
(Table 18 & 19), the result shows that the numbers of respondents who want to use PDA
as other functions are less than the number of respondents who usually use a digital
camera and/or a cellular phone. The decrease in number of users may be based on the
lack of belief in the quality of the product or the high price.

Question 10: Do you understand the difference between Palm OS and Window CE?
This question relates to the understanding of the difference between the Palm operating
system and Window CE. 27 of the 47 (57.45%) respondents understand the issue. 20 of
the 47 (42.55%) respondents do not understand the issue. (Table 22)

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 27 57.45%
No 20 42.55%
Table 22: Response Data to Question 10
Organization Data

Question 11: Does your company use a personal computer at the jobsite? Question
11 relates to the use of computers at the job site. The results show that 44 of the 47
(93.61%) respondents use computers at the job site. 3 of the 47 (6.38%) respondents do
not use computers at the job site. (Table 23) The results show that the computer is an
important tool while performing work at the job site.

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 44 93.61%
No 3 6.38%
Table 23: Response Data to Question 11

Question 12: How do you communicate / transfer information between the office
and the job site? This question relates to the communication methods that are being used
to transfer information. 42 of the 47 (89.36%) results indicate the use of the telephone. 43
of the 47 (91.49%) results indicate the use of E-mail. 14 of the 47 (29.79%) results
indicate the use of pagers. (Table 24)

Method Number Percentage
Telephone 42 of 47 83.96%
E-mail 43 of 47 91.49%
Pager 14 of 47 29.79%
Table 24: Response Data to Question 12

The number of people using telephone to transfer information is large because telephone
provides fast and easy communication. However, there are some disadvantages of using
this method such as the information could not be in writing for record keeping purposes.
The number of people using E-mail is large because of the speed and the ability to keep
records. However, if the Internet connection has some problem, it might cause delay or
loss of information. The number of people using pagers is small because there are
limitations of data transfer at each time and also the uncertainty of mistakes in the
message being delivered.

Question 13: Does your company use an on-line application? This question relates to
the use of an on-line application. The results show that 38 of the 47 (80.75%) respondents
are currently using an on-line application. 9 of the 47 (19.14%) respondents are not
currently using an on-line application. (Table 25) There are a number of companies
utilizing an on-line application at present.

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 38 80.75%
No 9 19.14%
Table 25: Response Data to Question 13

Question 13.1: If no, does your company have plans to use one in the future? The
results show that 3 of the 9 (33.33%) plan to use one in the future. 4 of the 9 (44.44%)
did not plan to use one. 2 of 9 (22.22%) did not respond to the question. (Table 26) This
data shows that the number of people who use an on-line application will likely increase
in the future.

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 3 33.33%
No 4 44.44%
No answer 2 22.22%
Table 26: Response Data to Question 13.1

Question 14: Does your company use a PDA to communicate project information?
Question 14 relates to the number of companies that use a PDA to communicate project
information. 6 of the 47 (12.76%) are using PDA to communicate while 41 of the 47
(87.23%) are not using one. (Table 28) When comparing this result to results from
questions 4.1 & 4.2 (Table 15 & 16), the numbers of companies using PDA and personal
beliefs in using PDA are quite different. Only 12.76% of companies are using a PDA
while 78.72% believe that PDA is valuable to project control task. The reason for less
usage by companies might be due to the cost of PDA, the limited software and the
inconvenience factors such as small screen size.

Response to the question Number Percentage
Yes 6 12.76%
No 41 87.23%
Table 27: Response Data to Question 14

Question 14.1: If yes, which model are you using? , Question 14.2: Which operating
system are you using? Questions 14.1 & 14.2 relate to the model PDA that were chosen
by the company. 4 of the 6 (66.66%) companies selected the Palm model that is operated
by PALM OS. 1 of the 6 (16.66%) companies selected Compaq model that operates on
Window CE. 1 of the 6 (16.66%) companies selected HP model that operates on Window
CE. (Table 28) The result shows that Palm models are widely used by this respondent
group. From this result and the results of question 3.2 (Table 13), both results indicate
that the number of Palm OS users is higher than that of Window CE users.

Model Operating System Number Percentage
Palm PALM OS 4 66.66%
Compaq Window CE 1 16.66%
HP Window CE 1 16.66%
Table 28: Response Data to Question 14.1
Question 15: Does you company use any PDA software or plan to use in the future?
Question 15 relates to software that the company is currently using or plans to use in the
future. Table 29 expresses the number of companies that are using specific software. The
overall result shows that the number of software that companies would like to use in the
future are greater than in the present.

Software Currently use Plan to use
Quick Sheet 1 1
FastTrak schedule 1 7
OnSite Punch List 2 6
OnSite Daily Report 3 7
OnTrak 0 3
Prolog Pocket 0 7
AutoDesk OnSite 2 5
Table 29: Response Data to Question 15

The major change of number occurs on four software types that are Onsite Punch List,
Onsite Daily Report, Prolog Pocket and FastTrak schedule. As to the qualifications of
these four software types (Chapter3), all of them aid in data collection, easy to operate
and use friendly interface. OnSite Punch List, OnSite Daily Report and Prolog Pocket
deal with collecting project information on the field. Prolog Pocket is provided by
Meridian Project System that offers online service application. The result from table 25
shows that 38 of the 47 (80.75%) respondents are using on-line application. These
respondents may want to use PDA software that is offered by their on-line service
providers. FastTrak schedule deals with scheduling process and integrated with FastTrak
schedule on Desktop version. It is possible that FastTrak desktop users may want to use
FastTrak PDA software. The result may conclude that users of PDA’s software in
construction will definitely increase and there also will be an increase in the number of
PDA users.
Question 16: What do you think is the most important when choosing a PDA?
Question 16 relates to the criteria when choosing PDA such as operating system,
dimension, memory, etc. 32 of the 47 (68.08%) respondents responded to the question.
The results were divided into two groups, one group that has a PDA and another that do
not have a PDA. 23 of 27 respondents who have PDA responded to the question, while 9
of 20 people who do not have PDA responded. Table 30 summarizes the response data
of the respondent group that have a PDA. Table 31 summarizes the response data of the
respondent group that do not have a PDA. Both tables illustrate the number of
respondents that rated the important ranking for each criterion.
Important Ranking (1=most important)
Criteria
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Operating System
7 2 3 0 0 4 2 1 4 0
Dimension of PDA (WxDxH)
4 4 2 3 4 1 3 0 0 2
Processor Speed (MHz)
1 4 3 3 5 2 2 3 0 0
Memory (amount of RAM)
5 3 4 5 1 1 3 0 1 0
Screen Resolution
1 4 4 2 7 0 4 1 0 0
Battery Type: Rechargeable, AAA
1 0 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3
Color of Display
0 1 0 1 2 6 2 5 2 4
Digital Camera Function
0 1 3 0 1 0 4 1 9 4
Cell-Phone Function
0 3 2 0 0 1 0 7 3 7
Available of Applicable Software
4 1 0 7 1 3 0 3 1 3
Table 30: Summarizes the response data of PDA Users
Note: Total number of respondent 23 respondents

Important Ranking (1=most important)
Criteria
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Operating System
0 5 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0
Dimension of PDA (WxDxH)
0 1 2 3 0 2 1 0 0 0
Processor Speed (MHz)
1 0 3 0 2 1 2 0 0 0
Memory (amount of RAM)
1 0 2 3 2 1 0 0 0 0
Screen Resolution
0 1 1 3 1 1 0 2 0 0
Battery Type: Rechargeable, AAA
0 0 1 0 1 3 2 2 0 0
Color of Display
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 3 2 1
Digital Camera Function
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 1
Cell-Phone Function
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 6
Available of Applicable Software
7 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Table 31: Summarizes the response data of Non-PDA Users
Note: Total number of respondent 9 respondents
In order to determine the ranking criteria, the Mean was calculated from the results of
table 30 and table 31. Table 32 compares the Mean (M) from tables 30 and 31.

PDA Users Non-PDA Users
Criteria
M M
Operating System 4.43 3.77
Dimension of PDA (WxDxH) 4.22 4.33
Processor Speed (MHz) 4.57 4.44
Memory (amount of RAM) 3.65 3.88
Screen Resolution 4.35 4.88
Battery Type: Rechargeable, AAA 6.26 6.22
Color of Display 7.13 7.33
Digital Camera Function 7.52 8
Cell-Phone Function 7.43 9.55
Available of Applicable Software 5.21 2.55
Table 32: Comparison of Mean Ranking between PDA Users and Non-PDA Users

PDA Users Non-PDA Users
Criteria
Rank Rank
Memory (amount of RAM) 1 3
Dimension of PDA (WxDxH) 2 4
Screen Resolution 3 6
Operating System 4 2
Processor Speed (MHz) 5 5
Available of Applicable Software 6 1
Battery Type: Rechargeable, AAA 7 7
Color of Display 8 8
Cell-Phone Function 9 10
Digital Camera Function 10 9
Table 33: Comparison of Important Ranking between PDA Users and Non-PDA Users
From table 32, respondents that owned PDA indicated that memory (M=3.65) is the most
important criteria when selecting a PDA, followed by the dimension of PDA (M=4.22),
screen resolution (M=4.35), operating system (M=4.43) and processor speed (M=4.57).
These five criteria are the first group of main factors. The second group of criteria that
would be considered is applicable software (M=5.21) and battery type (M=6.26). The last
group of criteria that would be considered is color of display (7.13), cell-phone function
(7.43) and digital camera function (7.52).

Respondents that do not own PDA indicated that applicable software (M=2.55) is the
most important criteria when selecting a PDA. The second group of criteria that would be
considered is operating System (M=3.77), memory (M=3.88), dimension of PDA
(M=4.33), processor speed (M=4.44), and screen resolution (M=4.88). The last group of
criteria that would be considered are battery type (M=6.22), color of display (7.33),
digital camera function (8) and cell-phone function (9.55). Table 33 illustrates the
comparison of important criteria ranking in selecting a PDA between PDA users and
Non-PDA users. Figure 16 shows the comparison of decision criteria ranking between the
two respondents group.
Decision Criteria For Selectign PDA
12

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Figure 17: Decision Criteria Ranking for Selecting a PDA

The figure shows that both respondent groups had similar opinions in selecting PDA. As
shown in the figure, the only difference in opinion was consideration of applicable
software for construction. The group that had a PDA were not concerned too much about
applicable software when buying a PDA, while the other group considers it to be the most
important criteria. The main concern for the group that had a PDA was amount of
memory, while the other group considered it as the third concern.
Chapter 5
PDA Survey Analysis

This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section discusses the results
concerning the survey questions. As indicated in Chapter 1, the purpose of doing this
survey is to discover the data to answer three main questions.
 The user’s attitude towards using PDA in the construction industry.
 The percentage of construction firms that are currently using PDA.
 The types of software that are being used or are planning to be used by the
organization.
The responses to these questions will lead to the prediction of utilizing a PDA for
construction control tasks by the construction firms in the future. The increasing number
of users will definitely encourage software providers to develop software that is
beneficial and suitable for construction firms. The second part of this chapter includes
the evaluation of software that are available on the market and a recommendation of
minimum requirements of a PDA for use in construction. The selection of software is one
of the most important criterions that need to be considered when selecting a PDA.

The user’s attitude toward using personal digital assistant (PDA) in the construction
industry.

First, the results show that 100% of the respondents usually use a computer. Some
respondents also have experience in using other devices such as electronic organizers.
From this point, we may conclude that the respondents are experienced and familiar with
computer devices. Second, the study shows that 23 of the 24 people (96%) who are
currently using PDA as part of the job believe that it is valuable for the project control
tasks (Table 15). At the same time, 14 of the 23 people (61%) who are not currently using
PDA as part of the job believe it is valuable for the project control tasks (Table16). Of the
23 respondents, 60.86% of respondents who do not own a PDA, plan to have one in the
future. Furthermore, the results from Question 15 (Table 29) indicate that many
companies have plans to use PDA and some PDA software in the future. This is an
important finding which confirms the assumption of using PDA in the future. In my
opinion, the number of people using PDA in construction task seems to have increased.
Also, the methods of utilizing PDA in construction industry will be developed in
accordance with the development of software.

The percentage of construction firms that are currently using personal digital
assistant (PDA).

Of the 47 people who responded to the survey, 6 people (13%) indicated that their
companies are currently using the PDA (Table 25). While 37 of the 47 (78.72%) believe
that using PDA is valuable for project control task. Both numbers are quite different.
There are only a few people who indicated that their firm is currently using PDA.
However, with the powerful add-on software and development of PDA, the trend of using
PDA as part of the work will certainly increase in the near future. Especially, for data
collection which save a lot of time in duplicating the data including the enhancement of
communication capabilities, which directly affects the quality of the work.

The types of software that are being used or are planning to be used by the
organization.

Of the 48 people who responded to the survey, the results show that only 9 (19.14%)
respondents are currently utilizing PDA software, while an additional 27 (57.44%) would
like to use it in the future. From the results (Table29), OnSite Daily Report software is
the most widely used software, followed by OnSite Punch List and the AutoDesk OnSite.
The results show that only a few people get involved in using PDA software. This result
is directly reflected by the lower of companies that are using PDA. However, 57.44%
have plans to use it in the future. Of the software that are being planned to use, FastTrak
Schedule, OnSite Daily Report and Prolog Pocket are the top software that companies
want to use and have plans to use in the future, followed by Onsite-Punch List and
AutoDesk Onsite. The reason that there are only a few companies using this software is
due to the high price of software and some limitations such as requirements for PC
software that work with PDA software.

The evaluation of software those are available on the market

From Chapter 3, the software currently available for construction tasks on the market, are
Punchlist, Project@Hand, JobCalc, FastTrack Schedule, Palm Estimating, Prolog Pocket,
Onsite Punchlist, OnSite-Daily Reports, OnTrak, and AutoDesk OnSite View. These
software applications are add-on PDA software that allows construction personnel to
perform the work on the PDA. This section will contain an evaluation which is composed
of advantages and disadvantages of each software according to my personal opinion.

Punch List Punch List is a project software solution that communicates with your
project resources and your scheduling applications. By reviewing this software, my
opinion on this software will be:
Advantages:
 Extremely comprehensive project management
 Full-featured Palm and desktop components
 Can export/import to and from popular project management software such
as Primavera SureTrak
 Ability to distribute via printing, e-mail and fax
Project@Hand is software that deals with schedule control. By reviewing this
software, my opinion on this software will be:
Advantages:
 User-friendly interface
 Small size application
 Allows for the quick creation of basic project plans right in the meeting
 Ability to allow multiple Palm devices to be synchronized to a single
workstation
 Each user has their own profile, allowing them to have their own set of
projects to be synchronized
 Profile will contain the list of projects and the other options for the synch
process
 Responsive support/development software team

Project@Hand Gantt Chart V1.1.4 is an add on application to Project@hand.
This add-on allows users to view the gantt chart. By reviewing this software, my
opinion towards software is:
Advantages:
 Provides visibility of normal, summary, and milestone tasks with link
arrows to show predecessor/successor relationships
 Variety timescales, timescale has 9 settings ranging from 2 days to 2 years
 Free for Project@hand user

JobCalc is software that assists in calculations by using touch screen technology for
field estimating of multiple applications including concrete, site work, carpentry,
masonry and finishes. By reviewing this software, my opinion on this software will be:
Advantages:
 User-friendly interface (Fugure9)
 Small size application, does not require big space of RAM
FastTrack Schedule™ is software that deals with schedule control. By reviewing this
software, my opinion towards this software is:
Advantages:
 Easily send schedules to colleagues and clients
 Save time building new schedules by using existing schedules as templates
 Multiple users support
 Allows users to format schedules with activity hierarchies and
dependencies, as well as progress tracking of scheduled, revised, and
actual dates

Palm Estimating Palm Estimating is part of Timberline’s Precision Collection. This
software provides the function to perform detailed takeoffs, generate a detailed estimate
or change orders. By reviewing this software, my opinion on this software will be:
Advantages:
 Having the ability to input project information right at the job site
 Increases efficiency and lessens the chance for error when collecting
estimation information in the field
Disadvantage:
 Palm Estimating requires the use of Precision Estimating desktop software

Prolog Pocket Prolog Pocket for Palm OS handheld enables construction professionals
to manage and track information from the field using a PDA, including labor hours, work
performed, equipment, safety notices and punch lists. By reviewing this software, my
opinion towards this software will be:
Advantages:
 Record all significant events on a day-to-day basis
 Record all inspections and equipment tests on projects, create quality
control checklists
 Track material on your projects including deliveries, installations, and
balance to deliver and install quantities
 Create all your correction notices and deficiency items for proper quality
control
 Enforce your companies' safety program by logging violations that occur
on projects

OnSite Punchlist is software that deals with collecting, storing and distributing
project management information from the field. By reviewing this software, my opinion
on this software will be:
Advantage:
 User-friendly interface suitable for field personnel (Figure11)

OnSite-Daily Reports is a solution that allows contractors to electronically capture
daily reports in the field and synchronize those reports with a central desktop database.
By reviewing this software, my opinion to this software will be:
Advantage:
 Easy to operate
 User-friendly interface suitable for field personnel (Figure12)

OnTrak is a PDA solution that extends the power of Primavera Project Planner®
(P3®) and SureTrak Project Manager® (SureTrak®). OnTrak allows users to reference
and update project schedules, activities, durations, starts, finishes, percentage completed
and more on your Palm handheld device. By reviewing this software, my opinion towards
this software is:
Advantages:
 Link with Primavera P3
 Ability to view P3 data

AutoDesk OnSite View AutoDesk OnSite View enables users to review, mark up, and
measure AutoCAD DWG and DXF design data on PDA. By reviewing this software, my
opinion towards this software will be:
Advantages:
 DWG file viewable
 Facilitate field personnel in terms of collecting data from jobsite (redline,
comments and puchlist)
 Eliminate printing paper drawing
 Capability of storing the whole building blueprints when using high
memory PDA
 Quickly and precisely communicates design revisions to other members of
the project team with markup

The recommendation of minimum requirements for selecting the personal digital
assistant (PDA)

From the response to the question, “ Which do you think is the most important when
choosing a PDA for your type of business?” (Page 69) The responses show that
respondents that own PDA indicate that memory is the most important criteria when
selecting a PDA, followed by the dimensions of PDA, screen resolution, operating
system and processor speed. These five criteria are the first group of main factors. The
second group of criteria that should be considered is applicable software and battery type.
The last group of criteria that would be considered is color of display, cell-phone function
and digital camera function. (Table 32 and Table 33)
Respondents that do not own PDA indicate that applicable software is the most important
criteria when selecting a PDA. The second group of criteria that would be considered is
operating system, memory, dimension of PDA, processor speed, and screen resolution.
The last group of criteria that would be considered is battery type, color of display, digital
camera function and cell-phone function. (Table 32 and Table 33)

From the results above, we may conclude that the major concern when selecting PDA for
construction tasks is the amount of RAM, applicable software, and operating system.
However, if the user wants to use PDA for their work, the applicable software shall be the
primary concern when selecting PDA because the software that is available now on the
market requires different amounts of space to be able to run the application on the PDA.
For example, AutoCAD OnSite-View requires a minimum of 16 RAM to be able to run
the application (see page 48). Therefore, the model selected should have large amounts of
RAM. Also, Color PDA model may need to be selected in order to assist in viewing the
data. We see that software selection and/or planned to use software is an important
criteria when selecting the model. At present, there are many software companies in the
process of developing software that facilitate the construction tasks.

Based on the literature review and my personal opinions, the minimum requirements of
PDA should be 8 MB RAM model that has enough capacity to operate the basic software
for construction applications such as Punch List. In the case of selecting the operating
system (platform), it depends on what kind of software the user plans to use and which
operating system (platform) can currently operate this software. Again, if the company
has an idea of which software would be used, the specification of model shall meet the
requirements of the software. However, the number of PDA users is increasing and that
lead the software-developed companies to develop software that can operate not only on
Palm OS platform, but also on Window CE platform and at a reasonable price.

The trend of using PDA has a great future in the construction industry. This device will
eventually become more important as its use in construction increases. Along with the
software applications, the PDA device will become such a wonderful tool to ease the
lives of construction people. As for the construction industry, using the PDA device will
definitely reduce time in preceding procedures such as data collection. Furthermore, with
the power of wireless modems that allow PDA to connect to the Internet, PDA will
combine the world of communication in one hand and make it much more valuable to the
construction project.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aecsoftware (2001). When you. [WWW document]. URL
http://www.aecsoft.com/palm/overview1.html?session_id=306980961027389

AutoDesk (2001a). AutoDesk – AutoDesk OnSite View – Features. [WWW document].
URL http://www3.autodesk.com/adsk/index/0,,324642-123112,00.html

AutoDesk (2001b). AutoDesk – AutoDesk OnSite View – Features. [WWW document].
URL http://www3.autodesk.com/adsk/index/0,,324642-123112,00.html

AutoDesk (2001c). AutoDesk – AutoDesk OnSite View – Features. [WWW document].
URL http://www3.autodesk.com/adsk/index/0,,324642-123112,00.html

Blackberry (2001). Blackberry - A Whatis Definition. [WWW document]. URL
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,289893,sid9_gci347237,00.html

Bluetooth (2001). Bluetooth - A Whatis Definition. [WWW document]. URL
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,289893,sid9_gci211680,00.html

Brown, Glenn (1995). Palm Resource Kit. California: IDG Books.

Casio (2001). E-115-cassiopeia. [WWW document]. URL
http://www.casio.com/personalpcs/product.cfm?section=19&market=0&product=1714

Chaffee, Maggie (2001). Operating Platforms. Wireless Review; Overland Park. 18(2),
14-20.

Compaq (2001). Compaq.com – AtHome. [WWW document]. URL
http://athome.compaq.com/showroom/static/iPaq/handheld.asp

Handspring (2001a). Handspring Visor Prism. [WWW document]. URL
http://www.handspring.com/products/visorprism/photos.jhtml

Handspring (2001b). Handspring: Visor Edge handheld computer. [WWW document].
URL http://www.handspring.com/products/visoredge/index.jhtml

Hardware (2001, February). Hardware – A Whatis Definition. [WWW document]. URL
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,289893,sid9_gci212228,00.html

Hewlett Packard (2001). Hewlett Packard. [WWW document]. URL
http://www.pocketpcmag.com/Mar99/images/Jornada_Pilot.JPG

Kadtek, LLC. Home Page. [WWW document]. URL http://www.kadtek.com/
Kang, Leslie (2001). MemoWare, DDH servePDA. e-book market. Publishers Weekly;
New York. 248(6), 34.

Landergren, Pia & Costello, Sam (2000). Add-on module lure users to PDA demos at the
Comdex show. InfoWorld; Framingham. 22(49), 48c.

Maxwell, Gavin (1999). Sams Teach Yourself Palm Programming in 24 Hours. Indiana:
Macmillian.

McMarthy, Ed (2001). Tips for Tech Tools. Journal of Financial Planning, 14(3), 56-57.

MPS (2001). Prolog Pocket- Meridian Project Systems, Inc. [WWW document]. URL
http://www.mps.com/

Navarette, George (1999). In the Palm of Your Hand: Digital Assistants Aid in Data
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OnTrak (2001). Onsyss Mobile Computing. [WWW document]. URL
http://www.onsyss.com/OnTrak2.html

OnSite (2001). Onsyss Mobile Computing. [WWW document]. URL
http://www.onsyss.com/Punch.html

Palm (2001a). Palm, Inc. – Palm IIIc Handheld. [WWW document]. URL
http://www.palm.com/products/palmiiic/

Palm (2001b). Palm: Palm Vx Handheld. [WWW document]. URL
http://www.palm.com/products/palmvx/

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URL http://www.punchlist.com/features/index.html

Stirpe, Amanda (2001). Microsoft, HP get mobile. The Newsweekly for Builders of
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Rungtapnapa, Sulapa (2001). Survey Form. [WWW document]. URL
http://students.ou.edu/R/Sulapa.Rungtapnapa-1/Form.htm
Appendix A
Survey Form
Survey Form : An Investigation of Handheld Computing Device Capability
for Construction Project Control Applications

PURPOSE

The purpose of this questionnaire is to gather information about using the handheld
device. The collected information will be used as part of the report. The individual
information will be kept confidential. If you want the copy of final report, please provide
your email address in the space provided.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

E-mail address

1 Do you usually use a computer?

2 Do you usually use an electronic organizer?

3 Do you usually use a PDA (Handheld Device)?

3.1 If yes, which model PDA are you using?

3.2 Which operation system are you using?

4 Do you use a PDA as part of your job?

4.1 If yes, do you believe PDA are valuable for project control task?

4.2 If no, do you plan to use a PDA in the future?

5 How much would you spend on your first PDA?

6 Do you usually use a digital camera?
7 If PDA includes a digital camera function, would you use the PDA as a digital
camera?
8
Do you usually use a cellular phone?
9 If PDA includes a cell phone device, would you use the PDA as a cell-phone?

10 Do you understand the difference between PALM OS and WINDOW CE
operating systems?
ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION

Primary service provided by your company

If other, please specify

11 Does your company use a personal computer at the job site?
12 How do you communicate/transfer information between the office and the jobsite?

Telephone

Pager

Other

If other, please specify

13 Does your company use an on-line application?

13.1 If no, does your company have plan to use one in the future?

14 Does your company use a PDA to communicate project information?

14.1 If yes, which model are you using?

14.2 Which operation system are you using?

Does your company using any PDA software or plan to use in then future?(Please
15
Check)

Currently in use Plan to use in the future

Quick Sheet Quick Sheet

FastTrack Schedule FastTrack Schedule

OnSite-Punchlist OnSite-Punchlist

OnSite-Daily Reports OnSite-Daily Reports

OnTrak OnTrak

Prolog Pocket Prolog Pocket

Autodesk Onsite Autodesk Onsite

Other, please specify Other, please specify
16 Which do you think is the most important when choosing a PDA for your types of
business?
Please rank by order of importance to your PDAs selection. Decision with (1) being the
most important, (2) being the next most important and so on.

Operating System

Dimension of PDA (WxDxH)

Processor Speed (MHz)

Memory: Amount of RAM

Screen Resolution

Battery Type; Rechargeable, AAA

Color of Display (multi-color, monochrome)

Digital Camera Function

Cell-Phone Function

Availability of Applicable Software

Other important factors, please specify