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BBA 15 JAAR SYMPOSIUM
Rotterdam 11 March 2011
Trends in
Indoor Air Quality Research
Lars Gunnarsen
Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut
Cumulative chart of time spent at home for
different age groups
16-24 25-44 45-66 67-79 80+
100
90
80
Persons (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Average number of hours at home per weekday
Danes spend in average 16.3 hours at home on a weekday
Cumulative chart of dwelling area
100
80
Persons (%)
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150 200
2
Area per occupant (m /person)
Average dwelling area is 48,9m2 per person and 123,9m2
per household
Introduction
Cost of the indoor climate
2500 euro/m2. Half of all investments
Building envelope
Volume/surface: 0.5 m. Many microclimates
Ventilation
0.5-5 h-1. 0.3 – 3 l/s m2 floor
Adverse effects of the indoor climate contra
its protective effects
Intake fractions (single person)
An apple 80%
A cigarette (the smoker) 30%
Air pollution from candle 0.01%
Air pollution from car in street 0.00000001%
Air pollution from power plant 10 -14
Definitions
The definition of Health:
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
• Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22
June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States
Indoor climate is here defined as:
All building related exposures that may impact the health of building
occupants
Adult human in sedentary activity
(1,2 met)
Exhalation air: Indoor air
O2: 20,85 %
O2: 15,3 %
CO2: 0,035%
CO2: 3,6%
H2O: 1,3%
H2O: 6,2% (Volume)
(volume)
Consumption:
Indoor air: 375 l/h
Produktion:
(10,8 kg/døgn)
CO2: 17 l/h
H2O: 0,07 kg/h O2: 20,6 l/h
Sensibel varme: 100 W
Lars Gunnarsen
Annoyance, symptoms
and diseases
Annoyances, symptoms and diseases
Poor indoor climate may result in annoyance and symptoms.
Infectious diseases may to some degree be prevented by effective
ventilation and large indoor space per occupant.
Some indoor exposures impact the suffering of people with astma and
allergy but the knowledge about importance of the indoor exposures for
acquiring the diseases is rudimentary.
At least four exposures indoor may lead to cancer. They are radon,
environmental tobacco smoke, other combustion products and formaldehyde.
Cardiovascular diseases may be developed as a result of exposure to
environmental smoke and high levels of particle pollution. Noise and probably
poor lighting may give stress that also may lead to cardiovascular diseases.
Productivity is low in a poor indoor climate.
Annoyance within last 14 days
At least one
Skin irritation from hot water
Infra- or low frequency sound
At home
Static electricity Little or much annoyed
Bad drinking water
Noise from industry
Dwelling too dark
Vibrations
Noise from installations
Odor or stale air
Draft
Temperature too high or low
Noise from traffic
Cold at feet
Noise from neighbors
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Annoyed (%)
Noise from outside
Cold at feet At work
Glare
Several times per week or daily
Low temperature
Unpleasant odor
High temperature
Bad illumination
Static electricity
Little space
Draft
Noise from other rooms
Dust/dirt
Changing temperatures
Tobacco smoke
Stale air
Dry air
Noise in room
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Annoyed (%)
Symptoms last 14 days – At home
Brauer og Mikkelsen, 2002
Difficulties breathing
Hoarseness
Wheeze
Difficulties concentrating
Throat irritation
Blushing face
Eye irritation
Cough
Nose irritation
Headache
Lethargy
Stuffy/runny nose
Dry skin
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Prevalence (%)
Symptoms last 14 days – At work
Brauer og Mikkelsen, 2002
Difficulties breathing
Hoarseness
Wheeze
Difficulties concentrating
Throat irritation
Blushing face
Eye irritation
Cough
Nose irritation
Headache
Lethargy
Stuffy/runny nose
Dry skin
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Prevalence (%)
Indoor airborne exposures
• Radon
• Human bioeffluents
• Chemical substances
• Odors
• Asbestos
• Tobacco smoke
• Particles from indoor sources (High temperature surfaces, candles,
cooking)
• Particles from outside
• Allergens of indoor origin (House dust mites, furred animals, moulds)
• Allergens from outside (pollen)
• Viruses and bacteria
Impact of outdoor sources for
particle exposure indoor
4.
3.
2.
1.
Hair
Pollen
House dust mite allergene
Cat allergene
Bacteria
Fungi spores
Road abbration
Wood stoves
Bacteria spores
Fry fume
Oxidation of chemicals
Heated dust
Diesel exhaust
Tobacco smoke
Gasoline exhausts
Vira
Gas stove
0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
Ångstrøm millimeter
Particle size (µm)
Adult human in sedentary activity
(1,2 met)
exhalation air: Indoor air
O2: 20,85 %
O2: 15,3 %
CO2: 0,035%
CO2: 3,6%
H2O: 1,3%
H2O: 6,2% (Volume)
(volume)
Consumption:
Indoor air: 375 l/h
Produktion:
(10,8 kg/døgn)
CO2: 17 l/h
H2O: 0,07 kg/h O2: 20,6 l/h
Sensibel varme: 100 W
Lars Gunnarsen
50
45
40
Dissatisfied (%)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Ventilation rate (l/s pers)
70
60
Dissatified (%)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150
3
Ventilation (m /cigarette)
Choosing construction products
Humidity, mould and mites
Risk of eksposure to mould
0 1 2 3
None Weak Some Large
Mould odor None Weak Some Poverfull
Visible mould 0 m2 < 0,25 m2 0,25-3 m2 >3m
Hidden mould < 0,5 m2 1-3 m2 3-10 m2 < 10 m2
Mould growth in
adjoining rooms - - - -
Growth in ventilation
systems - - - -
Meget støv - - - -
Samlet - - - -
Humid air
25
Absolute moisture (g/kg)
20 100%RH
80%RH
15
60%RH
10
40%RH
5 20%RH
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Temperature (oC)
Component Risk Exposure Dose-response
identification assessment assessment
Moisture Acute 1 2 0
Chronic 1 2 0
Radon Acute 3 3 3
Chronic 3 3 3
Knowledge
Traffic particles Acute 2 2 2 in relation to
Chronic 1 2 1
Wood stove particles Acute 2 1 0
Risk
Chronic 1 1 0 assessment
Allergens + Acute 3 2 1
Chronic 1 1 0 of indoor air
ETS Acute 3 2 3 pollutants
Chronic 3 2 2
Formaldehyde Acute 3 2 3
Chronic 3 2 3
+ For allergens the Acute effects
Benzene Acute 3 2 2 are valid for persons already
Chronic 3 2 2 sensitized to the relevant
NO2 Acute 3 3 3 allergen and Chronic effects are
valid for not sensitized persons.
Chronic 2 1 1
Asbestos Acute 3 3 3
Chronic 3 3 3
Component Risk Exposure Dose-responce
identification Assessment assessment
LPS Acute 3 2 3
Chronic 3 2 1
Glucane Acute 2 1 0
Chronic 1 1 0
Ozone Acute 3 3 3
Chronic 3 3 3
Ozone Acute 2 1 1
reactionproducts Chronic 2 1 1
Di(2-ethylhexyl)- Acute 1 1 0
phthalate (Inhalation) Chronic 1 1 0
Bromated Acute 1 1 0
flame retardents Chronic 1 1 0
Trichlorethylene Acute 3 1 1
Chronic 2 1 2
Tetrachlorethylene Acute 3 2 1
Chronic 2 2 2
Risk perception
General recommendations
Poor indoor climate may increase the risk of attracting infectious diseases,
cancer, cardiovascular diseases and maybe allergy
Avoid moisturizing construction products for a prolonged time
Smoking should not take place indoors
Outdoor paints and other construction products containing fungicides should
not be used indoors
Persons suffering from allergies in particular suffer from a poor indoor climate.
When selecting construction products it is important to select products with
low emissions both of odorous compounds but also of other adverse chemical
compounds
Many ventilation systems should be better operated and maintained.
Authorities are recommended to
immediately prioritize the following:
Targeted information campaigns about behavior to obtain good indoor air
quality
Improved guidelines for monitoring of the indoor climate quality especially in
homes
To identify homes with especially high radon concentrations and to reduce the
exposure
To investigate the need for reduction of the exposure to formaldehyde,
benzene and carbon dioxide in the indoor climate.
We need new knowledge about how the indoor climate
affects us especially in the following fields
We need a major investigation of the importance for public heath of the indoor
climate in dwellings
We need to develop new knowledge about the possibilities for reducing the
annoyance caused by ventilation systems
We need to examine the health effects of exposure to particles indoors from
ventilation and the possibilities for reduction of this exposure
Complex exposures related to building
technology that may indicate increased
risk of ill health
• Dampness
• Ventilation systems
• Building envelope
Hot issues
Dwellings
Open plan offices
Ventilation
Particles
Asthma and allergy
Dampness
