Get documents about "Ch01_JOR
Document Sample
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach
Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch
Extended Journeys of Research
Chapter 1 – Introduction
This carefully selected set of journal articles from the SAGE collection enriches and
extends the Journey of Research material in the text. They present original research
reading for students that reflect the divergent opinions and ideas expressed in each
Journey of Research. They can be used as a springboard for research projects, papers, and
classroom discussions and debates or to enhance the knowledge base of students using this
book.
Journey of Research: Attachment and Its Consequences
These articles focus on how later experiences continue to build upon and modify earlier
attachment experiences. They look at short-term and long-term consequences of infant
attachment security on a number of development outcomes. The articles emphasize the fact that
early experiences are important, but later experiences also have developmental consequences.
Across these articles, students can identify a set of variables that moderate this relationship.
Fraley, R. C. (2002). Attachment stability from infancy to adulthood: Meta-Analysis and
dynamic modeling of developmental mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review,
6(2), 123-151.
http://psr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/6/2/123?ijkey=BJzeFpFVMu/56&keytype=ref&siteid=sppsr
Abstract: A central tenet of attachment theory is that a person's attachment pattern in
adulthood is a reflection of his or her attachment history—-beginning with the person's
earliest attachment relationships. However, the precise way in which early
representations might shape adult attachment patterns is ambiguous, and different
perspectives on this issue have evolved in the literature. According to the prototype
perspective, representations of early experiences are retained over time and continue to
play an influential role in attachment behavior throughout the life course. In contrast, the
revisionist perspective holds that early representations are subject to modification on the
basis of new experiences and therefore may or may not reflect patterns of attachment
later in life. In this article, I explore and test mathematical models of each of these
theoretical processes on the basis of longitudinal data obtained from meta-analysis.
Results indicate that attachment security is moderately stable across the first 19 years of
life and that patterns of stability are best accounted for by prototype dynamics.
Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). For better and for
worse: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 16(6), 300-304.
1
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach
Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/full/16/6/300?ijkey=leE4zhfFM8E6A&keytype=ref&siteid=s
pcdp
Abstract: Evidence that adverse rearing environments exert negative effects particularly
on children presumed “vulnerable” for temperamental or genetic reasons may actually
reflect something else: heightened susceptibility to the negative effects of risky
environments and to the beneficial effects of supportive environments. Building on
Belsky's (1997, 2005) evolutionary-inspired proposition that some children are more
affected—both for better and for worse—by their rearing experiences than are others, we
consider recent work on child vulnerability, including that involving measured genes,
along with evidence showing that putatively vulnerable children are especially
susceptible to both positive and negative rearing effects. We also consider
methodological issues and unanswered questions in the differential-susceptibility
equation.
Simons, K. J., Paternite, C. E., & Shore, C. (2001). Quality of parent/adolescent attachment and
aggression in young adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 21(2), 182-203.
http://jea.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/21/2/182?ijkey=YQbtUUxkZIZqY&keytype=ref&siteid=spjea
Abstract: A model of the association between adolescents’ perception of the quality of
parent/adolescent attachment and adolescent aggression was examined, with social
cognition and self-esteem as mediators. A total of 68 sixth graders, their parents, and
their language arts teachers participated. Adolescents completed measures of attachment
with mother and with father, self-esteem, social cognition, and aggressive tendencies.
Mothers, fathers, and teachers each completed measures of adolescent aggressive and
prosocial behavior. Evidence was obtained for social cognition and self-esteem both as
mediators between adolescents’ perceived quality of mother/adolescent attachment and
adolescent self-report of aggression. Controlling for mother/adolescent and
father/adolescent attachment and adolescent self-esteem, adolescent higher social
cognition was associated with adolescent lower self-report of aggression. Controlling
mother/adolescent and father/adolescent attachment and adolescent social cognition,
adolescent higher self-esteem was associated with father-reported lower adolescent
aggression and father-reported higher adolescent prosocial behavior. Implications for
further research are discussed.
Journey of Research: From Baby Diaries to Structural Equation Modeling
These articles illustrate some of the variety of methods that are used in the study of child
development, from observation to longitudinal, multimethod research studies. Across these
articles, students can examine the advantages and disadvantage ascribed to each method by the
articles.
2
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach
Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch
Taylor, R. L., Adams. G. L. (1982). A review of single-subject methodologies in applied
settings. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 18(1), 95-103.
http://jab.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/18/1/95?ijkey=S8CXC7TUvH552&keytype=ref&siteid=spjab
No abstract available. The article discusses the importance of single-subject designs in
the study of the effectiveness of therapeutic intervention.
Scruggs, T. E., Mastropieri, M. A., & Casto, G. (1987). (1987). The quantitative synthesis of
single-subject research: Methodology and validation. Remedial and Special Education, 8(2), 24-
33.
http://rse.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/8/2/24?ijkey=wAeEDAA6I7SsI&keytype=ref&siteid=sprse
Abstract: This article describes procedures recently employed for the quantitative
synthesis of single-subject research literature in special education. First, the need for
objective, systematic review procedures is discussed. Second, previous approaches for
quantitative evaluation of outcomes of single-case research designs are reviewed. Third,
procedures employed by the present authors are outlined using examples from recent
synthesis efforts. Finally, implications for future reviews of single-subject research are
described.
Collings, P. (2009). Participant observation and phased assertion as research strategies in the
Canadian Arctic. Field Methods, 21(2), 133-153.
http://fmx.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/21/2/133?ijkey=52G5sxIEA.f4o&keytype=ref&siteid=spfmx
Abstract: Participant observation is the basic and defining research strategy for cultural
anthropologists, a useful tool for building rapport, establishing trust, and gaining an
understanding of culture as experienced by its members. This article uses the author's
experience working in an Inuit community in Canada to explore another use of
participant observation: the acquisition of communicative competence. In small, bounded
communities such as those in the Canadian Arctic, the development and display of
cultural and communicative competence is necessary to overcome apathy and sometimes
hostility toward researchers. Furthermore, establishment of these abilities allows for the
use of phased assertion as an interview probe. Phased assertion works not only as a data
collection technique, it reinforces communicative competence and improves informant
rapport.
Brown, W. H., Googe, H. S., McIver, K. L., & Rathel, J. M. (2009). Effects of teacher-
encouraged physical activity on preschool playgrounds. Journal of Early Intervention, 31(2),
126-145.
3
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach
Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch
http://jei.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/31/2/126?ijkey=hVzRfuOHEFhLU&keytype=ref&siteid=spjei
Abstract: Increased numbers of young children who are overweight have become a
significant health problem in the United States. Public health investigators have
hypothesized that increased caloric intake and low levels of physical activity may be
associated with the troubling trend of weight problems among children. To enhance
preschool children's moderate to vigorous physical activity on playgrounds the authors
develop, implement, and evaluate two practical teacher-implemented activities. Direct
observations of five children in two preschool programs during teacher-implemented
activities indicate increased moderate to vigorous physical activity on intervention days
relative to nonintervention days (i.e., business-as-usual conditions). The results and
implications for preschool practitioners are discussed.
Knouse, L. E., Mitchell, J. T., Brown, L. H., Silvia, P. J., Kane, M. J., Myin-Germeys, I., &
Kwapil, T. R. (2008). The expression of adult ADHD symptoms in daily life: An application of
experience sampling methodology. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(6), 652-663.
http://jad.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/11/6/652?ijkey=R6fT9W1im29QI&keytype=ref&siteid=spjad
Abstract: Objective: To use experience sampling method (ESM) to examine the impact of
inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms on emotional well-being,
activities and distress, cognitive impairment, and social functioning assessed in the daily
lives of young adults. The impact of subjective appraisals on their experiences is also
examined. Method: Participants (n = 206) complete up to 56 in-the-moment assessments
of mood and current activities using Personal Digital Assistants for 1 week. Results:
Multilevel modeling techniques reveal that ADHD inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive
symptoms differentially relate to daily experiences. Higher inattentive symptoms are
associated with indices of general distress, including less positive and more negative
mood as well as more concentration problems. Higher hyperactive-impulsive symptoms
are associated with reduced sensitivity to contextual factors in perceptions of situations.
Conclusion: These findings demonstrate predictive validity for adult self-report of
ADHD symptoms in a general population sample and suggest future research directions
using ESM.
Gjerde, P. F., Onishi, M., & Carlson, K. S. (2004). Personality characteristics associated with
romantic attachment: A comparison of interview and self-report methodologies. Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(11), 1402-1415.
http://psp.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/30/11/1402?ijkey=3YKtWEPd/TgGM&keytype=ref&siteid=s
ppsp
Abstract: This study compared the personality attributes associated with self-report
versus interview assessment of romantic attachment. Twenty-three-year-olds (N = 83)
completed the Romantic Attachment Interview, the Experiences in Close Relationship
4
Child Development: An Active Learning Approach
Laura E. Levine and Joyce Munsch
Inventory, and measures of response bias, self-enhancement, and self-insight. Five
psychologists evaluated the participants’ personality. Although both self-report and
interview assessment were related to attachment-relevant personality attributes, interview
assessment was slightly more likely to explain unique variance in personality, especially
regarding intrapsychic attributes. Self-enhancement was negatively related to secure
attachment and positively related to dismissing attachment. The opposite pattern emerged
for self-insight. A subgroup of 12 vulnerable individuals who described themselves as
securely attached on self-report was judged as dismissing according to interview
assessment. These individuals scored low on self-insight and high on self-enhancement
and psychological vulnerability. The results are discussed with reference to the relative
strengths of different measures of romantic attachment and relations among dismissing
attachment, self-enhancement, and narcissism.
Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C. & Stoolmiller, M. (1994). Modeling developmental processes
using latent growth structural equation methodology. Applied Psychological Measurement,
18(4), 343-354.
http://apm.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/18/4/343?ijkey=9kGNKZ1GR7YvQ&keytype=ref&siteid=s
papm
Abstract: Recent advances in latent growth modeling allow for the testing of complex
models regarding developmental trends from both an inter- and intra-individual
perspective. The interpretation of model parameters for the latent growth specification is
illustrated with a simple two-factor model. An example application of latent growth
methodology analyzing developmental change in adolescent alcohol consumption is
presented. Findings are discussed with particular reference to the utility of latent growth
curve models for assessing developmental processes at both the inter- and intra-
individual level across a variety of behavioral domains.
5
