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Smart Grid has become an attractive option for a power system operational strategy due to various technical and economic factors. This paper is basically present about the security enhancement for power system with smart grid concept implementation. The smart grid is a network of computers and power infrastructures that monitor and manage energy usage. Each energy producer maintains operational centers that receive usage information from collector devices placed throughout the served area. One of the smart grid’s most attractive features is its ability to support widespread customer energy generation. Smart Grid design and deployment must take into account the current cyber vulnerabilities in the legacy power grid. In this project, power system with Smart Grid concept implementation is to be simulated by using PowerWorld simulation software. From the developed model for the system, security assessment analysis is performed on the selected test system. The effects when the disturbances occurred have been observed.
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2012 1st International Conference on Future Trends in Computing and Communication Technologies
Security Enhancement of Power Systems with Smart Grid Implementation
Noorpi N. Sabrina Hana A. Halim
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP),
Perlis, Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia
nursabrina@unimap.edu.my hanahalim@unimap.edu.my
Nurhakimah M. Mukhtar Melaty Amirruddin
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP),
Perlis, Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia
nurhakimah@unimap.edu.my melaty@unimap.edu.my
Abstract— Smart Grid has become an attractive option constraints, line flows and voltage magnitudes are
for a power system operational strategy due to various within limits. Even though a system is normal, a
technical and economic factors. This paper is basically contingency may push it to a state where
present about the security enhancement for power system load/engineering constraints may not be satisfied. Then
with smart grid concept implementation. The smart grid is
a network of computers and power infrastructures that
we call the state insecure. There are critical
monitor and manage energy usage. Each energy producer contingencies which an operator may know based on
maintains operational centers that receive usage past experience or can be calculated On-Line. If the
information from collector devices placed throughout the system is normal for the critical contingencies then the
served area. One of the smart grid’s most attractive system is secure.
features is its ability to support widespread customer The issue of power systems security has increased
energy generation. Smart Grid design and deployment awareness of many parties in multidiscipline such as,
must take into account the current cyber vulnerabilities in industry, scientist and academician. E. M.
the legacy power grid. In this project, power system with Voumvoulakis et. al. [3] have proposed a method to
Smart Grid concept implementation is to be simulated by
using PowerWorld simulation software. From the
assess the dynamic performance of the Greek mainland
developed model for the system, security assessment Power System and to propose a load shedding scheme
analysis is performed on the selected test system. The in order to maintain voltage stability under various
effects when the disturbances occurred have been loading conditions and operating states in the presence
observed. of critical contingencies including outages of one or
more generating units in the south part of the system. A
Keywords - Smart Grid, security enhancement, power Decision Tree is used to assess the dynamic
system, PowerWorld, power grid. Performance of the system. The candidate attributes of
the Decision Tree are chosen through a data mining
process.
I. INTRODUCTION Extensive research is being carried out to conduct a
Power system security means the ability of a system comprehensive study on security considerations that
to withstand unexpected failure and continue operating need to be addressed while opting for the Smart Grid
without interruption of supply to the consumer. It also and microgrids (future concepts of Smart Grid)
can be defined as the degree of risk in the ability to implementation. For example, H. Cheung et. al. [4]
survive imminent disturbances (contingencies) without have recommended a new network access control
interruption of customer service [1]. The power system strategy and role-based model to increase the power-
must also be secure against contingencies that would grid network security. Recent development of
not be classified as stability problems such as damage microgrids in power systems, the introduction of open
to equipment or failure of a cable. Essentially, the new access competition by governments in electricity
electricity supply industry presents increasing industries, and increased use of network-controlled
challenges for stable and secure operation of power devices in power systems have resulted utilities in a
systems. greater reliance on computer networks for proper
The smart grid is a network of computers and power power-grid operations.
infrastructures that monitor and manage energy usage. The new model extends the network access control
The smart grid is required to be self-healing and from a single security domain to multiple domains for
resilient to system anomalies [2]. It predicts looming interconnecting microgrids. This paper also proposes a
failures and take corrective action to avoid or mitigate security policy managing method using XML to
system problems. simplify power-grid network security administrations.
A system is normal when it satisfies all load With the proposed method, the authorization is
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2012 1st International Conference on Future Trends in Computing and Communication Technologies
independently defined and separated from policy demand only [2]. In addition to that, due to the
representations and implementation mechanisms, and a hierarchical topology of its assets, the existing
digital credential is introduced to establish trust and role electricity grid suffers from domino effect failures.
assignments for users in different microgrid domains. The next-generation electricity grid, known as the
“smart grid” or “intelligent grid,” is expected to address
II. SECURITY ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS the major shortcomings of the existing grid. It can be
The flow of electricity in a power system depends defined as a network of technologies that makes
on several factors such as power generated by information available about energy flows in the grid and
generators, power consumed by loads, and transmission the state of the grid-assets [6]. It makes energy flows
network topology. Any change in any of these factors controllable for efficient use and to support energy
affects the flow of electricity in the system. For transition. In essence, the smart grid needs to provide
example, if one transmission line disconnected, the the utility companies with full visibility and pervasive
power flow through the disconnected line would be control over their assets and services.
displaced to other lines. Another example is if the The smart grid creates more benefits. It helps more
power consumed by load increases, the generator has to business cases close, when all of the benefits of an
increase its output to balance the system. activity are linked to all of the utility’s departments and
Power system security can be defined as the ability goals. Often this results in significant system
of a system to withstand unexpected failure and integration. In fact one experimental factor in smart grid
continue operating without interruption of supply to the projects is the need for modern enterprise architecture,
consumer. A system is normal when it satisfies all load consisting of a service oriented approach, consistent use
constraints, the line flows and voltage magnitudes are of data models, and effective governance [7]. Such a
within the limits [4]. condition produces more scientific once the additional
Security assessment means the evaluation of data, data from new smart grid devices becomes available to
provided by security monitoring, to estimate the relative all applications.
robustness (security level) of the system in its present
state. For instance, the determination of whether the
system is in the Normal or Alert operating state.
Security enhancement signifies specific operations
taken on-line to improve system robustness such as to
raise the performance level of system security. Includes
or is also referred to variously in the literature as
security dispatch, security control, corrective
rescheduling, preventive action. [5].
A. Dynamic/Transient Security Assessment
Dynamic security assessment is the evaluation of
the ability of the system to supply the load against
system dynamic problems of transient instability, and
oscillatory instability. It deals with the angle stability.
Dynamic security assessment system based on grid
technology includes system voltage early warning,
system power angle and flow early warning, system
frequency early warning and system equipments early
warning.
Figure 1. Basic Smart Grid Ingredients.[2]
B. Static/Steady State Security Assessment
This type of security assessment is the ability of the To allow pervasive control and monitoring, the
system to supply load without violating operating smart grid is emerging as a convergence of information
conditions and load curtailment. It is related with technology and communication technology with power
violation of voltage constraint and thermal line limit. system engineering. Figure 1 depicts the salient features
of the smart grid in comparison with the existing grid.
Given the fact that the roots of power system issues are
III. SMART GRID typically found in the electrical distribution system, the
The existing electricity grid is unidirectional in point of departure for grid overhaul is fi rmly placed at
nature. It converts only one-third of fuel energy into the bottom of the chain.
electricity, without recovering the waste heat. Almost Utilities believe that investing in distribution
8% of its output is lost along its transmission lines, automation will provide them with increasing
while 20% of its generation capacity exists to meet peak capabilities over time. Within the context of these new
85
2012 1st International Conference on Future Trends in Computing and Communication Technologies
capabilities, communication and data management play
an important role. These basic ingredients enable the Zone 1
utilities to place a layer of intelligence over their current
and future infrastructure, thereby allowing the
introduction of new applications and processes in their
businesses.
The convergence of communication technology and
information technology with power system engineering,
assisted by an array of new approaches, technologies
and applications, allows the existing grid to traverse the
complex yet staged trajectory of architecture, protocols,
and standards towards the smart grid.
Zone 2
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure 3. Simulated 30 bus system with specified zones.
The single line diagram for IEEE 30 bus system for
given data has been constructed in PowerWorld The selection of outage line can be selected in
simulator. PowerWorld Simulator is an interactive Contingency Definition Dialog. The circuit outage is
power systems simulation package designed to simulate simulated in one branch which causes a power flow
high voltage power systems operation. The snapshot of violation in the other branch.
the single line diagram is shown in Figure 2. Figure 5 shows how many lines which have the
violation, such as overloaded line after the
disconnection of lines stated. Disconnection of one line
will affect the nearest lines or adjacent lines.
Figure 4. Example of diconnection of line for Line 1-2.
2
line violation
Number of
Figure 2. Simulated 30 bus system.
1
For small cases, the system will usually not need to
be separated to different zones or area. But it can be
very useful for the large cases. The 30 bus system is 0
divided into 3 different zones in order to make it easier 1_2 1_3 2_5 3_4 6_7 12_13
to be analyzed. Most of the generator buses are located Disconnected Line
in Zone 1 while most of the load buses are located in
Zone 2 and Zone 3. Figure 3 shows the example of 30 Figure 5. Number of line violation over disconnected line for 30 bus
bus system with specified zones. system.
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2012 1st International Conference on Future Trends in Computing and Communication Technologies
Figure 6 illustrates Bus Low Volts violation report REFERENCES
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88
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