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Various Approaches to crime
prevention and control
Study Unit 1.1
Definition of Crime Prevention and Control
• Prevention: Criminology: measures taken by the
government and private to combat crime
• Prevention also means different things for different
people such as police may believe that preventing
crime will be through road blocks, search-and-
seizure operations. To a social worker it may mean
setting up projects to re-integrate youth.
• Control: Measures taken by the CJS to combat
crime
Crime Prevention
• Crime prevention is not a new phenomenon.
• For some communities and for some time crime
prevention has been seen as the task of the CJS –
becoming more of a community issue
• From the 1960’s crime prevention has moved
away from the CJS and more towards informal
community based approach
• Why can’t the police sort it out?
• Tuck believes that the shift could be occurring
because of a lack of trust in the police
History of Crime prevention
Roman and French – military
1066 – England – male citizens – they had to police
each other
Watch and Ward – men watching the city at night
The public had to arrest the offender
1700 – Thief takers – English Magistrates
Selected from reformed offenders
Sole responsibility was to prevent / deal with crime
Were paid for their services – recovery of property
Sir Robert Peel – 1829 – Metro Police
USA – 1971 – established National Crime Prevention
Institute
Gov – took charge of this in 1986 – with intent to involve
communities
England – local crime panels – 1966
Home office crime prevention centre and research and
planning – 1983
European countries
France since 1983
Sweden since 1970’s
SA – NCPP/S – 22 May 1996
Advocates as integrated, multidimensional crime
prevention model with interdepartmental operations
Made up of 4 pillars
Four Pillars of the NCPS
Integrated Criminal Justice Pillar
Crime prevention by means of environmental design
Promotion of community values and education
Prevention of transnational crimes
Pillar 1 Pillar 2 Pillar 3 Pillar 4
Integrated Criminal Crime Prevention by Promotion of Prevention of
Justice Pillar means of community values transnational crimes
environmental and education
control and design
focus on the needs Limit opportunities Inform the Cooperation with
of victims to commit crime community about neighbouring states
the CJS function
Improve creditability Security for homes Promote community Cooperation with
of the CJS and shopping values and norms other departments
centers that reject crime and the public
and violence
Make the courts Encouraging overall Teach nonviolent Increased policing
more accessible environmental solutions to conflict and increase
security in the community intelligence control
Promote Urban development, Make the community
interdepartmental transport and aware of the steps
liaison residential areas to reduce the risk of
victimisation
Develop an
integrated
management
system to promote
the successful
investigation &
prosecution of High
priority crimes
Concept of crime prevention
models / approaches
Refers to a deliberate methods, plans
and actions aimed at preventing /
controlling crime
Each model has identifiable programs
Prevention models based on specific
theories however it is possible to
implement programs that there is no
theoretical base.
Formal and Informal approaches to
Prevention
• Formal is based with the CJS – such as USA and informal is more community
based.
• South Africa adopted the NCP Plan on the 22 May 1996
• The plan states there needs to be an integrated, multi-dimensional crime
prevention model for interdepartmental operation
• Local community experts must also be involved
• The comprehensive model must include the four pillars
1. Preventing crime by effective environ planning & design
2. Enhancing community values and educating the
community
3. Transnational crime prevention
4. Effective and integrated CJS
•
• Trafficking would be 1. Border control
• 2. Educate people concerning trafficked victims
• 3. Again border control
• 4. Educate the police and the CJS on the rights of
victims.
Social Crime Prevention Model
Hawkins and Weis state that this model consists of a comprehensive developmental
approach
• Model asserts that learning conditions should increase attachment to others and
commitment to conforming behaviours
• Positive socialization is best when youths are involved in conforming activities
• Based on the social development model
• Improve communities
• Integrates the social control theory (Hirschi) and Social Learning Theory
(Sutherland)
• Comprehensive developmental approach – prevent youth crime
• Social
• Crime
Its short comings are as follows:
• Designed to help vulnerable group
• Teaching the youths to adopt the norms and values of their community
Factors crucial to successful crime
prevention
USA – development progs
England 1st restricted opportunities then
comprehensive
5 Main factors needed
1. State & community involvement
2. Multidimensional approach
3. Based on causation theories & factors
4. Uniqueness of crime patterns
5. Proper planning & evaluation
Hawkins & Weis
Comprehensive
developmental Based on social development model
approach to Improving the development of communities
preventing youth crime &
Integrates the social control theory
(controlled by social means)
&
Social Learning Theory
(criminal behaviour is learned)
Success mainly NB Units
On ling term progs Family, school, peers, community
Norris / Kaniasty = found support
for supporting
neighbourhoods Social Crime
Positive results are achieved by
Prevention
involving youths in
conforming activities =
Develop social skills
Shortcomings in these structures will
contribute to crime Increase attachment to
Designed to help vulnerable grps others, commitment,
Designed to eradicate poor Belief in traditional norms
socioeconomic conditions / inequalities
Socioeconomic structures / systems (family)
Make the youth adopt to norms Important structures of socilisation
Limited Opportunities
Restricting opportunities for
crime and focuses on
potential victims,
community and environ
Design homes,
Effective urban & environ Publicity campaigns
buildings Target Removal of
Planning and upgrading of Make more security
Access / exit points reinforcement targets
Squatter camps / prob areas conscious
Increase visibility
Prevent
Remove Supervisors /
CCTV Internal crime
opportunities guard doors
Fraud
Change social conditions
that are believed to sustain
Assumption: If potential crime in residential areas
offenders are made aware of
risks = reduce crime
Community Based •Flat, Farm watches
Prevention Model •Citizen patrols
•Safe houses
•Alarms
•Telephone networks
Successful in preventing
robbery, burglary, car theft
Biophysical Prevention Model
Inner process or conditions that characterise
human beings
Early identification and treatment of crimes and
criminals
NB is children with problems
Combination of treatment
Such as medical treatment for children with visual
problems combined with psychological treatment
to deal with the feelings of inferiority
Psychological Crime Prevention Model
Inner Psychological needs / disorders that
contribute to crime
Regarded as an outcome of inner (psychic)
disorders originate in childhood
Attention paid to interpersonal (interpsychic)
probs and poor communication
Treatments:
Psyche tests
Psychotherapy
Reality Therapy
Behaviour modification
Crisis intervention
Social casework
Integrated Crime Prevention Models
Focus on a Particular Crime (child Abuse)
Child Abuse
– Alcohol Abuse - Rehab
- Inadequate parenting - Training
- Social skills - Training
- Frustration – Psychological treatment
- Problem behav of child – Psychological
Treatment
- Unemployment – help to find jobs
Rehab program focus of
drinking
Help parents find
suitable jobs and
teach techniques to Training in family and
cope with frustration social skills
Ways to prevent child
abuse
Psychological treatment Psychological treatment
of social skills to prevent for emotional problems
problem behaviour in
the child
Integrated Crime Prevention: Crime prevention &
control by means of the CJS
CJS is related to legislation, functions of the police,
courts, correctional services
= CRIME CONTROL
Departments are closely related – effective coop is
needed
Laws regulate human behaviour & laws must be
just
Police must combat crime – terms of the
constitution
Courts impose punishment
Correctional services – rehabilitate offenders
Rights of the victims are important
Successful crime prevention programs
Poyner (England)
Successful Progs
Commercial
Home Burglaries Car Theft Robbery
burglaries
Marking Property Security Guards More staff on duty
Guards @ apartment Lighting Closing off streets Security guards
blocks Increased securities Electronic access Architectural alterations
@ pharmacies Steering wheel locks Staff observation
Sherman, Gottfredson, MacKenzie,
Eck, Reuter, Bushway
Therapeutic community treatment
Programs for drug users in Regular home visits
prison by professionals
Rehabilitation Family Therapy
Arresting professional School Projects
men for family abuse On social norms
Monitoring & detaining
High risk recidivists Trade apprenticeships
For former offenders
Increased Policing
