Get documents about "Discovery_of_biorhythmic_stories_behind_daily_vital_signs_and_its_application
Shared by: fiona_messe
-
Stats
- views:
- 0
- posted:
- 11/21/2012
- language:
- Japanese
- pages:
- 42
Document Sample
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
:
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[
8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
:HQ[L &KHQ
%LRPHGLFDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ /DERUDWRU\ WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI $L]X
-DSDQ
+PVTQFWEVKQP
7KH KLVWRULFDO GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH VWXG\ RI ELRUK\WKPV DQG WKH SK\VLRORJLFDO EDFNJURXQG DV
ZHOO DV IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI ELRUK\WKPLF SKHQRPHQD LQ KXPDQ EHLQJV LV LQWURGXFHG 7KH ODWHVW
DFKLHYHPHQWV LQ PRGHUQ FKURQRPHGLFLQH DV ZHOO DV WKHLU DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ GDLO\ KHDOWK FDUH
DQG PHGLFDO SUDFWLFH DUH UHYLHZHG 2XU FKDOOHQJHV LQ PRQLWRULQJ YLWDO VLJQV GXULQJ VOHHS LQ
D GDLO\ OLIH HQYLURQPHQW DQG GLVFRYHU\ RI YDULRXV LQKHUHQW ELRUK\WKPLF VWRULHV XVLQJ GDWD
PLQLQJ PDWKHPDWLFV DUH GHVFULEHG 6HYHUDO UHSUHVHQWDWLYH UHVXOWV DUH SUHVHQWHG )LQDOO\
SRWHQWLDO DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG IXWXUH SHUVSHFWLYHV RI ELRUK\WKP VWXGLHV DUH H[WHQVLYHO\
GLVFXVVHG
*KUVQTKECN TGXKGY
%LRUK\WKPLF SKHQRPHQD DUH LQQDWH F\FOLFDO ELRORJLFDO SURFHVVHV RU IXQFWLRQV H[LVWLQJ LQ DOO
IRUPV RI OLIH RQ HDUWK LQFOXGLQJ KXPDQ EHLQJV ZKLFK UHVSRQG G\QDPLFDOO\ WR YDULRXV
HQGRJHQRXV DQG H[RJHQRXV FRQGLWLRQV WKDW VXUURXQG XV :LNLSHGLD E 7KH ZRUOGZLGH
KLVWRU\ RI ELRUK\WKPLF VWXGLHV DQG WKHLU DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ PHGLFDO SUDFWLFH FDQ EH WUDFHG EDFN
PRUH WKDQ \HDUV WR DURXQG D IHZ FHQWXULHV %& 6LQFH ZULWWHQ UHFRUGV H[LVW LQ &KLQD
IURP PRUH WKDQ \HDUV DJR QXPHURXV XQHDUWKHG FXOWXUDO UHOLFV DQG DUFKDHRORJLFDO
PDWHULDOV VKRZ WKDW WKH SKLORVRSK\ RI \LQ DQG \DQJ DQG WKH FRQFHSW RI UK\WKPLF DOWHUQDWLRQ
KDG GRPLQDWHG DOPRVW HYHU\ DVSHFW RI &KLQHVH VRFLHW\ DQG SHRSOH·V EHKDYLRXU 6DFUHG /RWXV
$UWV
)ROORZLQJ WKH SKLORVRSK\ RI \LQ DQG \DQJ WKH HDUOLHVW H[LVWLQJ PHGLFDO ERRN ´7KH 0HGLFDO
&ODVVLF RI (PSHURU +XDQJµ ZDV IRUPXODWHG IURP D GLDORJXH EHWZHHQ (PSHURU +XDQJ DQG
D PHGLFDO SURIHVVLRQDO 8QFOH 4L EDVHG RQ WKH WKHRU\ RI \LQ DQG \DQJ DQG FRPSLOHG IURP D
VHULHV RI PHGLFDO DFKLHYHPHQWV E\ PDQ\ PHGLFDO SUDFWLWLRQHUV EHWZHHQ ² %& 7KH
ILUVW SXEOLFDWLRQ RI WKH ERRN ZDV FRQILUPHG WR KDYH RFFXUUHG QR ODWHU WKDQ %& DQG QR
HDUOLHU WKDQ %& :DQJ
7KH ERRN ZDV D PHGLFDO WUHDWLVH FRQVLVWLQJ RI D FROOHFWLRQ RI SDSHUV LQ WZR SDUWV
´0LUDFXORXV 0HULGLDQ DQG $FXSXQFWXUHµ DQG ´0HGLFDO ,VVXHV DQG )XQGDPHQWDO 3ULQFLSOHVµ
(DFK SDUW KDV QLQH YROXPHV DQG HDFK YROXPH KDV QLQH SDSHUV EHFDXVH WKH QXPEHU QLQH LV
WKH KLJKHVW QXPEHU LQ &KLQHVH FXOWXUH DQG KHUH LPSOLHV WKDW WKH ERRN FRYHUV DOO DVSHFWV RI
PHGLFDO PDWWHUV =KDQJ HW DO
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
7KLV ERRN SURYLGHG D V\VWHPDWLF PHGLFDO WKHRU\ DQG LQVLJKWV LQWR WKH SUHYHQWLRQ GLDJQRVLV
DQG WUHDWPHQW PHWKRGRORJLHV IRU GLVHDVHV $W WKH VDPH WLPH WKH LQWHUUHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ
PHWHRURORJLFDO IDFWRUV JHRJUDSKLFDO FRQGLWLRQV DQG WKH KHDOWK RI KXPDQ EHLQJV ZDV
HVWDEOLVKHG DQG UDWLRQDOL]HG DV WKH WKHRU\ RI ´7KH XQLW\ RI KHDYHQ DQG KXPDQLW\µ ZKLFK
FRQVLGHUHG KXPDQ EHLQJV DQ LQWHJUDO SDUW RI WKH XQLYHUVH
7KLV ERRN ODLG WKH IRXQGDWLRQ IRU 7UDGLWLRQDO &KLQHVH 0HGLFLQH 7&0 LQ WHUPV RI
IXQGDPHQWDO FRQFHSWV DQG D WKHRUHWLFDO IUDPHZRUN LQFOXGLQJ SULPDU\ WKHRULHV SULQFLSOHV
WUHDWPHQW WHFKQLTXHV DQG PHWKRGRORJ\ 7KH DGYHQW RI WKH ERRN VKRZHG WKDW 7&0 KDG
PDWXUHG HQRXJK WR EH DQ LQGHSHQGHQW GLVFLSOLQH VXFK DV PDWKHPDWLFV DVWURQRP\ RU
JHRJUDSK\ DORQJ ZLWK WKH PDQ\ RWKHU VFLHQWLILF DFKLHYHPHQWV LQ &KLQD
(PSHURU +XDQJ ZDV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH WKH IRXQGHU RI &KLQHVH FLYLOL]DWLRQ DQG ZDV WKH
UHVSHFWHG VXSUHPH DXWKRULWDWLYH DV D 6RQ IURP +HDYHQ /DWHU ZRUN RQ WKH YDOLGDWLRQ DQG
IXUWKHU GHYHORSPHQW RI 7&0 UHPDLQHG WR EH FDUULHG RXW E\ PDQ\ WDOHQWHG 7&0 VXFFHVVRUV
2QH RI WKH PRVW HPLQHQW DFKLHYHPHQWV ZDV FRQWULEXWHG E\ =KDQJ =KRQJMLQJ FD ²
$' :LNLSHGLD J ZKR LV NQRZQ DV WKH &KLQHVH $HVFXODSLXV DQG ZKRVH ZRUNV
´7UHDWLVH RQ &ROG 3DWKRJHQLF 'LVHDVHVµ DQG ´(VVHQWLDO 3UHVFULSWLRQV RI WKH *ROGHQ &RIIHUµ
HVWDEOLVKHG PHGLFDWLRQ SULQFLSOHV DQG SURYLGHG D VXPPDU\ RI KLV PHGLFLQDO H[SHULHQFH
EDVHG RQ KLV FOLQLFDO SUDFWLFH DQG KLV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI ´7KH 0HGLFDO &ODVVLF RI (PSHURU
+XDQJµ
7KHUH DUH WKUHH LPSRUWDQW KLVWRULFDO SHULRGV LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW DQG PDWXUDWLRQ RI 7&0
IROORZLQJ =KDQJ·V SLRQHHU ZRUN 7KH ILUVW SHULRG LV IURP WKH UG WR WKH WK FHQWXU\ ZKHUH
WKH PDLQ ZRUNV IRFXVHG RQ LQKHULWDQFH FROODWLRQ DQG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH H[LVWLQJ WKHRULHV
GHVFULEHG LQ ´7KH 0HGLFDO &ODVVLF RI (PSHURU +XDQJµ 6HYHUDO PLOHVWRQHV LQ WKH 7&0
V\VWHP ZHUH UHDFKHG LQ WKH VHFRQG SHULRG IURP WKH WK WR WKH WK FHQWXU\ ZKLFK LV WKH
PRVW LPSRUWDQW SHULRG LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI 7&0 0DQ\ PHGLFDO SUDFWLWLRQHUV VWXGLHG DQG
DQQRWDWHG WKH DQFLHQW FODVVLF DQG DFFXPXODWHG WKHLU RZQ FOLQLFDO H[SHULHQFHV DQG SURSRVHG
WKHLU RZQ GRFWULQHV 7KH PRVW HPLQHQW UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV ZHUH NQRZQ DV ´WKH IRXU JUHDW
PDVWHUVµ /LX :DQVX ² =KDQJ &RQJ]KHQJ ² /L *DR ² DQG
=KX =KHQKHQJ ² 7KHLU FRQWULEXWLRQV JUHDWO\ HQULFKHG DQG DFFHOHUDWHG WKH
GHYHORSPHQW RI 7&0 )XUWKHU GHYHORSPHQW DQG PDQ\ SUDFWLFDO PHGLFDWLRQ DSSURDFKHV
ZHUH PDWXUHG LQ WKH WKLUG SHULRG IURP WKH WK WR WKH WK FHQWXU\
:X <RXNH ² SXEOLVKHG ´2Q 3ODJXH 'LVHDVHVµ LQ VXPPDUL]LQJ KLV VXFFHVVIXO
ILJKW DJDLQVW SHVWLOHQFH GXULQJ SHULRGV RI ZDU DQG SURSRVHG D WKHRU\ RQ WKH FDXVH RI
GLVHDVH DQG SHUWLQHQW WUHDWPHQWV ZKLFK ZDV D VLJQLILFDQW EUHDNWKURXJK LQ DHWLRORJ\ DNLQ WR
PRGHUQ PLFURELRORJ\
%DVHG RQ WKH ´+HUEDO &ODVVLF RI 6KHQQRQJµ ZKLFK GHVFULEHG PHGLFDWLRQ XVLQJ PDLQO\
KHUEDO SODQWV DV PDQ\ DV FRPSRQHQWV SODQWV DQLPDOV DQG PLQHUDOV /L
6KL]KHQ ² VSHQW \HDUV ZULWLQJ WKH ´&RPSHQGLXP RI 0DWHULD 0HGLFDµ ZKLFK
LGHQWLILHG KHUEDO PHGLFDWLRQ LQWR FODVVLILFDWLRQV LQ FDWHJRULHV DQG IRUPXODWHG PRUH
WKDQ SUHVFULSWLRQV
7KH ´'HWDLOHG $QDO\VLV RI (SLGHPLF :DUP 'LVHDVHVµ ZULWWHQ E\ :X -XWRQJ ²
ZDV SXEOLVKHG LQ 0DQ\ SUHVFULSWLRQV GHVFULEHG LQ WKLV ERRN DUH VWLOO FRQVLGHUHG WR EH
HIIHFWLYH DQG DUH XVHG LQ SUHVHQW FOLQLFDO SUDFWLFH
7KH PRUH WKDQ \HDUV RI 7&0 KLVWRU\ ZHUH FUHDWHG DQG VKDSHG E\ QXPHURXV PHGLFDO
SUDFWLWLRQHUV WKURXJK FRQVWDQW H[SORUDWLRQ DQG VXVWDLQHG LQQRYDWLRQ VWDUWLQJ ZLWK ´7KH
0HGLFDO &ODVVLF RI (PSHURU +XDQJµ ZKLFK ZDV EXLOW IURP D YHU\ VLPSOH SKLORVRSK\ \LQ
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
DQG \DQJ WKHRU\ MXVW OLNH PRGHUQ FRPSXWHU VFLHQFH LV EXLOW RQ D ´RQH DQG ]HURµ SODWIRUP
:LNLSHGLD I
$V VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH \LQ DQG \DQJ UHSUHVHQWV WZR VLGHV RI HYHU\WKLQJ DQG JRYHUQV DOO
DVSHFWV RI FRVPLF DFWLYLWLHV DQG SKHQRPHQD LQ WKH XQLYHUVH &RQVWDQW DOWHUQDWLRQ RI WKH \LQ
DQG \DQJ VWDWXV LV WKH RULJLQ RI XQLYHUVDO G\QDPLFV 7KH WZR VLGHV FDQ FRH[LVW EH
FRPSOHPHQWDU\ PXWXDOO\ LQKLELWDEOH PXWXDO WUDQVIRUPDEOH DQG LQWHULQFOXVLYH
)LJ $ KROLVWLF RYHUYLHZ RI WKH 7&0 V\VWHP 2QGXW\ RUJDQLF PHULGLDQV LQ KXPDQ EHLQJV
DQG GLVHDVH YXOQHUDELOLWLHV LQ GLIIHUHQW WLPH GRPDLQV DQG WKHLU LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK YDULRXV
H[RJHQRXV DVSHFWV VXFK DV PHWHRURORJLFDO HQYLURQPHQWDO JHRJUDSKLFDO DQG WHPSRUDO
IDFWRUV IURP GDLO\ WR VHDVRQDO DQG \HDUO\ DUH LOOXVWUDWHG YLVXDOL]DWLRQ EDVHG RQ :DQJ
DQG =KDQJ HW DO
7&0 FRQVLGHUV WKDW D VXEWOH HQHUJ\ ´4Lµ LQ 7&0 DQG EORRG NLQHWLFV LQ WKH KXPDQ ERG\
FDQ EH H[SUHVVHG DV \LQ DQG \DQJ DOWHUQDWLRQ FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH ZD[LQJ DQG ZDQLQJ
SHULRGLFLWLHV RI WKH VXQ DQG WKH PRRQ +XPDQ PRRGV KHDOWK DQG EHKDYLRXU DUH PRGXODWHG
E\ WKH HEE DQG IORZ RI \LQ DQG \DQJ +XPDQ EHKDYLRXU PXVW V\QFKURQL]H ZLWK WKH QDWXUDO
WLPH VHTXHQFH WR PDLQWDLQ WKH ´4Lµ LQ D JRRG G\QDPLF EDODQFHG FRQGLWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH \LQ
DQG \DQJ VWDWXV
7&0 LQVLVWV WKDW DQ XQEDODQFH EHWZHHQ WKH \LQ DQG \DQJ VWDWXV LV WKH HVVHQWLDO FDXVH RI WKH
LQFLGHQFH DQG H[DFHUEDWLRQ RI GLVHDVH 7KH JRDO RI WUHDWPHQW LV LQ SULQFLSOH WR UHVWRUH DQG
PDLQWDLQ WKH EDODQFH EHWZHHQ \LQ DQG \DQJ DPRQJ WKH YLVFHUDO RUJDQV $ KROLVWLF EDODQFH
EHWZHHQ \LQ DQG \DQJ LQGLFDWHV WKH KHDOWK VWDWXV 7KH \LQ DQG \DQJ VWDWXV FDQ EH DIIHFWHG E\
YDULRXV HQGRJHQRXV DQG H[RJHQRXV IDFWRUV 7KH IRUPHU LQFOXGHV HPRWLRQDO SV\FKRORJLFDO
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
DQG EHKDYLRXUDO DVSHFWV DQG WKH ODWWHU LQFOXGHV PHWHRURORJLFDO HQYLURQPHQWDO
JHRJUDSKLFDO DQG WHPSRUDO IDFWRUV 2QFH WKH \LQ DQG \DQJ IDOOV LQWR XQEDODQFH LH H[FHVV
RU GHILFLHQF\ RQ HLWKHU VLGH WKLV LQGXFHV GLVHDVH 7&0 SHUVLVWV IURP DQ LQWHJUDWLYH DQG
KROLVWLF VWDQGSRLQW LQ WHUPV RI PHWKRGRORJ\ DQG SKLORVRSK\ WR H[SODLQ KHDOWK DQG GLVHDVH
LVVXHV DV D UHVXOW RI LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK PDQ\ HQGRJHQRXV DQG H[RJHQRXV DVSHFWV WKDW
VXUURXQG XV
7KH WKHRULHV RI ´V\QFUHWLVP RI ERG\ DQG PLQGµ DQG ´WKH KDUPRQ\ RI KXPDQ ZLWK QDWXUHµ LQ
7&0 FRQVLGHU WKDW QRW RQO\ DUH PHQWDO DQG SK\VLFDO KHDOWK LQWHUFRQQHFWHG EXW DOVR YLWDO
ERG\ IXQFWLRQV DUH PRGXODWHG E\ WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG VHDVRQDO YDULDWLRQV GXH WR WKH
PRYHPHQW RI WKH HDUWK DQG VXQ DQG WKH ZD[LQJ DQG ZDQLQJ RI WKH PRRQ RYHU D \HDU )RU
H[DPSOH PHQWDO GLVRUGHUV VXFK DV H[FHVV PRRG VZLQJV LQ MR\ DQJHU ZRUU\ IULJKW VKRFN
JULHI DQG SHQVLYHQHVV PD\ DIIHFW WKH YLVFHUDO RUJDQV GLUHFWO\ 'HSUHVVLRQ GLVUXSWV WKH
QRUPDO IXQFWLRQV RI WKH VSOHHQ DQG VWRPDFK 0DUNHG FKDQJHV LQ ZHDWKHU FRQGLWLRQV VXFK DV
GU\QHVV GDPSQHVV FROG KHDW ZLQG DQG UDLQ FDQ LQGXFH DQ XQEDODQFH LQ \LQ DQG \DQJ DQG
OHDG WR GLVHDVH
7&0 FRQVLGHUV WKDW DQ LQVHSDUDEOH UHODWLRQVKLS H[LVWV EHWZHHQ KXPDQV DQG QDWXUH IURP
ELUWK GHYHORSPHQW PDWXUDWLRQ FDGXFLW\ DQG GHDWK MXVW DV VHDVRQDO DOWHUQDWLRQV ZD[LQJ
DQG ZDQLQJ RFFXU LQ WKH XQLYHUVH /LIH DFWLYLWLHV PXVW EH V\QFKURQL]HG ZLWK QDWXUDO UK\WKPV
WR UHDFK KDUPRQLF VWDWXV DQG PDLQWDLQ ORQJHYLW\ 7R REWDLQ VXIILFLHQW VXQOLJKW WR ZDUG RII
FKLOO\ QRUWK ZLQGV DQG WR HQMR\ DOO DPHQLWLHV WKH UHFRPPHQGHG KDELWDWLRQ LV IRU D KRXVH WR
VLW WKH QRUWK DQG IDFH WKH VRXWK EDFN RQWR PRXQWDLQV DQG EH FORVH WR ZDWHU
2QH RI WKH PRVW SURPLQHQW IHDWXUHV LQ 7&0 LV WKH WHPSRUDO FRQFHSW LQ WUHDWLQJ KHDOWK DQG
GLVHDVH 6SULQJ VXPPHU DXWXPQ DQG ZLQWHU LPSO\ EXUJHRQLQJ JURZWK KDUYHVW DQG
UHSRVLWLRQ LQ QDWXUH UHVSHFWLYHO\ )ROORZLQJ D VHDVRQDO DOWHUQDWLRQ LQ ZRUN DQG OLIH LV WKH
NH\ WR PDLQWDLQLQJ JRRG KHDOWK IRU KXPDQ EHLQJV 6OHHS LV HPSKDVL]HG DV EHLQJ LPSRUWDQW
DV H[HUFLVH EUHDWKLQJ DQG PHDOV LQ PDLQWDLQLQJ D QRUPDO OLIH DFWLYLW\ $ VLQJOH QLJKW·V
VOHHSOHVVQHVV PD\ UHTXLUH GD\V WR UHFRYHU 7KH GDLO\ VOHHSLQJ²ZDNLQJ F\FOH VKRXOG
IROORZ WKH UHJXODU FHOHVWLDO PHFKDQLFV 3HRSOH VKRXOG JR WR VOHHS ODWH DQG JHW XS HDUO\
GXULQJ WKH VSULQJ VHDVRQ ZKHQ DOO LV UHFRYHULQJ IURP WKH ZLQWHU KLEHUQDWLRQ $FXSXQFWXUH
WUHDWPHQWV VWLSXODWH VWULFW QHHGOH VHOHFWLRQ LQ WHUPV RI WKHLU JHRPHWULF VKDSH SRVLWLRQ DQG
GHSWK IRU GLIIHUHQW VHDVRQV XVLQJ D VHULHV RI SUHFLVH LQVWUXFWLRQV
%HFDXVH QRW RQO\ SK\VLRORJLFDO DQG SDWKRORJLFDO IXQFWLRQV EXW DOVR WKH VHYHULW\ RI D GLVHDVH
DQG WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI LWV GLDJQRVLVWUHDWPHQW DUH WLPHGHSHQGHQW IURP D 7&0 VWDQGSRLQW
D GD\ LV GLYLGHG LQWR IRXU SDUWV )URP PLGQLJKW WR DP \LQ EHJLQV WR IDGH IURP LWV SHDN
DQG \DQJ JUDGXDOO\ LQFUHDVHV )URP DP WR QRRQ \LQ ILQDOO\ IDGHV DZD\ DQG \DQJ
JUDGXDOO\ UHDFKHV LWV SHDN )URP QRRQ WR SP \DQJ EHJLQV WR IDGH IURP LWV SHDN DQG
\LQ JUDGXDOO\ LQFUHDVHV )URP SP WR PLGQLJKW \DQJ ILQDOO\ IDGHV DZD\ DQG \LQ
JUDGXDOO\ UHDFKHV LWV SHDN 0RVW GLVHDVHV EHFRPH PRUH VHYHUH DIWHU GXVN ZKHQ \LQ LQFUHDVHV
DQG PLWLJDWH LQ GD\WLPH ZKHQ \DQJ GRPLQDWHV
$ GD\ LV IXUWKHU GLYLGHG LQWR WLPH VORWV ,QGLYLGXDO RUJDQUHODWHG PHULGLDQV DOWHUQDWH LQ
EHLQJ RQGXW\ LQ HDFK WLPH VORW $V VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH PDQ\ DLOPHQWV DQG GLVHDVHV KDYH
WKHLU RZQ WLPHGHSHQGHQW IHDWXUHV ZKLFK VKRXOG EH WDNHQ LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ LQ GLDJQRVLV
DQG WUHDWPHQW 'LIIHUHQW GLVHDVHV DUH UHODWHG WR GLIIHUHQW PHULGLDQV DQG WKH WUHDWPHQW
VKRXOG EH WDUJHWHG WR WKH RQGXW\ PHULGLDQ 3DWLHQWV ZLWK OLYHU GLVHDVH DUH XVXDOO\ EHWWHU LQ
WKH PRUQLQJ H[DFHUEDWH EHWZHHQ ² SP DQG EHFRPH FDOPHU DW PLGQLJKW 3DWLHQWV
ZLWK KHDUW GLVHDVH DUH FDOP LQ WKH PRUQLQJ IHHO FRPIRUWDEOH DW QRRQ DQG EHFRPH
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
H[DFHUEDWHG DW PLGQLJKW 3DWLHQWV ZLWK VSOHHQ GLVHDVH VKRZ VHYHUH V\PSWRPV DW VXQULVH DUH
FDOP EHWZHHQ ² SP DQG IHHO EHWWHU DW VXQVHW 3DWLHQWV ZLWK OXQJ GLVHDVH VKRZ
VHYHUH V\PSWRPV DW QRRQ IHHO EHWWHU EHWZHHQ ² SP DQG DUH FDOP DW PLGQLJKW
3DWLHQWV ZLWK NLGQH\ GLVHDVH IHHO EHWWHU DW PLGQLJKW DQG DUH FDOP LQ WKH HDUO\ HYHQLQJ EXW
EHFRPH DJJUDYDWHG GXULQJ IRXU WLPH VORWV ² DP ² DP ² SP DQG
² SP :LNLSHGLD G 1L 9HLWK
,GHQWLI\LQJ WKH URRW FDXVH RI WKH GLVHDVH LV D YHU\ LPSRUWDQW SDUW RI 7&0 SUDFWLFH 7&0
VWUHVVHV WKDW EDODQFH LV WKH NH\ WR D KHDOWK\ ERG\ $Q\ ORQJWHUP LPEDODQFH VXFK DV H[WUHPH
FOLPDWH FKDQJH XQGXH SK\VLFDO H[HUFLVH KHDY\ ZRUNORDG H[FHVVLYH UHVW WRR IUHTXHQW RU
UDUH VH[XDO DFWLYLW\ XQEDODQFHG GLHW RU VXGGHQ HPRWLRQDO FKDQJHV FDQ DOO FDXVH GLVHDVH
;XDQ
$ KROLVWLF YLHZ RI WKH KXPDQ ERG\ LV QRW WKH VROH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH 7&0 V\VWHP ,Q
DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WKH VDPH KLVWRULFDO SHULRG RQ WKH RWKHU VLGH RI WKH HDUWK +LSSRFUDWHV FD
²FD %& D *UHHN SK\VLFLDQ NQRZQ DV ´WKH IDWKHU RI PHGLFLQHµ ODLG WKH IRXQGDWLRQV
RI :HVWHUQ PHGLFLQH E\ IUHHLQJ PHGLFDO VWXGLHV IURP WKH FRQVWUDLQWV RI SKLORVRSKLFDO
VSHFXODWLRQ DQG UHOLJLRXV VXSHUVWLWLRQ
´7KH +LSSRFUDWLF &RUSXVµ LV D FROOHFWLRQ RI DERXW WUHDWLVHV EHOLHYHG WR KDYH EHHQ ZULWWHQ
EHWZHHQ %& DQG $' E\ GLIIHUHQW SHRSOH XQGHU WKH QDPH RI +LSSRFUDWHV
1DXPRYD 7KH FRUSXV GHVFULEHV PDQ\ SRLQWV RI YLHZ RQ GLVHDVHV UHODWHG WR WHPSRUDO
DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO IDFWRUV VXFK DV
$V D JHQHUDO UXOH WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQV DQG WKH KDELWV RI SHRSOH IROORZ WKH QDWXUH RI WKH ODQG
ZKHUH WKH\ OLYH
&KDQJHV LQ WKH VHDVRQV DUH HVSHFLDOO\ OLDEOH WR EHJHW GLVHDVHV DV DUH JUHDW FKDQJHV IURP
KHDW WR FROG RU FROG WR KHDW LQ DQ\ VHDVRQ 2WKHU FKDQJHV LQ WKH ZHDWKHU KDYH VLPLODU
VHYHUH HIIHFWV
:KHQ WKH ZHDWKHU LV VHDVRQDEOH DQG WKH FURSV ULSHQ DW UHJXODU WLPHV GLVHDVHV DUH
UHJXODU LQ WKHLU DSSHDUDQFH
(DFK GLVHDVH RFFXUV LQ DQ\ VHDVRQ RI WKH \HDU EXW VRPH RI WKHP RFFXU PRUH IUHTXHQWO\
DQG DUH RI JUHDWHU VHYHULW\ DW FHUWDLQ WLPHV
6RPH GLVHDVHV DUH SURGXFHG E\ WKH PDQQHU RI OLIH WKDW LV IROORZHG DQG RWKHUV E\ WKH OLIH
JLYLQJ DLU ZH EUHDWKH
$V D SLRQHHU LQ VWXG\LQJ ELRUK\WKPV DQ ,WDOLDQ SK\VLFLDQ 6DQWRULR 6DQWRULR ²
LQYHQWHG D ODUJH ´ZHLJKLQJ FKDLUµ WR REVHUYH WKH ZHLJKW IOXFWXDWLRQV LQ KLV RZQ ERG\
GXULQJ YDULRXV PHWDEROLF SURFHVVHV VXFK DV GLJHVWLRQ VOHHS DQG GDLO\ HDWLQJ RYHU D \HDU
SHULRG :LNLSHGLD H +H UHSRUWHG WKH FLUFDGLDQ YDULDWLRQ ERWK LQ ERG\ ZHLJKW DQG LQ
WKH DPRXQW RI LQVHQVLEOH SHUVSLUDWLRQ LQ KLV ERRN ´2Q 6WDWLVWLFDO 0HGLFLQHµ SXEOLVKHG LQ
ZKLFK LQWURGXFHG D TXDQWLWDWLYH DVSHFW LQWR PHGLFDO UHVHDUFK DQG IRXQGHG WKH
PRGHUQ VWXG\ RI PHWDEROLVP
,Q D )UHQFK DVWURQRPHU QDPHG -HDQ -DFTXHV 2UWRXV GH 0DLUDQ ² GHYLVHG D
FODVVLFDO FLUFDGLDQ H[SHULPHQW +H SODFHG D KHOLRWURSLF SODQW LQ WKH GDUN DQG REVHUYHG WKDW
WKH GDLO\ UK\WKPLF RSHQLQJ DQG FORVLQJ RI WKH KHOLRWURSH·V OHDYHV SHUVLVWHG LQ WKH DEVHQFH RI
VXQOLJKW :LNLSHGLD F :H QRZ XQGHUVWDQG WKDW WKH FLUFDGLDQ FORFN FRQWUROV JLYHQ
SURFHVVHV LQFOXGLQJ OHDI DQG SHWDO PRYHPHQWV WKH RSHQLQJ DQG FORVLQJ RI VWRPDWDO SRUHV
WKH GLVFKDUJH RI IORUDO IUDJUDQFHV DQG PDQ\ PHWDEROLF DFWLYLWLHV LQ SODQWV
&KULVWRSKHU :LOOLDP +XIHODQG ² D *HUPDQ SK\VLFLDQ SXEOLVKHG ´7KH $UW RI
3URORQJLQJ /LIHµ LQ +H VWDWHG WKDW ´7KH OLIH RI PDQ SK\VLFDOO\ FRQVLGHUHG LV D SHFXOLDU
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
FKHPLFRDQLPDO RSHUDWLRQ D SKHQRPHQRQ HIIHFWHG E\ D FRQFXUUHQFH RI WKH XQLWHG SRZHUV RI
1DWXUH ZLWK PDWWHU LQ D FRQWLQXDO VWDWH RI FKDQJHµ +H FRQVLGHUHG WKDW WKH UK\WKPLFLW\ RI
WZHQW\IRXU KRXUV LV IRUPHG E\ WKH UHJXODU UHYROXWLRQ RI RXU HDUWK DQG FDQ EH VHHQ LQ DOO
GLVHDVHV DQG DOO WKH RWKHU ELRUK\WKPV DUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ LW LQ UHDOLW\ +XIHODQG
,Q WKH HDUO\ WK FHQWXU\ LGHQWLFDO FRQFOXVLRQV IURP LQYHVWLJDWLRQV LQWR ELRUK\WKPV IURP
GLIIHUHQW DSSURDFKHV DQG IURP LQGHSHQGHQW UHVHDUFKHUV LQ GLIIHUHQW ILHOGV VXFK DV
SV\FKRORJ\ DQG PHWHRURORJ\ ZHUH UHDFKHG
,Q KLV ERRN ´'LH 3HULRGHQ GHV 0HQVFKOLFKHQ 2UJDQLVPXV 3HULRGLFLW\ LQ WKH /LIH RI WKH
+XPDQ 2UJDQLVP µ WKH $XVWULDQ SV\FKRORJLVW +HUPDQQD 6ZRERGD VWDWHG WKDW ´/LIH LV
VXEMHFW WR FRQVLVWHQW FKDQJHV 7KLV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ GRHV QRW UHIHU WR FKDQJHV LQ RXU GHVWLQ\ RU
WR FKDQJHV WKDW WDNH SODFH LQ WKH FRXUVH RI OLIH (YHQ LI VRPHRQH OLYHG D OLIH HQWLUHO\ IUHH RI
RXWVLGH IRUFHV RI DQ\WKLQJ WKDW FRXOG DOWHU KLV PHQWDO DQG SK\VLFDO VWDWH VWLOO KLV OLIH ZRXOG
QRW EH LGHQWLFDO IURP GD\ WR GD\ 7KH EHVW RI SK\VLFDO KHDOWK GRHV QRW SUHYHQW XV IURP
IHHOLQJ LOO VRPHWLPHV RU OHVV KDSS\ WKDQ XVXDOµ %\ DQDO\VLQJ GUHDPV LGHDV DQG FUHDWLYH
LPSXOVHV RI KLV SDWLHQWV 6ZRERGD QRWLFHG YHU\ UHJXODU UK\WKPV ZLWK SUHGLFWDEOH YDULDWLRQV
LQ VRPH DUWLVWV· SHUIRUPDQFHV DQG WKH PHQWDO VWDWXV RI SUHJQDQW ZRPHQ %LRFKDUW &RP
(YHQ WKH LQIOXHQFH RI PHWHRURORJLFDO IDFWRUV VXFK DV VXQVSRW DFWLYLW\ ZDV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK
WKH DFXWH FKURQLF GLVHDVHV RI WKH KHDUW EORRG YHVVHOV OLYHU NLGQH\ DQG QHUYRXV V\VWHP
UDQJLQJ IURP PLOG WR VHYHUH VXFK DV H[FLWDELOLW\ LQVRPQLD WLUHGQHVV DFKHV PXVFOH WZLWFKHV
SRO\XULD GLJHVWLYH WURXEOHV MLWWHULQHVV VKLYHULQJ VSDVPV QHXUDOJLD QHXUDO FULVHV DVWKPD
G\VSQHD IHYHU SDLQ YHUWLJR V\QFRSH KLJK EORRG SUHVVXUH WDFK\FDUGLD DUUK\WKPLD DQG
WUXH DQJLQD SHFWRULV 9DOORW HW DO
,Q DQG $OH[DQGHU &KL]KHYVN\ ² SXEOLVKHG ´(SLGHPLRORJLFDO
&DWDVWURSKHV DQG WKH 3HULRGLF $FWLYLW\ RI WKH 6XQµ DQG ´,QIOXHQFH RI WKH &RVPRV RQ +XPDQ
3V\FKRVHVµ UHVSHFWLYHO\ VWXG\LQJ ELRUK\WKPV LQ OLYLQJ RUJDQLVPV LQ WKHLU FRQQHFWLRQV ZLWK
VRODU DQG OXQDU F\FOHV VWDWLQJ WKDW ´/LIH LV D SKHQRPHQRQ ,WV SURGXFWLRQ LV GXH WR WKH
LQIOXHQFH RI WKH G\QDPLFV RI WKH FRVPRV RQ D SDVVLYH VXEMHFW ,W OLYHV GXH WR G\QDPLFV HDFK
RVFLOODWLRQ RI RUJDQLF SXOVDWLRQ LV FRRUGLQDWHG ZLWK WKH FRVPLF KHDUW LQ D JUDQGLRVH ZKROH RI
QHEXODV VWDUV WKH VXQ DQG WKH SODQHWµ ZKLFK LV QRZ IRUPXODWHG DV WKH LQGHSHQGHQW
GLVFLSOLQH RI ´KHOLRELRORJ\µ :LNLSHGLD D
/QFGTP EJTQPQTGNCVGF UVWFKGU
,Q WKH V )UDQ] +DOEHUJ QRWLFHG WKDW WKH HRVLQRSKLO FRXQWV RI ERWK VLJKWHG DQG EOLQGHG
JURXSV RI PLFH URVH DQG IHOO F\FOLFDOO\ ZLWK WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQV ,Q WKH IRUPHU JURXS WKLV
RFFXUUHG DW DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WKH VDPH WLPH HDFK GD\ DQG LQ WKH ODWWHU JURXS WKHUH ZDV D
VOLJKW VKLIW DQG D VKRUWHU F\FOH 1HLWKHU JURXS VKRZHG DQ H[DFW KRXU F\FOH VKRZLQJ WKH
H[LVWHQFH RI DQ HQGRJHQRXV PHFKDQLVP +DOEHUJ HW DO
:KHQ WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV RI WKHVH F\FOHV ZHUH H[SORUHG IXUWKHU LW ZDV IRXQG WKDW RQH JURXS RI
PLFH GHYHORSHG VHL]XUHV ZKHQ H[SRVHG WR DQ H[WUHPHO\ ORXG QRLVH DW SP WKH DFWLYH
SHULRG RI WKHLU GD\ ZKLOH DQRWKHU JURXS WKDW ZDV H[SRVHG WR WKH QRLVH DW QRRQ GXULQJ WKHLU
UHVW SHULRG GLG QRW GHYHORS VHL]XUHV ,W ZDV DOVR IRXQG WKDW ZKHQ D SRWHQWLDO SRLVRQ RU KLJK
GRVHV RI D GUXJ ZHUH JLYHQ WR PLFH ZKHWKHU WKH\ OLYHG RU GLHG GHSHQGHG RQ WKH GHOLYHU\
WLPH RI WKH GUXJ
7KH VWXG\ RI WKH ERG\·V WLPH VWUXFWXUH ZDV FRQWLQXHG LQ WKH ODWH V E\ +DOEHUJ DQG KLV
,QGLDQ FRUHVHDUFKHUV LQ PHGLFDO SUDFWLFH E\ DGPLQLVWHULQJ UDGLDWLRQ WKHUDS\ WR SDWLHQWV
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
ZLWK ODUJH RUDO WXPRXUV 7KH WXPRXU WHPSHUDWXUH ZDV XVHG DV D PDUNHU WR VFKHGXOH
WUHDWPHQWV 3DWLHQWV ZHUH GLYLGHG LQWR ILYH JURXSV DQG WUHDWHG DW D GLIIHUHQW WLPH RIIVHW ² ²
DQG KRXUV IURP WKHLU SHDN WHPSHUDWXUH 0RUH WKDQ RI SDWLHQWV ZKR UHFHLYHG
WUHDWPHQW ZKHQ WKH WXPRXU ZDV DW SHDN WHPSHUDWXUH ZHUH DOLYH DQG GLVHDVHIUHH WZR \HDUV
ODWHU 7KLV LV SHUKDSV EHFDXVH WKH KLJKHVW PHWDEROLF DFWLYLW\ DW SHDN WHPSHUDWXUH HQKDQFHG
WKH WKHUDSHXWLF HIIHFW +DOEHUJ
$Q LQFUHDVHG VZLQJ LQ WKH DPSOLWXGH RI EORRG SUHVVXUH ZKLFK GHYHORSV EHIRUH D ULVH LQ
PHDQ EORRG SUHVVXUH ZDV IRXQG LQ UDWV +DOEHUJ ,Q WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ ZDV
FRQILUPHG WR EH D JUHDWHU ULVN IDFWRU IRU LVFKHPLF VWURNH IURP D VL[\HDU VWXG\ LQYROYLQJ
QHDUO\ SDWLHQWV +DOEHUJ &RUQpOLVVHQ 7KLV LV QRZ NQRZQ DV FLUFDGLDQ K\SHU
DPSOLWXGH WHQVLRQ &+$7 &+$7 VWXGLHV KDYH VKRZQ WKDW WDNLQJ EORRG SUHVVXUH
PHGLFDWLRQ DW DQ XQGHVLUDEOH WLPH FDQ FDXVH &+$7 DQG FDQ SRWHQWLDOO\ OHDG WR D VWURNH
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH DQG EORRG SUHVVXUH ELRUK\WKPLF YDULDWLRQV LQ RWKHU YLWDO
VLJQV VXFK DV VDOLYD XULQH EORRG DQG KHDUW UDWH KDYH EHHQ TXDQWLILHG WR LGHQWLI\ QRUPDO
DQG ULVN\ SDWWHUQV IRU GLVHDVH WR RSWLPL]H WKH WLPLQJ RI WUHDWPHQW DQG WR FRPSDUH
YDULDWLRQV DPRQJ VXEMHFWV JURXSHG E\ DJH DQG JHQGHU +DOEHUJ HW DO +DOEHUJ HW DO
D +DOEHUJ HW DO E
,Q WKH QDVFHQW ILHOG RI ELRUK\WKP VWXGLHV FHOHEUDWHG LWV ILUVW V\PSRVLXP LQ 1HZ <RUN
86$ DQG PRGHUQ FKURQRUHODWHG VWXGLHV DUH QRZ H[SDQGLQJ LQ ERWK GLPHQVLRQDO DQG
IXQFWLRQDO VFDOHV IURP WKH JHQRPH OHYHO WR WKH ZKROHERG\ OHYHO DQG IURP IXQGDPHQWDO
FKURQRELRORJ\ WR PHGLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DV FKURQRSK\VLRORJ\ FKURQRSDWKRORJ\
FKURQRSKDUPDFRORJ\ FKURQRWKHUDS\ FKURQRWR[LFRORJ\ DQG FKURQRPHGLFLQH $OO RI WKHVH
WRSLFV DUH URRWHG LQ WKH VWXG\ RI ELRUK\WKPLF HYHQWV LQ OLYLQJ RUJDQLVPV DQG WKHLU
DGDSWDWLRQ WR VRODU DQG OXQDUUHODWHG UK\WKPV DQG DUH VWLOO LQ WKH H[FLWLQJ SURFHVV RI
GLVFRYHU\
$OWKRXJK UK\WKPLF SKHQRPHQD LQ PDQ\ EHKDYLRXUDO DQG OLIH SURFHVVHV VXFK DV HDWLQJ
VOHHSLQJ²ZDNLQJ VHDVRQDO PLJUDWLRQ KHDUWEHDW DQG FHOO SUROLIHUDWLRQ KDG EHHQ REVHUYHG
LQ PDQ\ DVSHFWV IRU D ORQJ WLPH OLWWOH ZDV NQRZQ DERXW WKHLU SK\VLRORJLFDO EDFNJURXQG XQWLO
UHFHQW DGYDQFHV LQ PROHFXODU ELRORJ\ DQG JHQHWLFV 6FLHQWLVWV KDYH QRZ LGHQWLILHG VSHFLILF
JHQHV SURWHLQV DQG ELRFKHPLFDO PHFKDQLVPV WKDW DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU VSRQWDQHRXV
RVFLOODWLRQV ZLWK UK\WKPLF F\FOHV H[WHQGHG IURP WKH PROHFXODU FHOOXODU WLVVXH DQG V\VWHP
OHYHOV RQ D VSDWLDO VFDOH IURP WKH PLOOLVHFRQG LQWHUYDOV RI QHXURQDO DFWLYLW\ WR VHDVRQDO
FKDQJHV LQ WKH WHPSRUDO VFDOH 0DUWKD 6HMQRZVNL
7KH VXSUDFKLDVPDWLF QXFOHXV 6&1 FRPSRVHG RI RU VR DXWRQRPRXV FHOOV ORFDWHG LQ
WKH K\SRWKDODPXV LV QRZ NQRZQ WR EH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU FRQWUROOLQJ WKH WLPLQJ RI HQGRJHQRXV
UK\WKPV 6WHWVRQ :DWVRQ:KLWP\UH 7KH 6&1 UHFHLYHV DQ HQYLURQPHQWDO LQSXW
VXFK DV OLJKW D W\SH RI ]HLWJHEHU IURP OLJKW UHFHSWRUV LQ WKH UHWLQD YLD WKH
UHWLQRK\SRWKDODPLF WUDFW 5+7 DQG JHQHUDWHV D UK\WKPLF RXWSXW WR FRRUGLQDWH DQG
V\QFKURQL]H ERG\ UK\WKPV 7KH 6&1 LV IXQGDPHQWDO WR HDFK RI WKH WKUHH PDMRU FORFN
FRPSRQHQWV LQ ELRORJLFDO V\VWHPV HQWUDLQPHQW SDWKZD\V SDFHPDNHUV DQG RXWSXW
SDWKZD\V WR HIIHFWHU V\VWHPV 5HSSHUW :HDYHU $XWRQRPRXV VLQJOHFHOO RVFLOODWRUV
UHVLGH LQ SHULSKHUDO WLVVXHV DV ZHOO DV LQ WKH 6&1 RI WKH SLQHDO JODQG 3HULSKHUDO RVFLOODWRUV
PD\ UHVSRQG PRUH GLUHFWO\ WR HQYLURQPHQWDO IDFWRUV VXFK DV WHPSHUDWXUH PRLVWXUH
SUHVVXUH DQG VRXQG +RZHYHU WKH 6&1 JRYHUQV DQG FRRUGLQDWHV WKH UK\WKPV RI WKH
SHULSKHUDO RVFLOODWRUV E\ ERWK GLUHFW QHXUDO FRQQHFWLRQV DQG GLIIXVLEOH ELRFKHPLFDO SURFHVVHV
%DOVDOREUH HW DO $V D UHVXOW RI VXFK V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ WKH ERG\ DV DQ HQWLUH V\VWHP
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
PDLQWDLQV UK\WKPV IRU QRW RQO\ WKH VOHHSLQJ²ZDNLQJ F\FOH EXW DOVR IRU ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH
KHDUW UDWH EORRG SUHVVXUH LPPXQH FHOO FRXQW DQG KRUPRQH VHFUHWLRQ OHYHOV VXFK DV FRUWLVRO
IRU VWUHVV DQG SURODFWLQ IRU LPPXQLW\ DQG UHSURGXFWLRQ 5K\WKPLF EHDWLQJ LQ WKH 6&1 LV WKH
WLPHSLHFH QRW RQO\ IRU GDLO\ F\FOHV EXW DOVR IRU WKH WRWDOLW\ RI OLIHORQJ SHUVRQDO SDWWHUQV
SRWHQWLDOO\ LQ D KDUPRQLF UHVRQDQFH ZLWK WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO VXUURXQGLQJV
7KH FORFN JHQHV DUH H[SUHVVHG QRW RQO\ LQ WKH 6&1 EXW DOVR LQ RWKHU EUDLQ UHJLRQV DQG
YDULRXV SHULSKHUDO WLVVXHV 7KH OLYHU KDV EHHQ FRQILUPHG WR EH D ELRORJLFDO FORFN FDSDEOH RI
JHQHUDWLQJ LWV RZQ FLUFDGLDQ UK\WKPV 7XUHN $OODQGD $ PLFURDUUD\ DQDO\VLV
H[SHULPHQW KDV UHYHDOHG WKDW WKHUH DUH PDQ\ JHQHV H[SUHVVLQJ D FLUFDGLDQ UK\WKP LQ WKH
OLYHU 7KH UHODWLYH OHYHOV RI JHQH H[SUHVVLRQ LQ WKH OLYHU RI UDWV KDYH EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG IURP
WKH YLHZSRLQW RI WKH WLPH RI GD\ 6L[W\VHYHQ JHQHV ZHUH LGHQWLILHG ZKHUH WKHLU H[SUHVVLRQ
ZDV VLJQLILFDQWO\ DOWHUHG DV D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH WLPH RI GD\ DQG WKHVH ZHUH FODVVLILHG LQWR
VHYHUDO NH\ FHOOXODU SDWKZD\V LQFOXGLQJ GUXJ PHWDEROLVP LRQ WUDQVSRUW VLJQDO
WUDQVGXFWLRQ '1$ ELQGLQJ DQG UHJXODWLRQ RI WUDQVFULSWLRQ DQG LPPXQH UHVSRQVH
DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU IXQFWLRQV 'HVDL HW DO
,Q WKH FDVHV ZKHUH H[RJHQRXV FXHV ]HLWJHEHUV IRU WLPLQJ VXFK DV OLJKW WHPSHUDWXUH RU
VRXQG DUH VKLHOGHG WKH 6&1 PRYHV RXW RI V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ ZLWK WKH H[RJHQRXV HQWUDLQPHQW
+RZHYHU WKH LQQDWH UK\WKP LV QRW REOLWHUDWHG EHFDXVH ELRUK\WKPV DUH JHQHWLFDOO\ EXLOW LQWR
FHOOV WLVVXHV RUJDQV DQG WKH ZKROHERG\ V\VWHP 7KH ERG\ VWLOO PDLQWDLQV LWV UK\WKPV EXW
QRW LQ DQ RUJDQL]HG WHPSR 7KH VOHHSLQJ²ZDNLQJ F\FOH DQG ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ ZLOO
QRW IROORZ DQ H[DFW KRXU F\FOH ZKLFK ZDV HQWUDLQHG E\ WKH OLJKW²GDUN F\FOH RU WKH
VXQVHW²VXQULVH F\FOH 2WKHU ELRUK\WKPV DQG GDLO\ DFWLYLWLHV FRXOG DOVR EH DIIHFWHG DOWKRXJK
QRQH KDV DOO LWV YDULDEOHV HTXDO
7KH EURDG VSHFWUXP RI GLIIHUHQW ELRUK\WKPV LV FODVVLILHG LQWR WKUHH FDWHJRULHV LH FLUFDGLDQ
UK\WKPV XOWUDGLDQ UK\WKPV DQG LQIUDGLDQ UK\WKPV
7KH FLUFDGLDQ UK\WKP LV WKH PRVW FRPPRQ ELRUK\WKP DOWHUQDWHV LQ DQ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ GDLO\
F\FOH DQG H[LVWV LQ PRVW OLYLQJ RUJDQLVPV 7KH WHUP ´FLUFDGLDQµ FRPHV IURP FLUFD ZKLFK
PHDQV ´DERXWµ DQG GLHV ZKLFK PHDQV ´GD\µ
8OWUDGLDQ UK\WKPV UHIHU WR WKRVH F\FOLF LQWHUYDOV WKDW DUH VKRUWHU WKDQ WKH SHULRG RI D
FLUFDGLDQ UK\WKP H[KLELWLQJ SHULRGLF SK\VLRORJLFDO DFWLYLW\ RFFXUULQJ PRUH WKDQ RQFH
ZLWKLQ D GD\ VXFK DV QHXURQ ILULQJ KHDUWEHDWV LQKDODWLRQ DQG H[SLUDWLRQ DQG 5(0²15(0
VOHHS F\FOHV
,QIUDGLDQ UK\WKPV SHUWDLQ WR UHJXODU UHFXUUHQFHV LQ F\FOHV RI ORQJHU WKDQ WKH SHULRG RI D
FLUFDGLDQ UK\WKP DQG RFFXU RQ DQ H[WHQGHG VFDOH IURP GD\V WR \HDUV 6RPH RI WKHVH DUH
OLVWHG EHORZ
&LUFDVHPLVHSWDQ UK\WKPV KDYH D F\FOLF OHQJWK RI WR KRXUV RU GD\V DQG H[LVW LQ
EORRG SUHVVXUH DQG KHDUW UDWH IOXFWXDWLRQV 7KH\ FDQ EH IRXQG LQ SDWLHQWV ZLWK LQFLGHQFH
RI P\RFDUGLDO LQIDUFWLRQ DQG DSRSOH[\
&LUFDVHSWDQ UK\WKPV RFFXU LQ SHULRGV RI WR KRXUV RU DERXW RQH ZHHN DQG DUH
IRXQG LQ FKDQJHV LQ ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH DQG EORRG SUHVVXUH
&LUFDWULJLQWDQ UK\WKPV EHKDYH LQ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ PRQWKO\ F\FOHV 7KH PRVW FRPPRQ LV
WKH IHPDOH PHQVWUXDO F\FOH UDQJLQJ IURP WR GD\V 2WKHUV LQFOXGH WKH HPRWLRQDO
DQG SK\VLFDO VWDPLQD UK\WKPV ZKLFK FKDQJH RYHU GD\V DQG GD\V UHVSHFWLYHO\
,QWHOOHFWXDO UK\WKPLFLW\ ZDV IRXQG WR H[KLELW D UHJXODU GD\ F\FOH IRU PHQWDO DJLOLW\
DQG DELOLW\ 7KH H[LVWHQFH RI D GD\ F\FOH UHODWHG VSHFLILFDOO\ WR PRRGV ZDV XQFRYHUHG
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
6RPH YLWDO VLJQV VXFK DV KRUPRQH VHFUHWLRQ EORRG SUHVVXUH DQG PHWDEROLF DFWLYLW\
KDYH VLPLODU SURSHUWLHV
&LUFDQQXDO UK\WKPV RFFXU RYHU D SHULRG RI EHWZHHQ WR GD\V RU DERXW D \HDU
0RVW SODQWV KDYH D VHDVRQDO FKDQJH IURP URRWDJH EXUJHRQ EORVVRP DQG IUXFWLILFDWLRQ
0LJUDWRU\ ELUGV PLJUDWH LQ DQ DQQXDO SDWWHUQ WKURXJK UHJXODU VHDVRQDO MRXUQH\V LQ
UHVSRQVH WR FKDQJHV LQ IRRG DYDLODELOLW\ KDELWDW RU ZHDWKHU
7DEOH VXPPDUL]HV YDULRXV NQRZQ ELRUK\WKPV UDQJLQJ IURP SHULRGV RI PLOOLVHFRQGV WR
\HDUV WKDW H[LVW LQ OLYLQJ RUJDQLVPV
%LRUK\WKP &\FOH OHQJWK 5HODWHG HYHQW
1HXURQ ILULQJ KHDUW EHDWLQJ
8OWUDGLDQ G LQKDODWLRQ DQG H[SLUDWLRQ 5(0²
15(0 VOHHS F\FOHV
%RG\ WHPSHUDWXUH %7 EORRG
&LUFDGLDQ GrK SUHVVXUH %3 KHDUW UDWH +5
KRUPRQH VHFUHWLRQ
&LUFDGLGLDQ G %RG\ ZHLJKW XULQH YROXPH
&LUFDVHPLVHSWDQ G 6XGGHQ GHDWK
5HMHFWLRQ RI KHDUW WUDQVSODQW
&LUFDVHSWDQ G
DFWLYLW\ %3 %7
&LUFDGLVHSWDQ G %RG\ ZHLJKW JULS VWUHQJWK
&LUFDYLJLQWDQ G 0RRG NHWRVWHURLG H[FUHWLRQ
,QIUDGLDQ (PRWLRQDO DQG SK\VLFDO VWDPLQD
&LUFDWULJLQWDQ G PHQWDO DJLOLW\ DQG DELOLW\
PHQVWUXDWLRQ
&LUFDQQXDO \P %3 DOGRVWHURQH
&LUFDVHSWHQQLDQ \ 0DULQH LQYHUWHEUDWHV
&LUFDGXRGHFHQQLDQ \ %3
&LUFDGLGHFDGDO \ %3
7DEOH 7HPSRUDO GHILQLWLRQV DQG WKH SURSHUWLHV RI GLYHUVLILHG ELRUK\WKPV UDQJLQJ IURP
SHULRGV RI PLOOLVHFRQGV WR \HDUV DGDSWHG IURP +DOEHUJ &RUQpOLVVHQ .RXNNDUL
6RWKHUQ &\FOH OHQJWK K KRXUV G GD\V P PRQWKV \ \HDUV
2EMHFWLYH HVWLPDWLRQ RI YDULRXV ELRUK\WKPLFLWLHV LQ GLIIHUHQW SK\VLRORJLFDO YLWDO VLJQV DQG
ELRFKHPLFDO ELRPDUNHUV VXFK DV ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH KHDUW UDWH EORRG SUHVVXUH
DGUHQRFRUWLFRWURSLF KRUPRQH DQG PHODWRQLQ LV LQGLVSHQVDEOH LQ PHGLFDO SUDFWLFH 0DQ\
YLWDO VLJQV DQG ELRPDUNHUV DUH XVXDOO\ PRGXODWHG DQG LQWHUDFWHG E\ PXOWLSOH ELRUK\WKPV
6LPLODUO\ PXOWLSOH ELRUK\WKPV DUH RIWHQ LQWHUZRYHQ ZLWKLQ D YLWDO VLJQ RU D ELRPDUNHU DV
VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH %HFDXVH ELRUK\WKPV DUH F\FOLF UHFXUULQJ SK\VLRORJLFDO HYHQWV WKHLU
IHDWXUHV LQ WLPH VWUXFWXUHV DUH FRPPRQO\ H[SUHVVHG E\ SDUDPHWHUV VXFK DV SHULRG PHVRU
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
DPSOLWXGH DQG SKDVH ]HQLWK DQG QDGLU RQVHW RI HYHQWV WKH PLQLPXP DQG PD[LPXP
LQFLGHQFH RI HYHQWV DQG WKH VKDSH RI WKH UK\WKPLF SDWWHUQ
0DWKHPDWLFDO DSSURDFKHV WR TXDQWLI\LQJ ELRUK\WKPV ZHUH FODVVLILHG LQWR WZR FDWHJRULHV LQ
WKH HDUO\ VWDJHV RI WKHLU VWXG\ PDFURVFRSLF DQG PLFURVFRSLF +DOEHUJ 7KH IRUPHU
FDWHJRU\ HPSOR\V PDQ\ VWDWLVWLFDO WHFKQLTXHV VXFK DV KLVWRJUDPV PHDQ PHGLDQ PRGH DQG
YDULDQFH 7KH ODWWHU FDWHJRU\ XVHV FKURQRJUDPV YDULDQFH VSHFWUXP DXWRFURVV FRUUHODWLRQV
FRKHUHQF\ DQG WKH FRVLQRU PHWKRG
7KH FRVLQRU PHWKRG XVHV OHDVWVTXDUHV FULWHULD WR ILW UDZ GDWD RQ D SUHVXPSWLYH VLQJOH VLQH
ZDYH PRGHO LQ WKH WLPH GRPDLQ ,WV YDULDQWV VXFK DV SRSXODWLRQ PHDQFRVLQRU JURXS PHDQ
FRVLQRU PXOWLFRVLQRU DQG QRQOLQHDU FRVLQRU PHWKRGV DUH VLPLODUO\ EDVHG RQ YDULRXV
FRPSRXQG PRGHOV 1HOVRQ HW DO 7KH PXOWLYDULDWH PHWKRG KDV DOVR EHHQ XVHG IRU WKH
SDUDPHWHU HVWLPDWLRQ RI ELRUK\WKPV LQ KXPDQ OHXNRF\WH FRXQWV LQ PLFURILODULDVLV LQIHFWLRQ
.XPDU HW DO
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR OLYLQJ RUJDQLVPV WKH ELRVSKHUH DQG WKH VRODU V\VWHP DUH JRRG H[DPSOHV RI
VHOIWXQLQJ FRQWURO V\VWHPV 7KH ODZV JRYHUQLQJ WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI FRQWURO V\VWHPV DUH
LQFRUSRUDWHG LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI PDWKHPDWLFDO PHWKRGV IRU WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI UK\WKPV
KLGGHQ LQ WKH G\QDPLFV RI ELRORJLFDO DQG KHOLRJHRSK\VLFDO YDULDEOHV &KLUNRYD
)RXULHU WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ DQG VSHFWUDO DQDO\VLV PHWKRGV KDYH DOVR EHHQ GHYHORSHG WR HYDOXDWH
DQG DQDO\VH ELRUK\WKPV UHJDUGLQJ WKHLU JHQHUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQ WHUPV RI DPSOLWXGH SKDVH
SHULRGLFDO IUHTXHQF\ DQG F\FOLF OHQJWK &KRX %HVFK
7KH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI ELRUK\WKPV LV KHOSIXO QRW RQO\ LQ FODULI\LQJ WKHLU LPSDFW RQ WKH
SDWKRSK\VLRORJ\ RI GLVHDVHV EXW DOVR LQ HOXFLGDWLQJ WKH SKDUPDFRNLQHWLFV DQG
SKDUPDFRG\QDPLFV RI PHGLFDWLRQV
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH FLUFDGLDQ SURSHUWLHV RI YDULRXV SK\VLRORJLFDO YLWDO VLJQV DQG ELRFKHPLFDO
PDUNHUV LQ DOLJQPHQW ZLWK WLPHGHSHQGHQW V\PSWRPV RU HYHQWV RI GLVHDVHV WKDW DUH LQ
HLWKHU WKH VHYHUHVW WLPLQJ RU WKH PRVW IUHTXHQW LQFLGHQFH RI WKH GLVHDVH
$V VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH DOOHUJLF UKLQLWLV LV W\SLFDOO\ ZRUVH LQ WKH HDUO\ ZDNLQJ KRXUV WKDQ ODWHU
GXULQJ WKH GD\ $VWKPD XVXDOO\ RFFXUV PRUH WKDQ WLPHV PRUH LQ WKH IHZ KRXUV SULRU WR
DZDNHQLQJ WKDQ GXULQJ WKH GD\ $QJLQD FRPPRQO\ RFFXUV GXULQJ WKH ILUVW IRXU WR VL[ KRXUV
DIWHU DZDNHQLQJ +\SHUWHQVLRQ W\SLFDOO\ RFFXUV IURP ODWH PRUQLQJ WR PLGGOH DIWHUQRRQ
5KHXPDWRLG DUWKULWLV LV PRVW LQWHQVH XSRQ DZDNHQLQJ 2VWHRDUWKULWLV ZRUVHQV LQ WKH
DIWHUQRRQ DQG HYHQLQJ 8OFHU GLVHDVH W\SLFDOO\ RFFXUV DIWHU VWRPDFK HPSW\LQJ IROORZLQJ
GD\WLPH PHDOV DQG LQ WKH YHU\ HDUO\ PRUQLQJ RIWHQ GLVUXSWLQJ VOHHS (SLOHSV\ RIWHQ RFFXUV
RQO\ DW LQGLYLGXDO SDUWLFXODU WLPHV RI WKH GD\ RU QLJKW 6PROHQVN\ /DEUHFTXH
7KH GDLO\ YDULDWLRQ SDWWHUQ RI WKH V\PSWRPV RI GLVHDVHV DQG ELRFKHPLFDOSDWKRSK\VLRORJLFDO
SURFHVVHV LV QRZ XVHG WR RSWLPL]H WUHDWPHQW RI YDULRXV GLVHDVHV VXFK DV DVWKPD FDQFHU
GLDEHWHV ILEURP\DOJLD KHDUWEXUQ DQG VOHHS GLVRUGHUV &KURQRSKDUPDFRNLQHWLF VWXGLHV
KDYH EHHQ UHSRUWHG IRU PDQ\ GUXJV LQ DQ DWWHPSW WR H[SODLQ FKURQRSKDUPDFRORJLFDO
SKHQRPHQD DQG WKHVH KDYH GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW WKH WLPH RI DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ LV D SRVVLEOH IDFWRU
LQ WKH YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH SKDUPDFRNLQHWLFV RI D GUXJ 7LPHGHSHQGHQW FKDQJHV LQ
SKDUPDFRNLQHWLFV PD\ SURFHHG IURP WKH FLUFDGLDQ UK\WKP RI HDFK SURFHVV HJ DEVRUSWLRQ
GLVWULEXWLRQ PHWDEROLVP DQG HOLPLQDWLRQ 7KXV FLUFDGLDQ UK\WKPV LQ JDVWULF DFLG VHFUHWLRQ
DQG S+ PRWLOLW\ JDVWULF HPSW\LQJ WLPH JDVWURLQWHVWLQDO EORRG IORZ GUXJ SURWHLQ ELQGLQJ
OLYHU HQ]\PH DFWLYLW\ DQGRU KHSDWLF EORRG IORZ JORPHUXODU ILOWUDWLRQ UHQDO EORRG IORZ
XULQDU\ S+ DQG WXEXODU UHVRUSWLRQ SOD\ D UROH LQ VXFK SKDUPDFRNLQHWLF YDULDWLRQV
/DEUHFTXH %HODQJHU 0RUH WKDQ GUXJV VXFK DV FDUGLRYDVFXODU DJHQWV DQWL
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
DVWKPDWLF DJHQWV JDVWURLQWHVWLQDO DJHQWV QRQVWHURLGDO DQWLLQIODPPDWRU\ DJHQWV DQG DQWL
FDQFHU DJHQWV KDYH DOUHDG\ EHHQ UHFRJQL]HG DV H[KLELWLQJ FLUFDGLDQ YDULDWLRQV LQ
SKDUPDFRNLQHWLF DQG SKDUPDFRG\QDPLF SHUIRUPDQFH RYHU D SHULRG RI KRXUV /HPPHU
&KURQRWKHUDSHXWLF SULQFLSOHV DUH UHDOL]HG WKURXJK LQQRYDWLYH GUXJ GHOLYHU\
WHFKQRORJ\ LQ WKH VDIH DQG HIILFLHQW DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RI PHGLFDWLRQV 6PROHQVN\ /DEUHFTXH
)LJ &LUFDGLDQ UK\WKPLF FKDQJHV RI SK\VLRORJLFDO YLWDO VLJQV DQG ELRFKHPLFDO PDUNHUV
DQG V\PSWRPV RU HYHQWV RI GLVHDVHV LQ WKH FDVH RI ZRUVW WLPLQJ RU KLJKHVW OLNHOLKRRG
DGDSWHG IURP 6PROHQVN\ /DEUHFTXH 2KGR 7KH RXWHU ULQJ LQGLFDWHV WKH
V\PSWRP DQG GLVHDVH 7KH LQQHU ULQJ LQGLFDWHV YLWDO VLJQV DQG ELRPDUNHUV
2WKHU DSSOLFDWLRQV XWLOL]LQJ ELRUK\WKPV FDQ EH IRXQG LQ KHDOWK FDUH KXPDQ ZHOIDUH DQG
EHKDYLRXUDO DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ GRPDLQV $ FRQYHQWLRQDO DODUP FORFN LV XVXDOO\ VHW LQ DGYDQFH WR
VRXQG D EHOO RU EX]]HU DW D GHVLUHG KRXU 'XULQJ WKH 6WDJH SHULRG RI VOHHS D SHUVRQ GULIWV
LQ DQG RXW RI VOHHS DQG FDQ EH DZDNHQHG HDVLO\ +RZHYHU LW LV YHU\ GLIILFXOW WR EH ZRNHQ XS
GXULQJ GHHS VOHHS SHULRGV VXFK DV 6WDJHV DQG :KHQ D SHUVRQ LV DZDNHQHG GXULQJ GHHS
VOHHS VWDJHV LW LV GLIILFXOW IRU WKHP WR DGDSW LPPHGLDWHO\ DQG WKH\ RIWHQ IHHO JURJJ\ DQG
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
GLVRULHQWHG IRU VHYHUDO PLQXWHV DIWHU ZDNLQJ $ ELRUK\WKPEDVHG EHOO GHYLFH ELRORJLFDO
UK\WKPEDVHG DZDNHQLQJ WLPLQJ FRQWUROOHU %5$& ZDV GHYHORSHG WR HVWLPDWH ELRUK\WKP
FKDQJHV LQ VOHHS F\FOHV IURP ILQJHUWLS SXOVH ZDYHV DQG ZDV XVHG WR RSWLPL]H WKH DODUP
WLPLQJ :DNXGD HW DO
-HW ODJ LV D PDODLVH RIWHQ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ORQJGLVWDQFH WUDYHO DFURVV VHYHUDO WLPH ]RQHV 6RPH
RI WKH V\PSWRPV XVXDOO\ UHSRUWHG DUH IDWLJXH GURZVLQHVV LUULWDELOLW\ LQDELOLW\ WR FRQFHQWUDWH
GXULQJ WKH GD\ GLIILFXOW\ LQ VOHHSLQJ DW QLJKW DQG JDVWURLQWHVWLQDO GLVFRPIRUW .DW] HW DO
6KLIW ZRUNHUV VXFK DV WUXFN GULYHUV DQG HPHUJHQF\ PHGLFDO SHUVRQQHO ZKR DUH REOLJHG WR
ZRUN QRQVWDQGDUG RIILFH KRXUV H[KLELW VLPLODU V\PSWRPV WR WKRVH RI MHW ODJ
6XIIHUHUV RI MHW ODJ DQG VKLIW ZRUNHUV DUH DIIHFWHG E\ D WUDQVLHQW PLVDOLJQPHQW RI WKH
FLUFDGLDQ FORFN ZLWK WKH H[WHUQDO FORFN %RWK GLVRUGHUV KDYH D FRPPRQ FDXVH LQ DHWLRORJ\
EXW D PDMRU GLIIHUHQFH H[LVWV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR VLWXDWLRQV $ ORQJGLVWDQFH WUDYHOOHU FDQ
UHV\QFKURQL]H WKHLU LQWHUQDO FORFN ZLWKLQ D IHZ GD\V DIWHU WKHLU ELRUK\WKP LV GLVWXUEHG
EHFDXVH WKHLU LQWHUQDO FORFN LV RXW RI SKDVH ZLWK WKH H[WHUQDO FORFN RI VXQULVH DQG VXQVHW %\
FRQWUDVW DV ORQJ DV WKH GDLO\ ZRUN VFKHGXOH RI D VKLIW ZRUNHU FDQQRW EH V\QFKURQL]HG ZLWK
WKH QDWXUDO ELRUK\WKPV WKH\ ZLOO EH XQDEOH WR WUXO\ DGDSW WKHLU ELRUK\WKPV WR WKH H[WHUQDO
FORFN $OWKRXJK HIIHFWLYH WUHDWPHQW KDV QRW EHHQ ULJRURXVO\ GRFXPHQWHG \HW WKH V\PSWRPV
DUH XVXDOO\ WUHDWHG XVLQJ D OLJKW WKHUDS\ PHWKRG IRU H[DPSOH DUWLILFLDO OLJKW UHYHUVDO RI GD\
DQG QLJKW ZKLFK FDQ EH DWWDLQHG E\ VXEMHFWLQJ WKH SDWLHQW WR EULJKW DUWLILFLDO OLJKW DW QLJKW
DQG DYRLGLQJ SKRWRLF VWLPXODWLRQ GXULQJ VXQOLJKW KRXUV E\ ZHDULQJ VXQJODVVHV RU FORVLQJ
ZLQGRZ FXUWDLQV 6PROHQVN\ /DPEHUJ
,W KDV DOVR EHHQ VKRZQ WKDW DOWKRXJK WKH H[DFW WLPLQJ YDULHV IURP LQGLYLGXDO WR LQGLYLGXDO
SHUIRUPDQFH LQ SK\VLFDO DQG LQWHOOHFWXDO DFWLYLWLHV H[KLELWV D GDLO\ UK\WKPLFLW\ 7KH EHVW
SHUIRUPDQFH LV DFKLHYHG DURXQG WKH SHDN ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH WLPH ZKLFK XVXDOO\ RFFXUV LQ
WKH ODWH DIWHUQRRQ DOWKRXJK RYHUDOO SHUIRUPDQFH LQ UHDO ZRUOG VLWXDWLRQV FDQ EH DIIHFWHG E\
PDQ\ RWKHU IDFWRUV VXFK DV LQQDWH DQG DFTXLUHG VNLOOV PRWLYDWLRQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQG VSRW
H[HUWLRQ 'XQODS HW DO
%LRUK\WKPLFLWLHV DUH UHFRJQL]HG DV DIIHFWLQJ QXPHURXV SK\VLRORJLFDO DQG EHKDYLRXUDO
SURFHVVHV 7KH GDLO\ SDWWHUQ RI KXPDQ DFWLYLW\ DQG VWUHVV DPSOLILHV WKH LQQDWH ELRORJLFDO
YDULDELOLW\ RI ELRUK\WKPV DQG GLVHDVHV FDQ DOWHU WKH H[SUHVVLRQ DQG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI
FLUFDGLDQ DQG RWKHU ELRUK\WKPV 7KH RXWFRPHV RI WKH FKURQRWKHUDSHXWLF WUHDWPHQW RI VHYHUDO
GLVHDVHV WKDW KDYH SUHGLFWDEOH FLUFDGLDQ YDULDWLRQV VXFK DV DOOHUJLF UKLQLWLV DQJLQD SHFWRULV
DUWKULWLV DVWKPD GLDEHWHV HSLOHSV\ K\SHUWHQVLRQ G\VOLSLGHPLD FDQFHU DQG XOFHUV KDYH
EHHQ FRQILUPHG WR EH PRUH HIIHFWLYH WKDQ WUDGLWLRQDO KRPHRVWDWLF WUHDWPHQWV (OOLRWW
6XFK WLPHGHSHQGHQW ELRFKHPLFDO SURFHVVHV DQG SDWKRSK\VLRORJLFDO SKHQRPHQD H[LVW
XELTXLWRXVO\ IURP ORFDO FHOOV WR WKH ZKROH ERG\ ,Q VXPPDU\ WKH RFFXUUHQFH RI ELRUK\WKPV
LV SK\VLRORJLFDOO\ LQGLVSHQVDEOH LQ OLIH SURFHVVHV DQG SURYLGHV VHYHUDO DGYDQWDJHV 0RVHU HW
DO
6WDELOLW\ PDLQWHQDQFH LQ UHVSRQVH WR HQGRJHQRXV DQG H[RJHQRXV YDULDWLRQV E\ ILQH
WXQLQJ WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DW YDULRXV OHYHOV VXFK DV FHOOXODU RUJDQLF DQG KROLVWLF V\VWHPV
IRU FRQWUROOLQJ ORQJWHUP SK\VLRORJLFDO IXQFWLRQDOLW\
6\QFKURQL]DWLRQ DQG FRRUGLQDWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW YLVFHUDO RUJDQV HQDEOLQJ WKH V\VWHP WR
IXQFWLRQ PRVW HIILFLHQWO\
7HPSRUDO FRPSDUWPHQWDOL]DWLRQ PHGLDWLQJ SRODU HYHQWV VXFK DV V\VWROH DQG GLDVWROH
LQVSLUDWLRQ DQG H[SLUDWLRQ ZRUN DQG UHVW ZDNLQJ DQG VOHHSLQJ ZKLFK FDQQRW KDSSHQ
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ WR RFFXU ERWK LQ DOWHUQDWLRQ DQG HIILFLHQWO\ LQ WKH VDPH SK\VLFDO VSDFH
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
7KH GLVFRYHU\ RI ELRUK\WKPLF SDWWHUQV DQG WKHLU SHUWXUEDWLRQ LV HVVHQWLDO QRW RQO\ IRU SURSHU
GLDJQRVLV DQG WUHDWPHQW RI SDWLHQWV VXIIHULQJ IURP YDULRXV GLVHDVHV EXW DOVR IRU GDLO\ KHDOWK
PDQDJHPHQW RI KHDOWK\ SHUVRQV 7KH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQ GHVFULEHV RXU VWXGLHV DQG WKH UHVXOWV
RI WKH ORQJWHUP PRQLWRULQJ RI YDULRXV ELRUK\WKPV
1WT 5VWFKGU
7KH QDWXUDO ZRUOG LV WHHPLQJ ZLWK F\FOLF SDWWHUQV DQG VHTXHQWLDO HYHQWV DQG ELRUK\WKPV DUH
NQRZQ WR EH LPSRUWDQW LQ WUHDWLQJ GLVHDVH DQG PDQDJLQJ KHDOWK +RZHYHU PRQLWRULQJ YLWDO
VLJQV FRQWLQXRXVO\ LQ D GDLO\ OLIH HQYLURQPHQW RYHU D ORQJ SHULRG LV D WHGLRXV WDVN LQGHHG
3HRSOH FDQ SXW XS ZLWK VXFK XQSOHDVDQW DVVLJQPHQWV ZLWKRXW PXFK FRPSODLQW RYHU D VKRUW
WLPH SHULRG LI WKH\ DUH RQ D FRXUVH RI WUHDWPHQW +RZHYHU LQ FDVHV ZKHUH WKH\ KDYH QR
REYLRXV V\PSWRPV DQG DUH DVNHG WR GR VR SXUHO\ IRU KHDOWK FDUH SXUSRVHV VXFK ERULQJ
GDLO\ GXWLHV ZLOO VRRQ FDXVH SHRSOH WR UXQ RXW RI SDWLHQFH
7KH SXUSRVHV RI RXU VWXGLHV ZHUH WZRIROG
7R GHYHORS FRQYHQLHQW ZD\V WR PRQLWRU YLWDO VLJQV WKDW ZHUH VXLWDEOH IRU XWLOL]DWLRQ LQ
GDLO\ OLIH HQYLURQPHQWV IRU DQ\ WLPH SHULRG ZLWKRXW PXFK GLVFRPIRUW WR WKH XVHU
7R DVVHVV ELRUK\WKPV WKURXJK YDULRXV PDWKHPDWLFDO DSSURDFKHV IURP WKH ODUJH DPRXQW
RI SK\VLRORJLFDO GDWD FROOHFWHG GDLO\ RYHU D ORQJ SHULRG
7ZR PRGHV RI VWXG\ PRGHO DUH SUHVHQWHG EHORZ 7KH ILUVW SDUW GHVFULEHV WKH GHWHFWLRQ RI
PXOWLSOH ELRUK\WKPV IURP D VLQJOH YLWDO VLJQ ZKLOH WKH VHFRQG SDUW UHSRUWV RQ WKH GHWHFWLRQ
RI D VLQJOH ELRUK\WKP IURP PXOWLSOH YLWDO VLJQV
&KUEQXGT[ QH OWNVKRNG DKQTJ[VJOU HTQO C UKPING XKVCN UKIP
0XOWLSOH ELRUK\WKPV DUH XVXDOO\ LQWHUZRYHQ ZLWKLQ DQ LGHQWLFDO YLWDO VLJQ 7KLV VHFWLRQ
GHVFULEHV WKH GHWHFWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW ELRUK\WKPV LH VOHHS SDWWHUQV EHKDYLRXUDO FKDQJHV DQG
PHQVWUXDO F\FOHV XVLQJ GLIIHUHQW PDWKHPDWLFDO DSSURDFKHV IURP KHDUW UDWH GDWD FROOHFWHG
GXULQJ VOHHS
&CVC EQNNGEVKQP
+HDUW UDWH GDWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG GXULQJ VOHHS XVLQJ WKH VFKHPH VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH 7KH VXEMHFW
VOHSW ZHDULQJ D ZULVWW\SH %OXHWRRWKHQDEOHG 6S2 VHQVRU 0RGHO 1RQLQ &RUS 86$
$ EHGVLGH ER[ VLWXDWHG QHDUE\ WKH EHG ZDV DOZD\V RQ VWDQGE\ ZDLWLQJ IRU WKH 6S2 VHQVRU
WR LQLWLDWH :KHQ WKH 6S2 VHQVRU ZDV VZLWFKHG RQ WKH %OXHWRRWK ZLUHOHVV FRQQHFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ WKH EHGVLGH ER[ DQG WKH 6S2 VHQVRU GHYLFH ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ :LWK
WKH KHOS RI WKH EHGVLGH ER[ +5 DQG 6S2 GDWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG IURP WKH 6S2 VHQVRU YLD WKH
%OXHWRRWK FRQQHFWLRQ DQG ZHUH WUDQVPLWWHG FRQWLQXRXVO\ WR D GDWDEDVH VHUYHU E\ DQ +773
FRQQHFWLRQ WKURXJK DQ $'6/ /$1 LQ WKH KRPH GXULQJ D JLYHQ VOHHS HSLVRGH :KHQ WKH
VXEMHFW URVH DQG UHPRYHG WKH VHQVRU LQ WKH PRUQLQJ WKH %OXHWRRWK FRQQHFWLRQ ZDV FORVHG
WKH EHGVLGH ER[ ZHQW LQWR VWDQGE\ PRGH DQG WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ SURFHGXUH ZDV WHUPLQDWHG
$OWKRXJK WKH VHQVRU FROOHFWHG ERWK +5 DQG 6S2 GDWD VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ RQO\ WKH +5 GDWD
ZHUH XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ $ VLQJOH QLJKW·V VDPSOH RI FROOHFWHG UDZ +5 GDWD LV VKRZQ LQ WKH
EODFN WUDFH LQ )LJXUH 7KH IUHTXHQW LQWHUUXSWLRQ RI QRLVH VSLNHV ZDV SHUKDSV GXH WR
PRYHPHQW DUWHIDFWV RU D PLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH WUDQVPLWWHG GDWD SDFNDJH 6XFK QRLVH KDV
WR EH VXSSUHVVHG EHIRUH ELRUK\WKP GHWHFWLRQ LV FRQGXFWHG
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
)LJ 6FKHPDWLF GUDZLQJ VKRZLQJ +5 DQG 6S2 GDWD FROOHFWLRQ GXULQJ VOHHS %\ DWWDFKLQJ
D %OXHWRRWKHQDEOHG 6S2 VHQVRU WR D ILQJHUWLS WKH QHDUE\ EHGVLGH ER[ HVWDEOLVKHG D
%OXHWRRWK FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK WKH VHQVRU DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DQG UHFHLYHG +5 DQG 6S2 GDWD IURP
WKH VHQVRU VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ 7KHVH GDWD ZHUH WUDQVPLWWHG FRQWLQXRXVO\ WR D GDWDEDVH VHUYHU
YLD DQ +773 FRQQHFWLRQ
)LJ 5DZ +5 GDWD WKLQ EODFN WUDFH DQG ILOWHUHG +5 GDWD EROG UHG WUDFH RYHU D VLQJOH
QLJKW·V VOHHS 5DZ GDWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG E\ D 6S2 VHQVRU IURP D ILQJHUWLS )LOWHUHG GDWD ZHUH
REWDLQHG E\ DSSO\LQJ D PHGLDQ ILOWHU DQG D 6DYLW]N\²*ROD\ VPRRWKLQJ ILOWHU
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
0QKUG UWRRTGUUKQP
8QOHVV DUUK\WKPLD RFFXUV WKH SUHPLVH RI VPRRWKLQJ LV WKDW WKH +5 YDULHV VORZO\ LQ QDWXUH
EXW LWV PHDVXUHPHQW LV RIWHQ FRQWDPLQDWHG E\ UDQGRP QRLVH RU RWKHU DUWHIDFWV $V VKRZQ LQ
WKH EODFN WUDFH LQ )LJXUH WKH PDLQ VRXUFH RI QRLVH LQ WKH UDZ PHDVXUHPHQW GXULQJ VOHHS LV
D VSLNHOLNH QRLVH
1RLVH VXSSUHVVLRQ ZDV LPSOHPHQWHG XVLQJ WZR GLJLWDO ILOWHUV LQ WZR VWHSV $ PHGLDQ ILOWHU
ZDV XVHG LQ WKH ILUVW VWHS WR UHPRYH WKH VSLNHOLNH QRLVH DQG D 6DYLW]N\²*ROD\ ILOWHU ZDV
XVHG LQ WKH VHFRQG VWHS WR VPRRWK WKH +5 SURILOH
7KH PHGLDQ ILOWHU ZDV D QRQOLQHDU GLJLWDO ILOWHULQJ WHFKQLTXH XVXDOO\ XVHG LQ WKH LPDJH
SURFHVVLQJ ILHOG WR UHPRYH VSHFNOH QRLVH DQG VDOWSHSSHU QRLVH IURP LPDJHV 7KH LGHD ZDV
WR UHSUHVHQW WKH VLJQDO E\ UHSODFLQJ DQ H[WUHPHO\ ODUJH RU VPDOO YDOXH ZLWK D UHDVRQDEOH
FDQGLGDWH YDOXH 7KLV LV UHDOL]HG XVLQJ D ZLQGRZ FRQVLVWLQJ RI DQ RGG QXPEHU RI GDWD 7KH
YDOXHV ZLWKLQ WKH ZLQGRZ ZHUH VRUWHG LQ QXPHULFDO RUGHU DQG WKH PHGLDQ YDOXH WKH
VDPSOH LQ WKH FHQWUH RI WKH ZLQGRZ ZDV VHOHFWHG DV WKH RXWSXW RI WKH ILOWHU
:KHQ WKH ZLQGRZ ZDV PRYHG DORQJ WKH VLJQDO WKH RXWSXW RI WKH PHGLDQ ILOWHU \ L DW D
PRPHQW L ZDV FDOFXODWHG DV WKH PHGLDQ YDOXH RI WKH LQSXW YDOXHV [ L FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH
PRPHQWV DGMDFHQW WR L UDQJLQJ IURP ²/ WR /
\ L PHGLDQ [ L / [ L / [ L [ L / [ L /
ZKHUH / LV WKH OHQJWK RI WKH ZLQGRZ
7KH 6DYLW]N\²*ROD\ ILOWHU ZDV XVHG WR VPRRWK WKH VLJQDO WKDW ZDV RXWSXWWHG IURP WKH
PHGLDQ ILOWHU 7KH 6DYLW]N\²*ROD\ ILOWHU VHJPHQWHG WKH VLJQDO DV IUDPHV XVLQJ D PRYLQJ
ZLQGRZ DQG DSSUR[LPDWHG WKH VLJQDO IUDPHV RQH E\ RQH XVLQJ D KLJKRUGHU SRO\QRPLDO
W\SLFDOO\ TXDGUDWLF RU TXDUWLF 6DYLW]N\ *ROD\
(DFK GLJLWDO ILOWHU RXWSXW ] L FDQ EH H[SUHVVHG E\ D OLQHDU FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKH QHDUE\ LQSXW
SRLQWV DV
Q5
] L ¦ F \ L N
N
N Q/
ZKHUH Q/ LV WKH QXPEHU RI SRLQWV RQ WKH OHIWKDQG VLGH RI WKH GDWD SRLQW L DQG Q5 LV WKH
QXPEHU RI SRLQWV RQ WKH ULJKWKDQG VLGH RI L
7KH 6DYLW]N\²*ROD\ ILOWHULQJ SURFHVV LV WR ILQG D SURSHU SRO\QRPLDO WR ILW DOO Q/Q5 SRLQWV
ZLWKLQ HDFK ZLQGRZ IUDPH RQ WKH OHDVWVTXDUHV PHDQLQJ DQG WR SURGXFH D ILOWHU RXWSXW ] L
DV WKH YDOXH RI WKDW SRO\QRPLDO DW SRVLWLRQ L
7R GHULYH ILOWHU FRHIILFLHQWV FN ZH FRQVLGHUHG ILWWLQJ D SRO\QRPLDO RI GHJUHH 0 LQ L QDPHO\
DDLDL D0L0 WR WKH YDOXHV \ïQ/\Q5 7KHQ ] ZLOO EH WKH YDOXH RI WKDW SRO\QRPLDO
DW L QDPHO\ D 7KH GHVLJQ PDWUL[ IRU WKLV SUREOHP LV
$LM L M L Q/ Q5 M 0
DQG WKH QRUPDO HTXDWLRQV IRU WKH SRO\QRPLDO FRHIILFLHQWV YHFWRU D >D D D D0@c LQ WHUPV
RI WKH LQSXW GDWD YHFWRU \ >\ïQ/\Q5@c FDQ EH ZULWWHQ LQ PDWUL[ QRWDWLRQ DV EHORZ
$ D \
7KH SRO\QRPLDO FRHIILFLHQWV YHFWRU D EHFRPHV
D $ 7
$ $
7
\
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
:H DOVR KDYH WKH VSHFLILF IRUPV
Q5 Q5
^$ 7
$ `
LM ¦$ NL $NM ¦N L M
N Q/ N Q/
DQG
Q5 Q5
^$ \`
7
M ¦ $NM \N ¦N M
\N
N Q/ N Q/
6LQFH WKH ILOWHU FRHIILFLHQW FN LV WKH FRPSRQHQW D ZKHQ \ LV UHSODFHG E\ WKH XQLW YHFWRU HN
ZH KDYH
FN ^ $ 7
$ $
7
HN ` ¦ ^ $
0
P
7
$
` P NP ²Q/ N Q5
:KHQ WKH ILOWHU FRHIILFLHQW YHFWRU F >FQ/«FQ5@ ZDV REWDLQHG XVLQJ (TXDWLRQ WKH VLJQDO
VKRZQ LQ WKH EODFN WUDFH LQ )LJXUH FRXOG EH VPRRWKHG XVLQJ (TXDWLRQ DQG WKH UHVXOW LV
WKH UHG WUDFH VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH
$IWHU WKHVH WZR ILOWHULQJ VWHSV WKH QRLVHVXSSUHVVHG +5 GDWD ZHUH XVHG IRU WKH GHWHFWLRQ RI
WKUHH GLIIHUHQW ELRUK\WKPV DV GHVFULEHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ WKUHH VHFWLRQV
5NGGR E[ENG GUVKOCVKQP
6OHHS LV FOLQLFDOO\ FODVVLILHG LQWR WZR GLVWLQFW VWDWHV WKH UDSLG H\H PRYHPHQW 5(0 VWDWH DQG
WKH QRQUDSLG H\H PRYHPHQW 15(0 VWDWH 7KH 15(0 VWDWH LV IXUWKHU GLYLGHG LQWR IRXU
VWDJHV ² LQGLFDWLQJ IRXU GHSWKV RI VOHHS IURP VKDOORZ WR GHHS :KHQ GULIWLQJ LQWR VOHHS D
QRUPDO VOHHS F\FOH PRYHV LQ D VHTXHQWLDO SURJUHVV IURP 6WDJH WKURXJK WR 6WDJH DQG WKHQ
6WDJH DQG RI 15(0 DQG ILQDOO\ WR WKH 5(0 VWDWH (DFK VOHHS F\FOH ODVWV IRU WR
PLQXWHV
'XULQJ WKH 5(0 VOHHS SHULRG UDSLG H\H PRYHPHQWV RFFXU IOXFWXDWLRQV LQ EUHDWKLQJ
PRYHPHQWV DQG KHDUWEHDW EHFRPH VHYHUH EORRG SUHVVXUH ULVHV DQG LQYROXQWDU\ PXVFOH
MHUNV ORVV RI PXVFXODU WRQH RFFXU +RZHYHU WKH EUDLQ LV KLJKO\ DFWLYH DQG DQ ((* XVXDOO\
UHFRUGV KLJK IUHTXHQFLHV DQG ORZ DPSOLWXGHV VLPLODU WR WKRVH UHFRUGHG GXULQJ WKH DZDNH
VWDWH 9LYLGO\ UHFDOOHG GUHDPV PRVWO\ RFFXU GXULQJ 5(0 VOHHS 7KHUH DUH WKUHH WR ILYH 5(0
HSLVRGHV SHU QLJKW 7KH\ RFFXU DW WKH HQG RI HDFK VOHHS F\FOH DQG DUH QRW DOZD\V FRQVWDQW LQ
OHQJWK UDQJLQJ IURP ILYH PLQXWHV WR RYHU DQ KRXU
15(0 VOHHS LV SK\VLRORJLFDOO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP 5(0 VOHHS DQG LV GUHDPOHVV $V WKH 15(0
VOHHS DGYDQFHV IURP 6WDJHV WR WKH ((* VLJQDO VKRZV D VORZHU IUHTXHQF\ DQG D KLJKHU
DPSOLWXGH %UHDWKLQJ DQG KHDUWEHDW EHFRPH VORZHU DQG PRUH UHJXODU WKH EORRG SUHVVXUH
DQG ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH GHFUHDVH DQG WKH VXEMHFW LV UHODWLYHO\ VWLOO
$ERXW ² RI VOHHS LV 15(0 VOHHS DQG DOPRVW KDOI RI WKH WRWDO VOHHS WLPH LV LQ 6WDJH
15(0 5(0 VOHHS HSLVRGHV DFFRXQW IRU ² RI WKH WRWDO VOHHS SHULRG 7KH UHODWLYH
DPRXQW RI 5(0 VOHHS YDULHV FRQVLGHUDEO\ ZLWK DJH $V DJH LQFUHDVHV WKH WRWDO VOHHS WLPH
EHFRPHV VKRUWHU OHDGLQJ WR VKRUWHU 15(0 VOHHS EXW QR VLJQLILFDQW FKDQJH LQ 5(0 VOHHS %\
FRQWUDVW LQIDQWV VSHQG DERXW KDOI RI WKHLU VOHHS WLPH LQ 5(0 VOHHS
5K\WKPLF DOWHUQDWLRQ RI 5(0 DQG 15(0 VWDWHV GXULQJ VOHHS LV UHIOHFWHG LQ GLIIHUHQW
SK\VLRORJLFDO DFWLYLWLHV VXFK DV H\H PRYHPHQW PXVFXODU WRQH HOHFWURHQFHSKDORJUDP
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
UHVSLUDWLRQ KHDUW UDWH EORRG SUHVVXUH DQG ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH 7KHVH IHDWXUHV DUH FOLQLFDOO\
GLVFHUQLEOH LQ D SRO\VRPQRJUDP PHDVXUHG E\ DWWDFKLQJ PRUH WKDQ VHQVRUV WR D VXEMHFW
7KLV VHFWLRQ GHVFULEHV D PHWKRG IRU HVWLPDWLQJ WKH F\FOLF SURSHUW\ RI VOHHS EDVHG RQ +5 RQO\
%HFDXVH YDULDWLRQ LQ +5 LQ WKH 5(0 VWDWH LV PXFK ODUJHU WKDQ WKDW LQ WKH 15(0 VWDWH
YDULDQFH RI WKH +5 ZDV XVHG DV D FULWHULRQ WR GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ 5(0 DQG 15(0 VOHHS
VWDWHV
7KH ZLQGRZHG ORFDO YDULDQFH :/9 PHWKRG LV XVHG H[WHQVLYHO\ LQ LPDJH SURFHVVLQJ IRU
HGJH GHWHFWLRQ DQG SDWWHUQ VHJPHQWDWLRQ %RFKHU 0F&OR\ D E /DZ &KXQJ
,W LV GHILQHG DV WKH YDULDQFH FRPSXWHG IRU SL[HO YDOXHV ZLWKLQ D ZLQGRZ RI VL]H Z u Z
IURP DJJUHJDWHG SL[HO GDWD
7KLV VWXG\ GHDOV ZLWK RQHGLPHQVLRQDO +5 GDWD VHTXHQFHV DQG GHILQHV WKH :/9L DW GDWD
SRLQW L DV VKRZQ LQ (TXDWLRQ
LZ
§ LZ ·
¦ [
¨¦ [M ¸
:/9L
Z¨ M L ¸
M
Z M L © ¹
ZKHUH Z LV WKH ZLQGRZ OHQJWK DQG [M LV WKH LQSXW GDWD ZLWKLQ WKH ZLQGRZ
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH QRLVHVXSSUHVVHG +5 GDWD LQ WKH UHG WUDFH DQG WKH HVWLPDWHG UHVXOW RI D
ELSKDVLF VOHHS F\FOH LQ WKH EOXH WUDFH 7KH ORZOHYHO SKDVH LQGLFDWHV WKH SHULRG ZLWK ORZHU
+5 SHUWXUEDWLRQ DQG WKH KLJKOHYHO SKDVH FRUUHVSRQGV WR D SHULRG ZLWK LQFUHDVHG +5
IOXFWXDWLRQ $OWKRXJK LW LV QRW \HW D FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW WKHUH LV D UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH 5(0²
15(0 F\FOH DQG WKH HVWLPDWHG ELSKDVLF F\FOH EHFDXVH QR FRQFRPLWDQW ((* ZDV UHFRUGHG LW
LV LQIHUUHG WKDW WKH ORZOHYHO SKDVH PD\ LPSO\ WKH 15(0 VWDWH ZKLOH WKH KLJKOHYHO SKDVH
UHIHUV WR WKH 5(0 VWDWH
$V VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH WKH SHULRG OHQJWK RI WKH KLJKOHYHO SKDVH JUDGXDOO\ LQFUHDVHG GXULQJ
WKH FRXUVH RI VOHHS LH LW ZDV VKRUW DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH VOHHS SHULRG DQG ORQJHU WRZDUGV
WKH HQG RI WKH VOHHS SHULRG D EHKDYLRXU VLPLODU WR WKH 5(0 VWDWH DOWKRXJK FRQILUPDWLRQ RI
WKLV LV UHTXLUHG IURP DQ ((*
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
+5 (VWLPDWHG 6OHHS &\FOH
6OHHS VWDWXV
+5 ESP
7LPH KK PP VV
)LJ +5 SURILOH RI D VLQJOH QLJKW·V VOHHS DQG WKH HVWLPDWHG VOHHS F\FOH 'DWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG
IURP D PDOH VWXGHQW LQ KLV WZHQWLHV 7KH UHG OLQH LV WKH SURILOH RI WKH QRLVHVXSSUHVVHG +5
7KH EOXH OLQH LV WKH HVWLPDWHG VOHHS F\FOH LQ ZKLFK WKH ORZOHYHO SKDVH LQGLFDWHV WKH SHULRG
ZLWK ORZ +5 SHUWXUEDWLRQ DQG WKH KLJKOHYHO SKDVH FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH SHULRG ZLWK PRUH
+5 IOXFWXDWLRQV
&GVGEVKQP QH EJCPIGU KP FCKN[ DGJCXKQWT
%HFDXVH ELRUK\WKPV DUH DIIHFWHG E\ HQGRJHQRXV DQG H[RJHQRXV IDFWRUV DQ\ FKDQJH LQ GDLO\
EHKDYLRXUDO SDWWHUQV FDQ EH UHIOHFWHG LQ ELRUK\WKPLF FKDQJHV 7KLV VWXG\ GHPRQVWUDWHV WKH
GHWHFWLRQ RI EHKDYLRXUDO FKDQJHV GXULQJ ZDNLQJ KRXUV E\ DSSO\LQJ WKH G\QDPLF WLPH
ZDUSLQJ '7: PHWKRG WR WKH +5 GDWD FROOHFWHG GXULQJ VOHHS :DWDQDEH &KHQ
'7: LV DQ DOJRULWKP XVHG WR PHDVXUH WKH VLPLODULW\ EHWZHHQ WZR GDWD VHTXHQFHV WKDW PD\
GLIIHU LQ OHQJWK :HOONQRZQ DSSOLFDWLRQV DUH LQ ILHOGV VXFK DV VSHHFK UHFRJQLWLRQ DQG
ZDONLQJ DQDO\VLV LQ ZKLFK GDWD VHTXHQFHV LQ HLWKHU FDVH JHQHUDOO\ YDU\ LQ WHPSRUDO VSDQ
DQG UK\WKPLF WHPSR
7KH DLP RI '7: LV WR ILQG WKH RSWLPDO DOLJQPHQW EHWZHHQ WZR JLYHQ GDWD VHTXHQFHV XQGHU
JLYHQ FULWHULD &RQVLGHU WZR JLYHQ GDWD VHTXHQFHV ZLWK YDULDEOH OHQJWK WKH UHIHUHQFH SDWWHUQ
5 ^UU0` ZLWK GDWD OHQJWK 0 DQG WKH WHVW SDWWHUQ 7 ^WW1` ZLWK GDWD OHQJWK 1 DV VKRZQ
LQ )LJXUH 7KH YDOXH RI HDFK EODFN GRW GLM LQGLFDWHV WKH GLIIHUHQFH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKH
UHIHUHQFH SDWWHUQ GDWD UL DQG WHVW SDWWHUQ GDWD WM DV GHVFULEHG E\ (TXDWLRQ
G LM L M UL WL L « 0 M « 1
7KXV D WZRGLPHQVLRQDO 1 u 0 GLVWDQFH PDWUL[ '1ð0 LV FRQVWUXFWHG ZKHUH WKH HOHPHQW GLM
LV WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKH LWK GDWD LQ WKH UHIHUHQFH SDWWHUQ DQG WKH MWK GDWD LQ WKH WHVW
SDWWHUQ
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
$V D VLPLODULW\ PHDVXUH WKH VKRUWHVW SDWK IURP WKH VWDUW WKH ORZHU OHIWKDQG FRUQHU RI WKH
GLVWDQFH PDWUL[ WR WKH HQG WKH XSSHU ULJKWKDQG FRUQHU RI WKH GLVWDQFH PDWUL[ RI WKH GDWD
VHTXHQFH PXVW H[LVW DPRQJ PXOWLSOH SRVVLEOH SDWKV
7KH VKRUWHVW SDWK LV GHWHUPLQHG XVLQJ WKH IRUZDUG G\QDPLF SURJUDPPLQJ DSSURDFK ZLWK D
PRQRWRQLFLW\ FRQVWUDLQW
3LM PLQ^G MN 3L N `
Nt M
+HUH 3LM GHQRWHV WKH GLVWDQFH IURP WKH LWK DQG MWK GDWD QRGH WR WKH WHUPLQDWLQJ QRGH
7KH RYHUDOO PLQLPXP GLVWDQFH ' 7 5 XVHG DV WKH VLPLODULW\ PHDVXUH IRU WZR SDWWHUQV D
VPDOOHU GLVWDQFH YDOXH LQGLFDWHV D KLJKHU VLPLODULW\ LV GHWHUPLQHG IURP
' 7 5 3
7KH 6OHHS ,QGH[ 6, LV REWDLQHG E\ QRUPDOL]LQJ ' 7 5 EHWZHHQ WKH YDOXHV RI DQG DV
EHORZ
6, ' 7 5 'PLQ 'PD[ 'PLQ
ZKHUH 'PLQ DQG 'PD[ LQGLFDWH WKH PLQLPXP DQG PD[LPXP VLPLODULW\ YDOXHV UHVSHFWLYHO\
7KH VPDOOHU WKH 6, YDOXH WKH PRUH UHJXODU WKH VOHHS LV
)LJ 7KH PLQLPXP GLVWDQFH WUDFH UHG OLQH IURP WKH EHJLQQLQJ WR WKH HQG RI WZR GDWD
VHTXHQFHV 7KH EODFN GRW LQGLFDWHV WKH GLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKH LWK GDWD LQ WKH UHIHUHQFH SDWWHUQ
DQG WKH MWK GDWD LQ WKH WHVW SDWWHUQ 7KH YDOXH RI WKH PLQLPXP GLVWDQFH ' 7 5 LV WKH VXP
RI DOO WKH EODFN GRWV DORQJ WKH UHG OLQH DQG LQGLFDWHV WKH VLPLODULW\ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR SDWWHUQV
7KH VPDOOHU WKH YDOXH RI ' 7 5 WKHQ WKH JUHDWHU WKH VLPLODULW\ LV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR SDWWHUQV
$OO WKH GDWD LQ WKH WZR GDWD VHTXHQFHV ZHUH FDOFXODWHG WR EXLOG D WZRGLPHQVLRQDO 1 u 0
GLVWDQFH PDWUL[ %HFDXVH WKH HQGSRLQW KDG FRQVWUDLQWV WKH JUH\FRORXUHG GRWV FDQ EH
LJQRUHG
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
7KH UHIHUHQFH SDWWHUQ ZDV FUHDWHG E\ VHOHFWLQJ RQH ZHHN·V XVXDO VOHHS GDWD DQG DYHUDJLQJ
WKHVH GDLO\ +5 SURILOHV DIWHU QRLVH VXSSUHVVLRQ DQG GDWD OHQJWK XQLILFDWLRQ 7KH GDLO\ 6,
YDOXH ZDV FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH GDLO\ +5 SURILOH DQG WKH UHIHUHQFH SDWWHUQ 7KH VPDOOHU WKH 6,
YDOXH WKH JUHDWHU WKH VLPLODULW\ ZDV EHWZHHQ WKH GDLO\ SDWWHUQ DQG WKH UHIHUHQFH SDWWHUQ
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH 6, YDOXH RYHU D SHULRG RI VHYHQ ZHHNV 6, YDOXHV OHVV WKDQ
LQGLFDWH WKDW GDLO\ VOHHS ZDV UHODWLYHO\ VWDEOH EXW WKUHH GD\V KDG 6, YDOXHV DERYH
7KHVH WKUHH GD\V ZHUH FRQILUPHG DV FRLQFLGLQJ ZLWK GDLO\ OLIH EHKDYLRXUDO FKDQJHV RU KHDY\
GULQNLQJ LQ \HDUHQG DQG 1HZ <HDU SDUWLHV 7KH +5 GDWD VKRZHG DQ LQFUHDVH DV D ZKROH DQG
D PDUNHG YDULDWLRQ SDWWHUQ RYHU WKHVH WKUHH GD\V VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW SHUKDSV WKH XVH RI DOFRKRO
VWLPXODWHG WKH V\PSDWKHWLF QHUYRXV V\VWHP DQG DFFHOHUDWHG WKH KHDUWEHDW
6OHHS ,QGH[
'DWH PPGG
'DWH PPGG
)LJ 9DULDWLRQ LQ 6, RYHU D SHULRG RI VHYHQ ZHHNV 7KH 6, YDOXH ZDV FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH
'7: PHWKRG IURP +5 GDWD FROOHFWHG IURP D PDOH VWXGHQW LQ KLV WZHQWLHV 7KH ORZHU WKH
YDOXH RI WKH EDU WKH KLJKHU WKH VLPLODULW\ ZDV ZKLFK LQ WXUQ LPSOLHV XVXDO GDLO\ EHKDYLRXU
7KH WKUHH KLJKHU UHG EDUV ZKRVH YDOXHV DUH JUHDWHU WKDQ LQGLFDWH WKH GD\V ZKHQ WKH
VXEMHFW KDG D KHDY\ LQWDNH RI DOFRKRO
'UVKOCVKQP QH VJG OGPUVTWCN E[ENG
7KH PHQVWUXDO F\FOH LV XVXDOO\ HVWLPDWHG IURP WKH RUDO EDVDO ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH %%7 LQ
FOLQLFDO SUDFWLFH +RZHYHU WDNLQJ GDLO\ RUDO PHDVXUHPHQWV LV LQFRQYHQLHQW IRU PRVW ZRPHQ
%\ FRQWUDVW WKHUH DUH PDQ\ FRQYHQLHQW ZD\V WR PHDVXUH +5 7KLV VWXG\ LQYHVWLJDWHG
ZKHWKHU WKH YDULDWLRQ LQ +5 PHDVXUHG GXULQJ VOHHS FRXOG UHYHDO PHQVWUXDO UK\WKPLFLW\ DV
RUDO %%7 GRHV
7KH PHQVWUXDO F\FOH ZDV HVWLPDWHG E\ IROORZLQJ WKUHH VWHSV FDOFXODWLRQ RI WKH +5 VWDWLVWLF
SURILOH SUHSURFHVVLQJ RI WKH SURILOH DQG DQDO\VLV RI WKH SURILOH UK\WKPLFLW\
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
7KH ILUVW VWHS ZDV WR FDOFXODWH WKH GDLO\ +5 PRGH YDOXH PRVW IUHTXHQW YDOXH IURP WKH
QRLVHVXSSUHVVHG +5 GDWD RYHU D VLQJOH QLJKW LH PRUH WKDQ +5 GDWD SRLQWV GXULQJ D
²KRXU VOHHS HSLVRGH 7KH VHFRQG VWHS KDG WZR WDVNV L WR VPRRWK WKH GDLO\ +5 PRGH
SURILOH XVLQJ D 6DYLW]N\²*ROD\ ILOWHU DQG LL WR UHPRYH DQ\ XOWUDVORZ EDVHOLQH GHYLDWLRQV
ZKLFK PD\ LPSO\ VHDVRQDO ELRUK\WKPLF FKDQJHV DQG UHPDLQ WR EH VWXGLHG IXUWKHU LQ GHWDLO
XVLQJ D PXOWLUDWH ILOWHULQJ DSSURDFK 7KH ILQDO VWHS ZDV WR HVWLPDWH WKH UK\WKPLFLW\ IURP WKH
GHWUHQGHG SURILOH RI WKH GDLO\ +5 PRGH YDOXH XVLQJ WKH FRVLQRU DQDO\VLV PHWKRG
7KH FRVLQRU DQDO\VLV PHWKRG LV RIWHQ XVHG WR HVWLPDWH ELRUK\WKPV ZLWK UHJXODU F\FOH OHQJWK
IURP ELRORJLFDO WLPH VHULHV GDWD 1HOVRQ HW DO 2XU DLP ZDV WR ORRN IRU WKH RSWLPDO
SDUDPHWHU VHW 0 $ Z M WR UHSUHVHQW WKH PHDVXUHG GDWD XVLQJ D FRVLQH IXQFWLRQ DV VKRZQ
LQ (TXDWLRQ
I WL 0 $ FRV ZWL M
ZKHUH WL UHSUHVHQWV WKH WLPH RI PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH LWK GDWD 0 LV WKH PHDQ OHYHO 0LGOLQH
(VWLPDWLQJ 6WDWLVWLF 2I 5K\WKP 0(625 RI WKH FRVLQH FXUYH $ LV WKH DPSOLWXGH RI WKH
IXQFWLRQ Z LV WKH DQJXODU IUHTXHQF\ UHFLSURFDO RI WKH F\FOH OHQJWK RI WKH FXUYH DQG M LV WKH
DFURSKDVH KRUL]RQWDO VKLIW RI WKH FXUYH
&RQVLGHULQJ WKH PHDVXUHPHQW RI \L WR EH WKH VXP RI I WL DW WLPH WL DQG WKH UHVLGXDO HUURU HL
\L 0 $ FRV ZWL M H L
7KH HUURUV HL ZHUH DVVXPHG WR EH LQGHSHQGHQW DQG QRUPDOO\ GLVWULEXWHG ZLWK D ]HUR PHDQ
YDOXH DQG D FRPPRQ UHVLGXDO YDULDQFH V
7KH WDVN ZDV WR ILQG WKH RSWLPDO SDUDPHWHU VHW 0 $ Z M WKDW EHVW ILWWHG WKH PHDVXUHPHQW
GDWD \L XVLQJ (TXDWLRQ DQG FRXOG EH UHDOL]HG XVLQJ WKH OHDVWVTXDUHV UHJUHVVLRQ PHWKRG
(TXDWLRQ ZDV UHZULWWHQ DV EHORZ
\L 0 $ FRV M FRV ZWL $ VLQ M VLQ ZWL H L
$VVLJQLQJ VXUURJDWH SDUDPHWHUV E J ZH REWDLQ
E $ FRV M DQG J $ VLQ M
[L FRV ZWL DQG ]L VLQ ZWL
6XEVWLWXWLQJ (TXDWLRQV DQG LQWR (TXDWLRQ ZH JHW
\L 0 E[L J]L H L
6XSSRVLQJ Z LQ (TXDWLRQ KDV EHHQ VXJJHVWHG SUHYLRXVO\ DQG \L LQ (TXDWLRQ
EHFRPHV D OLQHDU HTXDWLRQ RI 0 E DQG J 2QFH 0 E DQG J DUH FDOFXODWHG E\ DSSO\LQJ WKH
OHDVWVTXDUHV PHWKRG WR (TXDWLRQ WKH RSWLPDO SDUDPHWHU VHW 0 E J FDQ EH REWDLQHG
7KH UHVLGXDO VXP RI VTXDUHG 566 HUURU LV
Q
¦ > \ 0 E [ J]L @
566 L L
L
ZKHUH Q LV WKH GDWD OHQJWK
7R PLQLPL]H WKH YDOXH RI 566 (TXDWLRQ LV SDUWLDOO\ GLIIHUHQWLDWHG ZLWK UHVSHFW WR 0 E
DQG J 7KH IROORZLQJ QRUPDO VLPXOWDQHRXV HTXDWLRQV FDQ EH HVWDEOLVKHG
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
§ Q · § Q · Q
° Q0 ¨ ¦ [L ¸ E ¨ ¦ ]L ¸J ¦ \L
° ©L ¹ ©L ¹ L
°§ Q
· § Q
· § Q
· Q
®¨ ¦ [L ¸ 0 ¨ ¦ [L ¸ E ¨ ¦ [L ]L ¸J ¦ [L \L
°© L ¹ ©L ¹ ©L ¹ L
°§ Q
· § Q
· § Q
· Q
° ¨ ¦ ]L ¸ 0 ¨ ¦ [L ]L ¸ E ¨ ¦ ]L ¸J ¦ ]L \L
¯© L ¹ ©L ¹ ©L ¹ L
$IWHU WKH SDUDPHWHU VHW 0 E J LV GHULYHG IURP WKH VLPXOWDQHRXV HTXDWLRQV WKH YDOXH
RI 566 FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ (TXDWLRQ 7KH YDOXHV RI $ DQG M FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ
(TXDWLRQ DV EHORZ
$ E J
§J ·
M DUFWDQ¨ ¸
¨E ¸
© ¹
%HFDXVH WKH YDOXH RI 566 GHSHQGV RQ WKH SURSRVHG YDOXH RI Z WKH RSWLPDO YDOXH RI Z ZKLFK
KDV WKH PLQLPXP YDOXH RI 566 LV FKRVHQ DV WKH HVWLPDWHG F\FOH OHQJWK
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH +5 PRGH YDOXH DQG VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ SURILOHV RYHU D SHULRG RI VL[
PRQWKV XSSHU VXESORW DQG WKH PHQVWUXDO F\FOH HVWLPDWLRQ SURFHGXUH ORZHU VXESORW
7KH +5 GDWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG IURP D IHPDOH VXEMHFW LQ KHU WKLUWLHV GXULQJ GDLO\ VOHHS IURP
2FWREHU WR 0DUFK 7KH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ UDWH ZDV LH GD\V FROOHFWHG RXW RI D WRWDO
GD\ SHULRG 7KH VWDUWLQJ GDWHV RI WKH VXEMHFW·V PHQVWUXDWLRQ ZHUH UHFRUGHG E\ WKH
VXEMHFW DV 2FWREHU 1RYHPEHU 'HFHPEHU -DQXDU\ )HEUXDU\ 0DUFK DQG
0DUFK (DFK PHQVWUXDO F\FOH RYHU WKH VL[PRQWK SHULRG FRXOG EH GHGXFHG DV EHLQJ
DQG GD\V UHVSHFWLYHO\ DQG WKH DYHUDJH OHQJWK r WKH VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ RI WKH VHOI
UHFRUGHG PHQVWUXDO F\FOHV ZDV r GD\V
7KH GDLO\ +5 PRGH YDOXH DQG VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ ZHUH FDOFXODWHG IURP PRUH WKDQ
+5 GDWD SRLQWV GXULQJ WKH ²KRXU PHDVXUHPHQWV RI D VLQJOH QLJKW·V VOHHS HSLVRGH $V
VKRZQ LQ WKH XSSHU VXESORW RI )LJXUH WKH IOXFWXDWLRQ RI WKH UDZ +5 PRGH YDOXH SURILOH
093 VKRZV QR DSSDUHQW UHJXODULW\ DORQJ WKH WLPH D[LV
7KH ORZHU VXESORW VKRZV WKH VPRRWKHG +5 093 GDWD EROG EOXH OLQH REWDLQHG E\ DSSO\LQJ
WKH 6DYLW]N\²*ROD\ VPRRWKLQJ ILOWHU WR WKH UDZ +5 093 GDWD $ VORZ ZDQGHULQJ EDVHOLQH LQ
WKH VPRRWKHG +5 093 GDWD ZDV H[WUDFWHG XVLQJ WKH PXOWLUDWH ILOWHU DQG VXEWUDFWHG IURP WKH
VPRRWKHG +5 093 GDWD WR SURGXFH WKH GHWUHQGHG +5 093 GDWD GRWWHG EODFN OLQH 7KH
FRVLQRU DQDO\VLV PHWKRG ZDV XVHG WR FDOFXODWH WKH EHVW DSSUR[LPDWLRQ EROG UHG OLQH RI WKH
GHWUHQGHG +5 093 GDWD DQG WR REWDLQ WKH EHVWILWWHG PHQVWUXDO F\FOH OHQJWK RI GD\V
7KLV FRPSDUHV ZLWK WKH DYHUDJH VHOIUHFRUGHG PHQVWUXDO F\FOH OHQJWK RI GD\V LH WKH
PDWKHPDWLFDOO\ HVWLPDWHG PHQVWUXDO OHQJWK LQGXFHG DQ HVWLPDWLRQ HUURU RI ,W ZDV
REVHUYHG WKDW WKH WLPLQJ RI WKH VHOIUHFRUGHG PHQVWUXDWLRQ VWDUWLQJ GDWHV FRUUHVSRQGHG WR
WKH GHFUHDVH SKDVH LQ +5 093 GDWD DSSUR[LPDWHO\ D VLPLODU FKDUDFWHULVWLF ZKLFK LV VKRZQ
LQ %%7 ELSKDVLF GDWD
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
)LJ +5 PRGH YDOXH DQG VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ SURILOHV XSSHU VXESORW DQG PHQVWUXDO F\FOH
HVWLPDWLRQ SURFHGXUH ORZHU VXESORW 'DWD DUH SORWWHG EDVHG RQ WKH GD\E\GD\ GDWD DORQJ
WKH [D[LV 7KH \D[LV GHQRWHV +5 LQ XQLWV RI ESP ,Q WKH XSSHU VXESORW WKH GDWD PDUNHUV
´Rµ DQG YHUWLFDO EDUV ´_µ WHUPLQDWHG DW WKH XSSHU DQG ORZHU HQGV E\ VKRUW KRUL]RQWDO OLQHV
´µ VKRZ WKH PRGH YDOXHV PRVW IUHTXHQW YDOXHV DQG VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ RI WKH +5 GDWD LQ
GDLO\ VOHHS HSLVRGHV 6RPH VSRUDGLF GLVFRQWLQXLWLHV FDQ EH VHHQ DV QR GDWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG
GXULQJ WKRVH GD\V ,Q WKH ORZHU VXESORW WKH EROG EOXH OLQH VKRZV WKH VPRRWKHG SURILOH RI WKH
GDLO\ +5 PRGH YDOXHV DQG WKH EODFN GRWWHG OLQH VKRZV WKH GHWUHQGHG UHVXOW RI WKH
VPRRWKHG +5 PRGH YDOXHV 7KH UHG OLQH LV WKH FRVLQRUILWWHG UHVXOWV RI WKH EODFN GRWWHG OLQH
5HG FLUFOHV GHQRWH WKH PHQVWUXDWLRQ VWDUWLQJ GDWHV WKDW ZHUH VHOIUHFRUGHG E\ WKH VXEMHFW
7KH FRVLQRU DQDO\VLV PHWKRG GRHV QRW UHTXLUH WKDW WKH GDWD EH VDPSOHG DW HTXDO LQWHUYDOV
DQG LW DOVR WROHUDWHV LQFLGHQWV RI PLVVLQJ GDWD ,W SURYLGHV DQ DFFHVVLEOH PHDQV RI HVWLPDWLQJ
WKH SHULRGLF SURSHUW\ RI PHQVWUXDO F\FOHV +RZHYHU WKH FRVLQRU DQDO\VLV PHWKRG SRVWXODWHV
WKDW WKH GDWD VKRXOG EH UHDVRQDEO\ UHSUHVHQWHG LQ D GHWHUPLQLVWLF F\FOLF IRUP ZLWK D FRQVWDQW
SHULRG 7KLV SUHUHTXLVLWH PDNHV LW XQVXLWDEOH IRU WKRVH ZRPHQ ZLWK LUUHJXODU PHQVWUXDO
F\FOHV 7R GHDO ZLWK LUUHJXODU F\FOH FDVHV D KLGGHQ 0DUNRY PRGHO +00 EDVHG PHWKRG LV
SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH QH[W VHFWLRQ
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
&KUEQXGT[ QH C UKPING DKQTJ[VJO HTQO OWNVKRNG XKVCN UKIPU
7KLV VHFWLRQ GHVFULEHV WKH HVWLPDWLRQ RI D ELSKDVLF SURSHUW\ LQGLFDWLQJ RYXODWLRQ DQG
PHQVWUXDWLRQ SHULRGV LQ IHPDOH PHQVWUXDO F\FOHV E\ DSSO\LQJ WKH +00 PHWKRG WR WKUHH
W\SHV RI ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD WKH RUDO EDVDO ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH %%7 WKH VNLQ ERG\
WHPSHUDWXUH 6%7 DQG WKH FRUH ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH &%7
0HQVWUXDO F\FOH G\QDPLFV IURP RYXP SURGXFWLRQ WR GHYHORSPHQW PDWXUDWLRQ UHOHDVH DQG
IHUWLOL]DWLRQ DUH RQH RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW PHFKDQLVPV LQ PDLQWDLQLQJ IHPDOH PHQWDO DQG
SK\VLFDO ZHOOEHLQJ DV ZHOO DV UHSURGXFWLYH IXQFWLRQ 7KLV F\FOLF SKHQRPHQRQ LV PDUNHG E\
FKDQJHV LQ VHYHUDO SK\VLRORJLFDO DQG KRUPRQDO VLJQV 7KURXJKRXW WKH PHQVWUXDO F\FOH
FKDQJHV RFFXU LQ D YDULHW\ RI KRUPRQHV VXFK DV WKH OXWHLQL]LQJ IROOLFOH VWLPXODWLQJ
SURJHVWDWLRQDO OXWHDO DQG RHVWURJHQ IROOLFXODU KRUPRQHV DV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH 7KHVH
FKDQJHV DUH NQRZQ WR EH UHIOHFWHG E\ FKDQJHV LQ %%7 PHDVXUHPHQWV RU LQ WKH FKHPLFDO
FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH XULQDU\ PHWDEROLWHV RI RHVWURJHQ DQG SURJHVWHURQH FHUYLFDO PXFXV DQG
VDOLYD 6XQG/HYDQGHU HW DO
%%7
/+
+RUPRQH FKDQJH
/7+
%%7
)+
)6+
'DWH
0HQVWUXDWLRQ SHULRG 2YXODWLRQ SHULRG
)LJ %LSKDVLF SURILOH RI WKH EDVDO ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH %%7 DQG UHODWHG KRUPRQH FKDQJHV
GXULQJ D PHQVWUXDO F\FOH /+ DQG /7+ DUH WKH OXWHLQL]LQJ KRUPRQH DQG OXWHDO KRUPRQH
UHVSHFWLYHO\ DQG )+ DQG )6+ DUH WKH IROOLFXODU KRUPRQH DQG IROOLFOHVWLPXODWLQJ KRUPRQH
UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH PHQVWUXDWLRQ SHULRG LV LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH UHG GRWV DQG RYXODWLRQ GD\ LV
PDUNHG E\ WKH SLQN FLUFOH 'XULQJ WKH RYXODWLRQ SHULRG WKH VXUJH LQ /+ WULJJHUV WKH UHOHDVH
RI WKH RYXP ,I WKHUH LV QR FKDQFH RI IHUWLOL]DWLRQ RFFXUULQJ ZLWKLQ D SHULRG RI RQH GD\ WKH
RYXP ZLOO VKULQN DQG IRUP OXWHLQ FHOOV 7KH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI /7+ ZLOO LQFUHDVH DQG OHDG WR D
ULVH LQ %%7
,W LV SRVVLEOH WR FRUUHODWH KRUPRQDO VHFUHWLRQ ZLWK FKDQJHV LQ WKH JHQLWDO WLVVXHV GXULQJ D
QRUPDO PHQVWUXDO F\FOH E\ HPSOR\LQJ PRGHUQ ELRDVVD\ WHFKQLTXHV 7KUHH GLIIHUHQW PHWKRGV
ELRORJLFDO ELRFKHPLFDO DQG ELRSK\VLFDO KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG WR HOXFLGDWH WKH F\FOLF
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
SURSHUWLHV RI RYXODWLRQ GD\ DQG WKH PHQVWUXDWLRQ SHULRG GXULQJ PHQVWUXDO F\FOHV &ROOLQV
8ULQH DQG FHUYLFDO PXFXV H[DPLQDWLRQ PHWKRGV UHTXLUH FKHPLFDO UHDJHQWV DQG D
FRPSOLFDWHG RSHUDWLRQ 7KH VDOLYDU\ PHWKRG LV YXOQHUDEOH WR LQIOXHQFH IURP DOFRKRO VPRNH
DQG IRRG &HUYLFDO PXFXV DQG %%7 DUH UHSRUWHG WR EH WKH PRVW UHDGLO\ REVHUYDEOH
SDUDPHWHUV DPRQJ VHYHUDO SK\VLRORJLFDO DQG KRUPRQDO VLJQV 2ZHQ 5R\VWRQ
6WXGLHV RQ WKH FDXVH RI ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH FKDQJHV LQ ZRPHQ LQFOXGLQJ %%7 &%7 DQG
UHFWDO WHPSHUDWXUH FDQ EH WUDFHG EDFN WR WKH V 'DYLV )XJR /HH =XFN
&KDQJHV LQ ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH IURP ORZHU WR KLJKHU RU YLFH YHUVD DUH LQGLFDWLYH RI WKH
KRUPRQDO FKDQJHV WKDW OHDG WR RYXODWLRQ DQG PHQVWUXDWLRQ %HFDXVH WKH %%7 PHWKRG RQO\
UHTXLUHV UHJXODU RUDO WHPSHUDWXUH PHDVXUHPHQWV LPPHGLDWHO\ IROORZLQJ VOHHS LW LV QRZ
ZLGHO\ DFFHSWHG DV D SUDFWLFDO PHWKRG IRU HVWLPDWLQJ WKH PHQVWUXDO F\FOH +RZHYHU DV %%7
PHDVXUHPHQWV DUH HDVLO\ DIIHFWHG E\ DQ\ SKORJLVWLF LOOQHVV VXFK DV LQIOXHQ]D RU WRRWKDFKH
WKH ELSKDVLF SURSHUW\ LV RIWHQ DPELJXRXV DQG LW LV GLIILFXOW WR GHFLGH WKH WUDQVLWLRQ SRLQWV
IURP WKH WHPSHUDWXUH SURILOH E\ YLVXDO REVHUYDWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH WKH UHVXOW ODUJHO\ GHSHQGV RQ
LQGLYLGXDO NQRZOHGJH DQG D VXEMHFWLYH MXGJHPHQW ([WUHPH FDXWLRQ LV UHTXLUHG LQ WKH
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI %%7 GDWD ZKHQ HYDOXDWLQJ PHQVWUXDO F\FOH G\QDPLFV %DNHU 'ULYHU
0RJKLVVL
7KH DLPV RI WKLV VWXG\ ZHUH WZRIROG 7KH ILUVW ZDV WR H[DPLQH ZKHWKHU DQ +00EDVHG
PHWKRG ZDV DSSOLFDEOH IRU HVWLPDWLQJ WKH ELSKDVLF SURSHUW\ RI PHQVWUXDO F\FOHV 7KH VHFRQG
ZDV WR LQYHVWLJDWH ZKHWKHU WKH VDPH ELRUK\WKPLF VWRU\ FDQ EH WROG E\ GLIIHUHQW IRUPV RI
ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD ZKLFK DUH PHDVXUHG DW GLIIHUHQW WLPHV DW GLIIHUHQW VLWHV DQG XVLQJ
GLIIHUHQW WHFKQLTXHV
&CVC EQNNGEVKQP
7KUHH IRUPV RI ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG IURP HDFK VXEMHFW $V VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH
ERWK WKH 6%7 DQG WKH &%7 ZHUH FROOHFWHG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ E\ DWWDFKLQJ WZR VHQVRU GHYLFHV
42/ &R /WG RQ WZR VLGHV RI D GUDZHUV VWUDS GXULQJ VOHHS
7KH 6%7 GHYLFH RUDQJH HOOLSVH LQ )LJXUH ZDV SURJUDPPHG WR PHDVXUH WKH VNLQ ERG\
WHPSHUDWXUH DW PLQXWH LQWHUYDOV IURP PLGQLJKW WR DP 0HDVXUHPHQW RXWOLHUV DERYH
q& RU EHORZ q& GXH WR SRRU FRQWDFW RU PRYHPHQW DUWHIDFWV ZHUH DXWRPDWLFDOO\
GLVUHJDUGHG ,Q WKH HQG GDWD SRLQWV DW PRVW FDQ EH FROOHFWHG GXULQJ D VL[KRXU SHULRG
7KH FROOHFWHG WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD ZHUH HQFRGHG DV D WZRGLPHQVLRQDO EDU FRGH NQRZQ DV D
´4XLFN 5HVSRQVHµ 45 FRGH 'HQVR :DYH ,QF DQG GLVSOD\HG RQ DQ /&' ZLQGRZ $
PRELOH SKRQH EXLOWLQ FDPHUD ZDV XVHG WR FDSWXUH WKH 45 FRGH LPDJH )LJXUH D RQ WKH
GHYLFH GLVSOD\ PLGGOH F\FOH 2QFH WKH 45 FRGH ZDV FDSWXUHG RQ WKH PRELOH SKRQH )LJXUH
E WKH RULJLQDO WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD )LJXUH F ZHUH UHFRYHUHG IURP WKH FDSWXUHG
LPDJH DQG WUDQVPLWWHG WR D GDWDEDVH VHUYHU YLD +773 SURWRFRO WKURXJK D PRELOH QHWZRUN IRU
GDWD VWRUDJH DQG DQDO\VLV
7KH &%7 GHYLFH EODFN FXEH LQ )LJXUH ZDV GHYHORSHG XVLQJ WKH ]HURKHDWIORZ SULQFLSOH
.RED\DVKL HW DO 7RJDZD 1HPRWR 7RJDZD <DPDNDJH 1DPLNL
7KH GHYLFH PHDVXUHG WKH GHHS WLVVXH WHPSHUDWXUH DW IRXUPLQXWH LQWHUYDOV IROORZLQJ WKH
ILUVW UHDGLQJ ZKLFK ZDV REWDLQHG PLQXWHV DIWHU WKH GHYLFH ZDV VZLWFKHG RQ 7KLV ZDV WR
HQVXUH WKDW WKH KHDW IORZ ZDV EDODQFHG 7KH &%7 GDWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG XVLQJ WKH HOHFWUR
PDJQHWLF FRXSOLQJ PHWKRG HPSOR\LQJ D GRFNLQJ VWDWLRQ FRQQHFWHG WR D 3& YLD DQ 56
LQWHUIDFH
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
2UDO %%7 ZDV PHDVXUHG E\ LQVHUWLQJ D GLJLWDO WKHUPRPHWHU ´&µ 7HUXPR &RUS LQWR WKH
K\SRJORWWLV HDFK PRUQLQJ LPPHGLDWHO\ WKH VXEMHFW ZDNHV XS
0HQVWUXDWLRQ SHULRGV ZHUH UHFRUGHG E\ WKH VXEMHFW 2YXODWLRQ GD\V ZHUH H[DPLQHG DURXQG
WKH PLGGOH RI WKH PHQVWUXDO F\FOH XVLQJ D GLDJQRVWLF WHVW NLW ´'RWHVW /+µ 5RKWR
3KDUPDFHXWLFDO &R /WG ZKLFK LGHQWLILHG WKH FKDQJHV LQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI /+ ZKRVH
VHFUHWLRQ LQFUHDVHV VXGGHQO\ EHIRUH RYXODWLRQ LQ D ZRPDQ·V XULQH 7KH GD\ ZKHQ D SRVLWLYH
UHVXOW ZDV GHWHFWHG LQ WKH WHVW ZDV FRQVLGHUHG DV WKH RYXODWLRQ GD\
)LJ $ VFKHPDWLF GUDZLQJ RI WKH &%7 DQG 6%7 GDWD FROOHFWLRQ %RWK WKH &%7 DQG WKH 6%7
ZHUH PHDVXUHG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ E\ FOLSSLQJ WZR ZHDUDEOH GHYLFHV RQ D GUDZHUV VWUDS RQ WZR
VLGHV RI WKH VXEMHFW·V ZDLVW GXULQJ VOHHS 7KH EODFN FXELF GHYLFH ZDV XVHG IRU &%7 GDWD
FROOHFWLRQ 7KH RUDQJH HOOLSWLF GHYLFH ZDV XVHG WR GHWHFW WKH 6%7
)LJXUH VKRZV VDPSOH SURILOHV RI 6%7 DQG &%7 GDWD FROOHFWHG IURP D IHPDOH VXEMHFW LQ KHU
WKLUWLHV 7KH YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH DPSOLWXGH RI WKH 6%7 HYHQ GXULQJ VOHHS UHDFKHG q& ZKLOH
WKH YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH DPSOLWXGH RI WKH &%7 ZDV DERXW KDOI WKLV YDOXH 7KLV SKHQRPHQRQ LV
DOVR VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH 7KH GLIIHUHQW EHKDYLRXU RI WKH 6%7 DQG &%7 LV SHUKDSV GXH WR WKH
6%7 PHDVXUHPHQWV EHLQJ PXFK PRUH VHQVLWLYH WR WKH GHJUHH RI FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH VNLQ DQG
WKLV OHDGV WR PDQ\ PRUH DUWHIDFWV
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
)LJ $ QLJKW·V SURILOH RI WKH 6%7 EOXH OLQH DQG &%7 UHG OLQH PHDVXUHG GXULQJ VOHHS
7KH 6%7 GDWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG HYHU\ PLQXWHV DQG WKH &%7 GDWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG HYHU\ IRXU
PLQXWHV DIWHU REWDLQLQJ WKH ILUVW UHDGLQJ PLQXWHV DIWHU WKH GHYLFH ZDV WXUQHG RQ
&CVC CPCN[UKU
7KH ELSKDVLF SURSHUW\ RI ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH LQ D PHQVWUXDO F\FOH ZDV PRGHOOHG XVLQJ D
GLVFUHWH KLGGHQ 0DUNRY PRGHO +00 ZLWK WZR KLGGHQ SKDVHV D ORZHU WHPSHUDWXUH /7
SKDVH DQG D KLJKHU WHPSHUDWXUH +7 SKDVH DV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH
)LJ $ GLVFUHWH +00 ZLWK WZR KLGGHQ SKDVHV IRU PRGHOOLQJ WKH ELSKDVLF SURSHUW\ RI
ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH LQ D PHQVWUXDO F\FOH 7KH WHUP D/+ DQG VLPLODU WHUPV UHSUHVHQW WKH SKDVH
WUDQVLWLRQ SUREDELOLW\ IURP WKH /7 SKDVH WR WKH +7 SKDVH DQG YLFH YHUVD 7KH WHUP E/ N
GHQRWHV WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI D PHDVXUHPHQW GDWD SRLQW N FRPLQJ IURP WKH /7 SKDVH 7KH WHUP
E+ N GHQRWHV WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI D PHDVXUHPHQW GDWD SRLQW N FRPLQJ IURP WKH +7 SKDVH
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
7KH ELSKDVLF SURSHUW\ RI WKH ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH SURILOH ZDV HVWLPDWHG E\ ILQGLQJ WKH RSWLPDO
+00 SDUDPHWHU VHW O $%S WKDW GHWHUPLQHG WKH KLGGHQ SKDVH IURP ZKLFK HDFK GDWXP
DURVH 7KH SDUDPHWHU VHW RI DQ +00 LV DVVLJQHG UDQGRPO\ LQ WKH LQLWLDO FRQGLWLRQ DQG LV
RSWLPL]HG WKURXJK WKH IRUZDUG²EDFNZDUG LWHUDWLYH SURFHGXUH XQWLO 3 2_O WKH SUREDELOLW\
RI WKH PHDVXUHG WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD RULJLQDWLQJ IURP WKH +00 PRGHO ZLWK DQ DVVXPHG
SDUDPHWHU VHW O $%S FRQYHUJHV WR D VWDEOH PD[LPXP YDOXH RU XQWLO WKH DEVROXWH
ORJDULWKP RI WKH SUHYLRXV DQG FXUUHQW GLIIHUHQFH LQ 3 2_O LV QRW JUHDWHU WKDQ WKH YDOXH RI G
7KH DOJRULWKPV IRU FDOFXODWLQJ WKH IRUZDUG YDULDEOH D WKH EDFNZDUG YDULDEOH E DQG WKH
IRUZDUG²EDFNZDUG YDULDEOH J DUH VKRZQ LQ (TXDWLRQV WR
7KH IRUZDUG YDULDEOH DW L GHQRWHV WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI SKDVH TL DW WLPH W EDVHG RQ D SDUWLDO
REVHUYHG WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD VHTXHQFH 22«2W XQWLO WLPH W DQG FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ
WKH IROORZLQJ VWHSV IRU D JLYHQ VHW RI O $%S
D W L 3U 2 2 2W LW TL _ O
D L S L EL 2 d L d 1 W
ª 1
º
D W M «¦ D W L DLM »E M 2W d M d 1 W 7
¬L ¼
7KH EDFNZDUG YDULDEOH EW L GHQRWHV WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI SKDVH TL DW WLPH W EDVHG RQ D SDUWLDO
REVHUYHG WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD VHTXHQFH 2W2W«27 IURP WLPH W WR 7 DQG FDQ EH
FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH IROORZLQJ VWHSV IRU D JLYHQ VHW RI O $%S
EW L 3U 2W 2W 27 _ LW TL O
E 7 L d L d 1 W 7
1
E W L ¦ D E 2 E M
LM M W W d L d 1 W 7 7
M
7R ILQG WKH RSWLPDO VHTXHQFH RI KLGGHQ SKDVHV IRU D PHDVXUHG WHPSHUDWXUH VHTXHQFH 2
DQG D JLYHQ PRGHO O $%S WKHUH DUH PXOWLSOH SRVVLEOH RSWLPDOLW\ FULWHULD
&KRRVLQJ WKH SKDVHV TW WKDW DUH LQGLYLGXDOO\ PRVW OLNHO\ DW HDFK WLPH W LH PD[LPL]LQJ 3 TW
L_2O LV HTXLYDOHQW WR ILQGLQJ WKH VLQJOH EHVW SKDVH VHTXHQFH SDWK LH PD[LPL]LQJ
3 4_2O RU 3 42_O 7KH IRUZDUG²EDFNZDUG DOJRULWKP LV WKHQ DSSOLHG WR ILQG WKH RSWLPDO
VHTXHQFH RI SKDVHV TW DW HDFK WLPH W LH PD[LPL]H JW L 3 TW L_2O IRU D PHDVXUHG
WHPSHUDWXUH VHTXHQFH 2 DQG D JLYHQ SDUDPHWHU VHW O $%S
J W L 3 TW L _ 2 O
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
3 2 TW L _ O 3 2 TW L _ O
3 2 _ O 1
¦ 3 2 T
L
W L _ O
3 RR RW TW L _ O 3 RW RW R7 _ TW L O
1
¦ 3 R R R T
L
W W L _ O 3 RW RW R7 _ TW L O
D W L E W L
1
¦D L E L
W W
L
7KH PRVW OLNHO\ SKDVH TW
DW WLPH W FDQ EH IRXQG DV
TW
DUJ PD[>J W L @ d W d 7
d L d 1
7KHUH DUH QR H[LVWLQJ DQDO\WLFDO PHWKRGV WR RSWLPL]H O $%S VR WKDW 3 2_O RU 3 2,_O LV
O
DUJ PD[>3 2 _ O @ O
DUJ PD[>3 2 4 _ O @
XVXDOO\ PD[LPL]HG LH O RU O XVLQJ JUDGLHQW
WHFKQLTXHV DQG DQ H[SHFWDWLRQPD[LPL]DWLRQ PHWKRG ,Q WKLV VWXG\ WKH %DXP²:HOFK
PHWKRG ZDV XVHG EHFDXVH RI LWV QXPHULFDO VWDELOLW\ DQG OLQHDU FRQYHUJHQFH 5DELQHU
7R XSGDWH O $%S XVLQJ WKH %DXP²:HOFK UHHVWLPDWLRQ DOJRULWKP ZH GHILQHG WKH YDULDEOH
[W LM WR H[SUHVV WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI D GDWXP EHLQJ LQ SKDVH L DW WLPH W DQG SKDVH M DW WLPH W
JLYHQ WKH PRGHO SDUDPHWHU VHW DQG WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD VHTXHQFH DV
3 TW L TW M 2 _ O
[W L M 3 TW L TW M _ 2 O
3 2 _ O
)URP WKH GHILQLWLRQV RI WKH IRUZDUG DQG EDFNZDUG YDULDEOHV [W LM DQG JW L DUH UHODWHG DV
D W L DLM E M RW E W M D W L DLM E M RW E W M
[ W L M
3 2 _ O 1 1
¦¦D L D E R E M
W LM M W W
L M
1 1
J W L 3 TW L _ 2 O ¦ 3 T W L TW M _ 2 O ¦ [ L M
W
M M
7 7
¦ J L
W ¦ [ L M
W
ZKHUH W LQGLFDWHV WKH H[SHFWHG QXPEHU RI WUDQVLWLRQV IURP SKDVH L LQ 2 DQG W
LQGLFDWHV WKH H[SHFWHG QXPEHU RI WUDQVLWLRQV IURP SKDVH L WR SKDVH M LQ 2
7KHUHIRUH O $%S FDQ EH XSGDWHG XVLQJ (TXDWLRQV ² DV IROORZV
$V SL LV WKH LQLWLDO SUREDELOLW\ DQG LQGLFDWHV WKH H[SHFWHG IUHTXHQF\ QXPEHU RI WLPHV LQ
SKDVH L DW WLPH W SL J L LW FDQ EH XVHG WR FDOFXODWH WKH IRUZDUG DQG EDFNZDUG YDULDEOHV
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
D L E L D L E L
SL 1 1
¦ D L E L ¦ D L
7
L L
ZKHUH DLM LV WKH WUDQVLWLRQ SUREDELOLW\ IURP SKDVH L WR SKDVH M DQG FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG IURP WKH
H[SHFWHG QXPEHU RI WUDQVLWLRQV IURP SKDVH L WR SKDVH M GLYLGHG E\ WKH H[SHFWHG QXPEHU RI
WUDQVLWLRQV IURP SKDVH L
7 7
¦ [ L M ¦ D L D E R E M
W
W
W
W LM M W W
DLM 7 7
¦ J L W ¦ D L E L W W
W W
ZKHUH EM N LV WKH H[SHFWHG QXPEHU RI GDWD DULVLQJ IURP SKDVH M GLYLGHG E\ WKH H[SHFWHG
QXPEHU RI DOO PHDVXUHG GDWD DULVLQJ IURP SKDVH M DQG FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG E\
7
W
¦J M W
E M N
V W 2W R N
7
¦J M W
W
7KH LQLWLDO LQSXW TXDQWLWLHV DUH WKH NQRZQ GDWD 1 QXPEHU RI KLGGHQ VWDWHV 0 QXPEHU RI
GLVFUHWH WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD 7 QXPEHU RI WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD 2 V\PEROL]HG WHPSHUDWXUH
GDWD DQG WKH UDQGRPO\ LQLWLDOL]HG O $%S 2QFH WKH YDOXHV RI D E DQG J DUH FDOFXODWHG
XVLQJ (TXDWLRQV WR WKHQ O $%S LV XSGDWHG XVLQJ (TXDWLRQV WR HPSOR\LQJ
WKH QHZO\ REWDLQHG YDOXHV RI D E DQG J 7KH VHDUFK IRU WKH RSWLPDO SDUDPHWHU VHW ORSW LV
WHUPLQDWHG ZKHQ 3 2_O FRQYHUJHV WR D VWDEOH PD[LPXP YDOXH RU ZKHQ WKH DEVROXWH
ORJDULWKP RI WKH SUHYLRXV DQG FXUUHQW 3 2_O GLIIHUHQFH UHDFKHV G 7KXV WKH PRVW OLNHO\
SKDVH IURP ZKLFK D GDWXP LV REVHUYHG FDQ EH HVWLPDWHG XVLQJ (TXDWLRQ
4GUWNVU
7KH +00 DSSURDFK ZDV DSSOLHG WR WKUHH W\SHV RI ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD VHULHV %%7 &%7
DQG 6%7 ZKLFK ZHUH PHDVXUHG XVLQJ GLIIHUHQW WHFKQLTXHV RQ GLIIHUHQW VLWHV DQG DW GLIIHUHQW
WLPHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ )LJXUH VKRZV WKH VDPH VWRU\ RI IHPDOH ERG\ UK\WKPLFLW\ PHQVWUXDO
F\FOH DORQJ ZLWK GLIIHUHQW ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH PHDVXUHPHQWV DQG H[DPLQHV WKH DOJRULWKPLF
SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH ELSKDVLF SURSHUW\ HVWLPDWLRQ E\ FRPSDULQJ WKH PHQVWUXDWLRQ UHFRUGV
DQG RYXODWLRQ WHVW UHVXOWV
&OLQLFDOO\ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ SRLQW IURP WKH +7 WR WKH /7 SKDVH GXULQJ D ELSKDVLF PHQVWUXDO
F\FOH FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH PHQVWUXDWLRQ SHULRG DQG RYXODWLRQ VKRXOG RFFXU ZLWK D
FRLQFLGHQFH RI WKH WUDQVLWLRQ SRLQW IURP WKH /7 WR WKH +7 SKDVH LQ WLPH
$V VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH DPRQJ WKH VL[ PHQVWUXDWLRQ SHULRGV DQG ILYH GD\V RI RYXODWLRQ RYHU
VL[ PRQWKV WKH ELSKDVLF SURSHUW\ HVWLPDWHG IURP WKH %%7 GDWD FRLQFLGHG ZLWK DOO WKH
PHQVWUXDWLRQ SHULRGV DQG IRXU RXW RI ILYH RYXODWLRQ GD\V 7KH VLQJOH PLVPDWFK HUURU ZDV
RQH GD\ ODWHU LQ WKH HVWLPDWLRQ UHVXOW WKDQ WKH DFWXDO RYXODWLRQ GD\ 7KH ELSKDVLF SURSHUW\
GHULYHG IURP &%7 LGHQWLILHG DOO VL[ PHQVWUXDWLRQ SHULRGV DQG DOO ILYH RYXODWLRQ GD\V EXW
ZLWK HUURUV LQ WKUHH RXW RI ILYH RYXODWLRQV %HFDXVH D VHYHUH DUWHIDFW RFFXUUHG LQ WKH 6%7
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
PHDVXUHPHQWV SHUKDSV GXH WR SRRU FRQWDFW ZLWK VNLQ WKH GDLO\ YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH 6%7 GDWD
ZDV PXFK KLJKHU WKDQ WKDW LQ ERWK WKH &%7 DQG WKH %%7 GDWD 6L[ PHQVWUXDWLRQ SHULRGV
ZHUH LGHQWLILHG EXW WKUHH RXW RI ILYH RYXODWLRQV ZHUH PLVVHG LQ WKH 6%7 PHDVXUHPHQWV
2YHUDOO WKH EHVW HVWLPDWLRQ UHVXOW ZDV REWDLQHG IURP WKH %%7 PHDVXUHPHQWV 7KH &%7 GDWD
ZHUH WKH VHFRQG EHVW LQ SHUIRUPDQFH DQG WKH 6%7 GDWD VKRZHG WKH SRRUHVW UHVXOW
)LJ 0HDVXUHPHQW RI WKUHH W\SHV RI ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD 6%7 %%7 DQG &%7 DQG WKH
GHWHFWHG ELSKDVLF PHQVWUXDO F\FOHV RYHU D SHULRG RI VL[ PRQWKV 7KH %%7 6%7 DQG &%7 GDWD
DUH SORWWHG IURP WRS WR ERWWRP UHVSHFWLYHO\ DQG WKH GDWD DUH LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH EODFN PDUNHUV
´µ (DFK DGMDFHQW EOXH OLQH LQGLFDWHV WKH GHWHFWHG ELSKDVLF PHQVWUXDO F\FOHV 7KH
PHQVWUXDWLRQ SHULRGV GHQRWHG E\ WKH UHG VWDU ´
µ ZHUH UHFRUGHG E\ VXEMHFW 2YXODWLRQ GD\V
DUH GHQRWHG E\ WKH SLQN FLUFOH DQG ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ XVLQJ D FRPPHUFLDOO\ DYDLODEOH NLW
´'RWHVW /+µ XWLOL]LQJ WKH /+ VHFUHWLRQ WHVW 3K\VLRORJLFDOO\ WKH WUDQVLHQW SRLQW IURP WKH +7
WR WKH /7 SKDVH FRUUHVSRQGV WR D PHQVWUXDWLRQ SHULRG DQG WKH WUDQVLHQW SRLQW IURP WKH /7
WR WKH +7 SKDVH FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH RYXODWLRQ GD\
&KUEWUUKQP
&RVPLF DQG KRPLQLQH UK\WKPV H[LVW HWHUQDOO\ DQG XELTXLWRXVO\ LQ WKH WHPSRUDO DQG VSDWLDO
GRPDLQV 7KH UK\WKPLF QDWXUH LQ WKH XQLYHUVH LQIOXHQFHV HYHU\ DVSHFW RI DQLPDOV DQG SODQWV
FRPPHQFLQJ EHIRUH FRQFHSWLRQ DQG H[WHQGLQJ EH\RQG GHDWK 3DOPHU )RVWHU
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
.UHLW]PDQ $ ODUJH YROXPH RI DFDGHPLF XQGHUVWDQGLQJ KDV EHHQ GRFXPHQWHG LQ WKH
VFLHQWLILF OLWHUDWXUH 5HILQHWWL
%LRUK\WKPV DUH EXLOWLQ JHQHWLFDOO\ DQG KDYH HYROYHG QDWXUDOO\ WKURXJK DQ LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK
WKH KRVW·V HQYLURQPHQWDO IDFWRUV 7KH UDQJH RI ELRUK\WKP SHULRGV H[WHQGV IURP PLOOLVHFRQGV
WR PRUH WKDQ D \HDU ,QGLYLGXDO FORFN FHOOV H[LVW JHQHWLFDOO\ LQ PDQ\ SHULSKHUDO WLVVXHV DQG
RVFLOODWH VHPLDXWRQRPRXVO\ XQGHU WKH FRRUGLQDWLRQ RI WKH 6&1 LQ WKH DQWHULRU
K\SRWKDODPXV 6KLUDNDZD HW DO 7KXV D WLPHGHSHQGHQW DOWHUQDWLRQ RI KRPHRVWDVLV
IRU GLIIHUHQW HQGRFULQH SK\VLRORJLFDO DQG EHKDYLRXUDO IXQFWLRQV LV FRQWUROOHG E\ WKH 6&1
PDVWHU FORFN DQG WKH GHULYHG WLPH LQVWUXFWLRQ WR WKH SHULSKHUDO WLVVXHV VODYH FORFNV
WKURXJKRXW WKH ERG\ 'XQODS %LRUK\WKPLF IXQFWLRQV ZLWKLQ WKH KXPDQ ERG\
GHPRQVWUDWH GLIIHUHQW SHDN²WURXJK SHUIRUPDQFHV LQ GLIIHUHQW WLPH VORWV LQ WKH FRXUVH RI D
GD\ PRQWK DQG \HDU
+RZHYHU LQ PRVW FXUUHQW FOLQLFDO URXWLQHV ZKHQ D VDPSOH RI EORRG XULQH VDOLYD RU WLVVXH LV
WDNHQ RU ZKHQ RWKHU YLWDO VLJQV VXFK DV (&* EORRG SUHVVXUH DQG ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH DUH
PHDVXUHG WKH\ DUH HYDOXDWHG DV EHLQJ QRUPDO RU DEQRUPDO E\ VLPSO\ FRPSDULQJ WKHP ZLWK
D UDQJH RI YDOXHV REWDLQHG VWDWLVWLFDOO\ IURP D ODUJH SRSXODWLRQ ZLWKRXW DQ\ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI
ZKHQ WKH VDPSOH RU PHDVXUHPHQW ZDV WDNHQ EHFDXVH LW LV VXSSRVHG WKDW KXPDQ ERG\
IXQFWLRQV DUH EDVHG RQ D KRPHRVWDWLF SULQFLSOH DQG DUH WLPHLQGHSHQGHQW 7RXLWRX +DXV
7KLV GRFWULQH KDV EHHQ FULWLFL]HG LQ WKDW HYDOXDWLQJ D SDWLHQW·V EORRG SUHVVXUH XVLQJ D
VLQJOH UHDGLQJ WDNHQ GXULQJ DQ RIILFH YLVLW LV OLNH WU\LQJ WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH SORW RI D ILOP E\
ORRNLQJ DW D VLQJOH IUDPH +DOEHUJ
&LUFDGLDQ UK\WKPLF H[SUHVVLRQ RI PRVW V\PSWRPV LV NQRZQ WR ZRUVHQ DW QLJKW )RU H[DPSOH
DFXWH SXOPRQDU\ RHGHPD RFFXUV PRUH IUHTXHQWO\ DW QLJKW 0DQIUHGLQL HW DO $OOHUJLF
FRQGLWLRQV VXFK DV DVWKPD DOOHUJLF UKLQLWLV KD\ IHYHU DQG PHDVOHV DUH H[DFHUEDWHG DW QLJKW
GXULQJ VOHHS DQG LQ WKH HDUO\ PRUQLQJ FORVH WR ZDNLQJ XS FRPSDUHG ZLWK GXULQJ WKH GD\
6LPLODUO\ V\PSWRPV RI UKHXPDWRLG DUWKULWLV ZRUVHQ DW QLJKW DQG LPSURYH GXULQJ WKH GD\
%HOODP\ HW DO &XWROR HW DO +RZHYHU D UHYHUVH SDWWHUQ FDQ EH IRXQG LQ
PLJUDLQH DWWDFNV ZKLFK RFFXU PRUH RIWHQ LQ WKH PRUQLQJ LPPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU ZDNLQJ DQG
GHFUHDVH DW QLJKW 6RORPRQ
&LUFDQQXDO UK\WKPV KDYH DOVR EHHQ LGHQWLILHG LQ FRPPRQO\ XVHG ELRPDUNHUV LQ EORRG XULQH
DQG VDOLYD +DOEHUJ HW DO )RU H[DPSOH VSHUP FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LV ORZHVW LQ WKH VXPPHU
DQG KLJKHVW LQ WKH DXWXPQ DQG ZLQWHU /HYLQH 6HDVRQDO YDULDWLRQV LQ LPPXQH GHIHQFH
V\VWHPV LQFOXGLQJ DOO W\SHV RI OHXNRF\WHV KDYH EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG 7RXLWRX +DXV 6NLQ
WHQGV WR EH PRUH K\GUDWHG LQ WKH VXPPHU DQG GU\HU LQ WKH ZLQWHU ZKLFK LV OLQNHG WR DQ
LQFUHDVH LQ WKH LQFLGHQFH RI GHUPDWLWLV 0HKOLQJ )OXKU 7KH WUHDWPHQW UHFRPPHQGHG
IRU ´VXPPHU K\SHUWHQVLRQµ DQG ´ZLQWHU K\SHUWHQVLRQµ UHVSHFWLYHO\ PD\ EH RSSRVLWH
+DOEHUJ HW DO E ,Q DGGLWLRQ KXPDQ KDLU KDV EHHQ UHSRUWHG WR UHDFK D PD[LPXP JURZWK
UDWH LQ 6HSWHPEHU DQG D PLQLPXP UDWH LQ -DQXDU\ 5HLQEHUJ *KDWD
,OOQHVVHV GLVUXSW QRUPDO ELRUK\WKPV DQG LQIOXHQFH ELRUK\WKPLF SURSHUW\ SDUDPHWHUV
6LPLODUO\ D SHUWXUEDWLRQ LQ ELRUK\WKPLF SURSHUW\ SDUDPHWHUV UHIOHFWV D GHYLDWLRQ IURP
KHDOWK VWDWXV RU WKH LQFLGHQFH RI LOOQHVVHV
6LQFH WKH NLGQH\ LV D PDMRU RUJDQ RI PHWDEROLVP DQG GHWR[LILFDWLRQ XQGHUO\LQJ FLUFDGLDQ
HIIHFWV RQ GDLO\ ELRFKHPLFDO DQG SK\VLRORJLFDO SURFHVVHV SOD\ D NH\ UROH LQ PHWDEROLVP DQG
GHWR[LILFDWLRQ )RU H[DPSOH RQH RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW IXQFWLRQV RI DQWLGLXUHWLF KRUPRQH
$'+ LV WR UHJXODWH WKH ERG\·V UHWHQWLRQ RI ZDWHU ,WV UHOHDVH FDXVHV WKH NLGQH\V WR FRQVHUYH
ZDWHU WKXV FRQFHQWUDWLQJ WKH XULQH DQG UHGXFLQJ XULQH YROXPH 0RUH $'+ LV QRUPDOO\
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
VHFUHWHG DW QLJKW WKDQ GXULQJ WKH GD\ LQ KXPDQ EHLQJV FDXVLQJ GHFUHDVHG XULQH SURGXFWLRQ
GXULQJ WKH XVXDO VOHHS HSLVRGH +RZHYHU LQ ROGHU SHUVRQV RU SDWLHQWV ZLWK VSLQDO FRUG
LQMXULHV WKHUH LV D GLVWRUWHG GLXUQDO UK\WKPLF SDWWHUQ LQ $'+ VHFUHWLRQ 'HFUHDVHG QRFWXUQDO
VHFUHWLRQ RI $'+ FDXVHV LQFUHDVHG XULQH SURGXFWLRQ DW QLJKW QRFWXULD DQG LQWHUUXSWHG
VOHHS 7KHUHIRUH RFFXUUHQFH RI DQ DEQRUPDO VOHHSLQJ²ZDNLQJ SDWWHUQ LH IUHTXHQW VOHHS
GLVUXSWLRQ GXULQJ WKH QLJKW PD\ LPSO\ QRFWXULD DQG NLGQH\ GLVRUGHU 6]ROODU HW DO
5HFRJQL]LQJ ELRUK\WKPV DQG WKHLU FKDQJHV LV LPSRUWDQW LQ LQWHUSUHWLQJ DQG WUHDWLQJ GLVHDVH
7R LQYHVWLJDWH D ZLGH UDQJH RI YDULDWLRQV LQ ELRUK\WKPV DQG WKHLU DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ PHGLFLQH
DQG KHDOWK FDUH V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ DQ LQQRYDWLYH IUDPHZRUN EDVHG XSRQ VRXQG GHILQLWLRQV LQ
WKH ELRPHGLFDO HQJLQHHULQJ GRPDLQ LV LQGLVSHQVDEOH ,W UHTXLUHV QRW RQO\ QRYHO V\VWHPDWLF
WKHRU\ DQG PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU DVVHVVLQJ FRPSOLFDWHG LQWHUDFWLRQV RI WKH WLPHGHSHQGHQW
IDFWRUV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU GLVHDVH UK\WKPLFLW\ EXW DOVR LQYHQWLYH WRROV VXLWDEOH IRU GDLO\ XVH E\
ERWK PHGLFDO SURIHVVLRQDOV DQG D ODUJH SRSXODWLRQ RI XQWUDLQHG XVHUV
,W LV HVVHQWLDO WKDW UHOLDEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ ZLWK ILQH WHPSRUDO UHVROXWLRQ LV FROOHFWHG RYHU D
SHULRG ORQJ HQRXJK WR DOORZ REMHFWLYH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI DQ LQGLYLGXDO·V SHULRGLF
SKHQRPHQD 'HYHORSPHQW RI ELRLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQ DQG VHQVRU\ WHFKQRORJLHV WR GHWHFW YLWDO
VLJQV DQG ELRFKHPLFDO PDUNHUV WKDW GR QRW SUHVHQW DQ\ LQFRQYHQLHQFH DQG DUH VXLWDEOH IRU
XVH LQ GDLO\ VFHQDULRV LV RI SDUDPRXQW LPSRUWDQFH
0HDVXUHPHQW RI (&* RU +5 LV QRZ SRVVLEOH LQ YDULRXV GDLO\ OLIH VLWXDWLRQV :KHQHYHU D
SHUVRQ VLWV RQ D FKDLU /LP HW DO RU RQ D WRLOHW 7RJDZD HW DO VOHHSV RQ D EHG
.DZDUDGD HW DO &KHQ HW DO VLWV LQ D EDWKWXE 0L]XNDPL HW DO 7DPXUD HW
DO RU HYHQ WDNHV D VKRZHU )XMLL HW DO WKHQ WKH (&* DQG +5 GDWD FDQ EH
PRQLWRUHG ZLWKRXW DQ\ LQFRQYHQLHQFH RU GLVFRPIRUW
7KH VPDUW GUHVV ´ZHDOWK\ RXWILWµ ZHDYHV HOHFWURQLFV DQG IDEULFV WRJHWKHU WR GHWHFW WKH
ZHDUHU·V YLWDO VLJQV DQG WUDQVPLWV WKH GDWD ZLUHOHVVO\ WR D FRPSXWHU 7KH EXLOWLQ VHQVRUV
JDWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH ZHDUHU·V DFWLYLWLHV (&* DQG ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH 'HVSLWH KDYLQJ
QLQH HOHFWURGHV DQG FRQGXFWLYH OHDGV ZRYHQ LQWR LW WKH VXLW ORRNV FRPSOHWHO\ QRUPDO DQG LV
ZRUQ ZLWKRXW DQ\ GLVFRPIRUW 0DUFXOHVFX HW DO 5RVVL
7KH ZHOOQHVV PRELOH SKRQH ´6+LZµ KDV DOO WKH VWDQGDUG IHDWXUHV RI D PRELOH SKRQH EXW
DOVR DFWV DV D SHGRPHWHU D ERG\ IDW PHWHU DQG D SXOVH UDWH DQG EUHDWK JDV PRQLWRU
0RUHRYHU GDLO\ GDWD FDQ EH FROOHFWHG XVLQJ D EXLOWLQ JDPHOLNH DSSOLFDWLRQ 6KDUS &RUS
'R&R0R &RUS
6XFK LQQRYDWLRQV LQ VHQVRU\ LQVWUXPHQWDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV DQG SK\VLRORJLFDO GDWD FROOHFWLRQ
VFKHPHV DUH LQGLVSHQVDEOH IRU PRQLWRULQJ D ZLGH UDQJH RI ELRUK\WKPV LQ HYHU\GD\ OLYLQJ
HQYLURQPHQWV WKDW DUH RULHQWHG WR PRVWO\ XQWUDLQHG XVHUV 2WKHU NH\ IHDWXUHV VKRXOG LQFOXGH
]HUR DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ HDV\ PDQLSXODWLRQ DXWRPDWLF IDXOW UHFRYHU\ DQG WKH DEVHQFH RI
XQSOHDVDQWQHVV RU GLVWXUEDQFH WR HYHU\GD\ OLYLQJ WR DOORZ SHUSHWXDO VXVWDLQDEOH GDWD
FROOHFWLRQ 5HODWHG VWXGLHV FDQ EH FODVVLILHG LQWR WKUHH JURXSV LQYLVLEOH WHFKQRORJ\ WKDW
UHTXLUHV QR XVHU LQWHUYHQWLRQ GXULQJ RSHUDWLRQ ZHDUDEOH WHFKQRORJ\ WKDW FDQ EH ZRUQ DV LI D
SDUW RI WKH VXEMHFW·V XQGHUZHDU ZLWK OLWWOH GLVFRPIRUW DQG XELTXLWRXV WHFKQRORJ\ WKDW LV
EDVHG RQ PRELOH GHYLFHV IRU LQVWDQW XVDJH DW DQ\ WLPH DQG LQ DQ\ SODFH &KHQ HW DO
0RUHRYHU DXWRPDWLF DQG FRQWLQXRXV PRQLWRULQJ GXULQJ VOHHS DW QLJKW LV ZRUWK SD\LQJ
VSHFLDO DWWHQWLRQ WR EHFDXVH QRW RQO\ LV WKH VOHHSLQJ²ZDNLQJ F\FOH LPSRUWDQW LQ NHHSLQJ
ELRUK\WKPV LQ WXQH EXW DOVR PXFK UHOLDEOH SK\VLRORJLFDO GDWD FDQ EH REWDLQHG GXH WR IHZHU
PRYHPHQW DUWHIDFWV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH DWWHQXDWLRQ LQ VRPH ELRUK\WKPV GXULQJ VOHHS KHOSV WKH
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
GHFRXSOLQJ RI RYHUODSSLQJ PXOWLSOH ELRUK\WKPV DQG SRWHQWLDO PDVNLQJ IDFWRUV WKDW XVXDOO\
RQO\ DSSHDU GXULQJ GLXUQDO PHDVXUHPHQWV
)XUWKHU QRW RQO\ WKH WHPSRUDO DOWHUQDWLRQV LQ WKH GDLO\ DQG VHDVRQDO GRPDLQ EXW DOVR F\FOHV
RI PHWHRURORJLFDO DQG JHRJUDSKLFDO HYHQWV VXFK DV WKH VRODU ZLQG VXQ VSRWV DQG
JHRPDJQHWLF VWRUPV KDYH DQ LPSRUWDQW HIIHFW RQ KXPDQ ERG\ IXQFWLRQV +DOEHUJ HW DO
E :KLOH NHHSLQJ ZDWFK RYHU GLYHUVH ELRUK\WKPV QDWXUH·V FORFNV GR QRW RVFLOODWH LQ
LVRODWLRQ 6XEVWDQWLDO LPSURYHPHQWV LQ GDLO\ GDWD DJJUHJDWLRQ VKRXOG LQFOXGH FROOHFWLYH
LQIRUPDWLRQ VXFK DV PHWHRURORJLFDO HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG JHRJUDSKLFDO DVSHFWV DW WKH VDPH
WLPH DV WKH SK\VLRORJLFDO GDWD 7KLV ZLOO IDFLOLWDWH WKH GLVHQWDQJOLQJ RI GLYHUVH FDXVDO
SDWKZD\V RI PDQ\ HQGRJHQRXV DQG H[RJHQRXV IDFWRUV ZLWKLQ ELRUK\WKPV DV ZHOO DV WKH
LQWHUUHODWLRQVKLSV DPRQJ GLIIHUHQW ELRUK\WKPV DQG QDWXUDO UK\WKPV DFURVV WKH ZLGH UDQJH
RI WHPSRUDO DQG VSDWLDO IDFWRUV
7KH GLVFRYHU\ RI PRUH ELRUK\WKPV ODUJHO\ GHSHQGV RQ OHDUQLQJ KRZ WR WDNH IXOO DGYDQWDJH
RI WKH EURDG VSHFWUXP RI DFFXPXODWHG GDWD IURP D ODUJH SRSXODWLRQ RYHU D ORQJ SHULRG DQG
KRZ WR SHUIRUP PXOWLSOH PRGDOLWLHV RI GDWD IXVLRQ WKURXJK WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI VRXQG
PDWKHPDWLFDO PRGHOV DQG WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI UREXVW FRPSXWDWLRQDO DOJRULWKPV
$V KXPDQ EHLQJV HYROYH WKURXJK DQ LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK QDWXUH KXPDQ SK\VLRORJLFDO IXQFWLRQV
EHFRPH PRUH RUJDQL]HG DQG PRUH FRPSOLFDWHG 8QGHUO\LQJ ELRUK\WKPLF SURFHVVHV LQ
GLVHDVH PDQLIHVWDWLRQ DUH FRPSOH[ DQG PXOWLIDFHWHG $OWKRXJK KXPDQ EHLQJV KDYH QRZ
EHFRPH DFFXVWRPHG WR WKH KRXU OLJKW²GDUN F\FOH FLUFDGLDQ DQG RWKHU ELRUK\WKPLF
SDWWHUQV DUH LQWHUZRYHQ ZLWK HDFK RWKHU DQG KDYH EHHQ LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR D VLQJOH YLWDO VLJQ
RU ELRFKHPLFDO PDUNHU 7KHVH LQVLJKWV VXJJHVW WKDW WKH VHSDUDWH FRPSXWDWLRQDO PRGHOV WKDW
KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG IRU D VLQJOH ELRUK\WKP ZLOO KDYH WR EH LQWHJUDWHG IRU VROYLQJ PXOWLSOH
ELRUK\WKPV 7KH HPHUJLQJ ILHOG RI LQWHOOLJHQW GDWD PLQLQJ DQG DOJRULWKP GHYHORSPHQW IRU
LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI KLGGHQ ELRUK\WKPV DQG WKH VHSDUDWLRQ RI LQWHUODFHG PXOWLSOH ELRUK\WKPV
ZLOO FRPSOHPHQW HVWDEOLVKHG ZRUN LQ FKURQRUHODWHG PHGLFDO VFLHQFH
&KURQRSKDUPDFRORJ\ KHOSV WR H[SODLQ WKH ELRUK\WKP GHSHQGHQFLHV RI PHGLFDWLRQV
&RPSUHKHQVLYH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ LQWR ELRUK\WKPV FDQ DVVLVW XV WR V\QFKURQL]H WKH UK\WKPLF
YDULDWLRQ LQ LQGLYLGXDO SK\VLRORJLFDO IXQFWLRQV ZKLOH EHLQJ UHODWHG WR SKDUPDFRNLQHWLFV
ZKLFK ZLOO WHOO XV KRZ WKH ERG\ UHVSRQGV WR D GUXJ DQG WR SKDUPDFRG\QDPLFV ZKLFK ZLOO
WHOO XV KRZ WKH GUXJ DIIHFWV WKH ERG\ 5HGIHUQ /HPPHU
7UHDWPHQW LQ WKH HYHQLQJ LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK DQ HOHYDWLRQ LQ WKH FLUFDGLDQ DPSOLWXGH RI %3
ZKLFK LQ WXUQ PD\ LQGXFH LDWURJHQLF &+$7 LQ VRPH SDWLHQWV WKHUHE\ XQNQRZLQJO\
LQFUHDVLQJ WKH ULVN RI FDUGLRYDVFXODU GLVHDVH +DOEHUJ HW DO E ,W LV QRW ZLVH WR ORZHU
WKH ULVN RI K\SHUWHQVLRQ DQG LQVWHDG LQWURGXFH D KLJKHU ULVN RI &+$7 ZKLFK LV OLNH
DWWHQGLQJ WR RQH FRQGLWLRQ ZKLOH ZRUVHQLQJ DQRWKHU
$EQRUPDOLWLHV LQ WKH YDULDELOLW\ RI EORRG SUHVVXUH DQG VLPLODU VLJQV DUH GLIILFXOW WR ILQG LQ D
VSRUDGLF FOLQLFDO H[DPLQDWLRQ DQG WKH HIILFDF\ RI WUHDWPHQW LV GLIILFXOW WR RSWLPL]H E\ UHO\LQJ
RQ D VSRW FKHFN ZKLFK LV GULYHQ E\ FRQYHQLHQFH UDWKHU WKDQ SHUWLQHQFH ,QVWHDG WKURXJK
FKURQRELRORJ\ E\ LQWHUSUHWLQJ WKHLU FLUFDGLDQ RU SUHIHUDEO\ ORQJHU UK\WKPV LW LV SRVVLEOH WR
FRPSUHKHQG WKH FKDQJH RI UHODWHG LOOQHVVHV LQ GLIIHUHQW WHPSRUDO VFDOHV RYHU D GD\ RU RYHU
\HDUV DQG WR LQFUHDVH WKH LPSDFW RQ HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI D WUHDWPHQW WKURXJK VFKHGXOLQJ WKH
WLPH RI PHGLFDWLRQ
7KH RSWLPDO VWUDWHJ\ IRU FKURQRWKHUDS\ DQG DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RI WUHDWPHQW IRU GLVHDVHV
UHTXLUHV FODULILFDWLRQ RI HDFK PHGLFDWLRQ LQ WHUPV RI WKH EHVW WLPLQJ DQG GRVDJH VXFK DV
ZKHQ WKH GUXJ LV LQWHUDFWLQJ ZLWK WKH ERG\ PRVW HIILFLHQWO\ ZLWK WKH PD[LPXP SRVLWLYH
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
HIIHFW DQG WKH PLQLPXP DGYHUVH HIIHFW DQG ZKHQ WKH PRVW DSSURSULDWH DPRXQWV RI WKH GUXJ
VKRXOG EH GHOLYHUHG WR WKH GHVLUHG WDUJHW RUJDQ DORQJ D WHPSRUDO FRXUVH
7LPHGGHOD\ PHGLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ DQG DXWRPDWLF GUXJ GHOLYHU\ GHYLFHV SOD\ DQ LPSRUWDQW
UROH LQ WKH RSWLPDO LQGLYLGXDOL]DWLRQ RI D WUHDWPHQW /HPPHU 0DMRU DSSURDFKHV IRU
GUXJ GHOLYHU\ LQFOXGH RUDO SXOPRQDU\ DQG WUDQVGHUPDO URXWHV 0LFURFDSVXOHV LQJHVWHG E\
PRXWK FDQ WUDYHO IUHHO\ WKURXJKRXW WKH ERG\ VHHN WKH WDUJHW RUJDQ DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DQG
GHOLYHU WKHUDSHXWLF DJHQWV DW D GHVLUHG WLPH 2ULYH HW DO 0LFURQHHGOHV DQG HOHFWULF
ILHOGGULYHQ SRO\PHUV FDQ GLIIXVH WKHUDSHXWLF DJHQWV WR WDUJHW WLVVXHV IURP VFKHGXOHG
WHPSRUDO SURILOHV WKURXJK WKH VNLQ EDUULHU DV D PHDQV RI SHQHWUDWLQJ SODTXHV RQ YHVVHO ZDOOV
5HHG HW DO
3URPLQHQW DSSOLFDWLRQ RI ELRUK\WKPV LQ KHDOWK FDUH GLVHDVH SUHYHQWLRQ DQG GLDJQRVLV DV
ZHOO DV WKH WLPLQJ RI WUHDWPHQWV DQG GUXJ UHJLPHQV ZLOO JUDGXDOO\ PDWXUH DQG EH
H[WHQVLYHO\ UHFRJQL]HG WKURXJK GLOLJHQW HIIRUWV DQG LQWHQVH FROODERUDWLRQV DPRQJ PXOWLSOH
GLVFLSOLQHV
%QPENWUKQPU
+LVWRULFDO HQGHDYRXUV LQ WKH VWXG\ RI ELRUK\WKPV IURP ERWK WKH RULHQWDO DQG WKH RFFLGHQWDO
ZRUOGV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH DFKLHYHPHQWV RYHU WKH ODVW \HDUV DQG WKHLU DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ PHGLFLQH
DQG KHDOWK FDUH KDYH EHHQ EULHIO\ UHYLHZHG LQ WKLV FKDSWHU $ ZLGH UDQJH RI LQKHUHQW
ELRUK\WKP GLYHUVLW\ H[LVWV DQG LV VXEMHFW WR WKH LQIOXHQFH RI YDULRXV HQGRJHQRXV DQG
H[RJHQRXV DVSHFWV 7KH GHVWUXFWLRQ RU DV\QFKURQLVP RI ELRUK\WKPV ZLOO KDUP KXPDQ KHDOWK
/LNHZLVH DQ\ LQGLVSRVLWLRQ LQ KHDOWK ZLOO EH UHIOHFWHG LQ ELRUK\WKPLF IOXFWXDWLRQV 7R
LGHQWLI\ YDULRXV ELRUK\WKPV DQG WR IDFLOLWDWH WKHLU DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ PHGLFDO SUDFWLFH DQG GDLO\
OLIH FRQYHQLHQW PRQLWRULQJ DQG FRPSUHKHQVLYH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI ORQJWHUP SK\VLRORJLFDO
GDWD DUH LQGLVSHQVDEOH 2XU H[SORUDWLRQ KDV IRFXVHG RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI DGYDQFHG
VHQVRU\ WHFKQRORJ\ DQG GDWD PLQLQJ DOJRULWKPV 7KHVH GHYLFHV DUH VXLWDEOH IRU WKH
FRQWLQXRXV PRQLWRULQJ RI YLWDO VLJQV RYHU ORQJ SHULRGV LQ D GDLO\ OLIH HQYLURQPHQW 7KH
DOJRULWKPV GHYHORSHG IRU GLVFRYHULQJ D ZLGH UDQJH RI ELRUK\WKPV ZHUH FRQILUPHG XVLQJ
ORQJWHUP SK\VLRORJLFDO GDWD
7KURXJK DQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH LQWHUSOD\ DPRQJ ELRUK\WKP EHKDYLRXUV KHDOWK VWDWXV DQG
WKH LQWULQVLF WLPLQJ RI GLVHDVH GHYHORSPHQW D WUHDWPHQW VWUDWHJ\ VXFK DV GRVDJH DQG GRVLQJ
UHJLPHQ WR PD[LPL]H WKH WKHUDSHXWLF HIIHFWV JXDUDQWHH PHGLFDWLRQ VDIHW\ DQG PLQLPL]H
DGYHUVH HIIHFWV FDQ EH RSWLPL]HG XVLQJ DXWRPDWLF GUXJ GHOLYHU\ WHFKQRORJLHV ,Q DGGLWLRQ
KHDOWK FDUH SHUIRUPDQFH DQG HIILFLHQF\ FDQ EH DFKLHYHG E\ DGDSWLQJ KXPDQ DFWLYLW\ WR WKH
V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ RI RUJDQ SK\VLRORJLFDO IXQFWLRQV DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO DVSHFWV
#EMPQYNGFIGOGPVU
7KH DXWKRU WKDQNV FROOHDJXHV DQG VWXGHQWV IURP XQLYHUVLWLHV DQG FRPSDQLHV IRU FRZRUN LQ
WKH DERYH VWXGLHV DQG WKDQNV SDUWLFLSDQWV IRU WKHLU HQGXULQJ HIIRUWV LQ ORQJWHUP GDWD
FROOHFWLRQ 7KHVH VWXGLHV ZHUH VXSSRUWHG LQ SDUW E\ VHYHUDO ILQDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV IURP D 7KH
,QQRYDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ 'HYHORSPHQW 5HVHDUFK 3URJUDP XQGHU -67 -DSDQ 6FLHQFH DQG
7HFKQRORJ\ $JHQF\ JUDQW + E 0(;7 *UDQWV,Q$LG IRU 6FLHQWLILF 5HVHDUFK 1R
DQG F 7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI $L]X &RPSHWLWLYH 5HVHDUFK )XQGLQJ 3
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
4GHGTGPEGU
%DNHU ) & 'ULYHU + 6 &LUFDGLDQ UK\WKPV VOHHS DQG WKH PHQVWUXDO F\FOH 6OHHS
0HGLFLQH 9RO 1R SS
%DOVDOREUH $ %URZQ 6$ 0DUFDFFL / 7URQFKH ) .HOOHQGRQN & 5HLFKDUGW +0
6FKW] * 6FKLEOHU 8 5HVHWWLQJ RI &LUFDGLDQ 7LPH LQ 3HULSKHUDO 7LVVXHV
E\ *OXFRFRUWLFRLG 6LJQDOLQJ 6FLHQFH 9RO 1R SS
%HOODP\ 1 6RWKHUQ 5% &DPSEHOO - %XFKDQDQ :: 5K\WKPLF YDULDWLRQV LQ
SDLQ VWLIIQHVV DQG PDQXDO GH[WHULW\ LQ KDQG RVWHRDUWKULWLV $QQDOV RI WKH 5KHXPDWLF
'LVHDVHV 9RO SS
%LRFKDUW &RP %LRUK\WKPV +LVWRU\ KWWS ZZZELRFKDUWFRXNELRUK\WKPV
KLVWRU\VKWPO
%RFKHU 3 . 0F&OR\ . 5 D 7KH IXQGDPHQWDOV RI DYHUDJH ORFDO YDULDQFH SDUW ,
GHWHFWLQJ UHJXODU SDWWHUQV ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ ,PDJH 3URFHVVLQJ 9RO 1R SS
%RFKHU 3. 0F&OR\ . 5 E 7KH IXQGDPHQWDOV RI DYHUDJH ORFDO 9DULDQFHSDUW ,,
VDPSOLQJ VLPSOH UHJXODU SDWWHUQV ZLWK RSWLFDO LPDJHU\ ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ ,PDJH
3URFHVVLQJ 9RO 1R SS
&KHQ : =KX ; 1HPRWR 7 .DQHPLWVX < .LWDPXUD . <DPDNRVKL .
8QFRQVWUDLQHG GHWHFWLRQ RI UHVSLUDWLRQ UK\WKP DQG SXOVH UDWH ZLWK RQH XQGHU
SLOORZ VHQVRU GXULQJ VOHHS 0HGLFDO %LRORJLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ &RPSXWLQJ 9RO
1R SS ²
&KHQ : =KX ; 1HPRWR 7 :HL ' 7RJDZD 7 $ 6FDODEOH +HDOWKFDUH
,QWHJUDWHG 3ODWIRUP 6+,3 DQG .H\ 7HFKQRORJLHV IRU 'DLO\ $SSOLFDWLRQ 'DWD
0LQLQJ LQ 0HGLFDO DQG %LRORJLFDO 5HVHDUFK ,17(&+ 9LHQQD
$XVWULD SS
&KLUNRYD e 1 0DWKHPDWLFDO PHWKRGV RI GHWHFWLRQ RI ELRORJLFDO DQG
KHOLRJHRSK\VLFDO UK\WKPV LQ WKH OLJKW RI GHYHORSPHQWV LQ PRGHUQ KHOLRELRORJ\ $
SODWIRUP IRU GLVFXVVLRQ &\EHUQHWLFV DQG 6\VWHPV $QDO\VLV 9RO 1R SS
&KRX % - %HVFK ( / $ FRPSXWHU PHWKRG IRU ELRUK\WKP HYDOXDWLRQ DQG DQDO\VLV
%LRORJLFDO 5K\WKP 5HVHDUFK 9RO 1R SS
&ROOLQV : 3 2YXODWLRQ SUHGLFWLRQ DQG GHWHFWLRQ ,33) 0HG %XOO 9RO SS ²
&XWROR 0 6HULROR % &UDYLRWWR & 3L]]RUQL & 6XOOL $ &LUFDGLDQ UK\WKPV LQ
5$ $QQDOV RI WKH 5KHXPDWLF 'LVHDVHV 9RO SS
'DYLV 0 ( )XJR 1 : 7KH FDXVH RI SK\VLRORJLF EDVDO WHPSHUDWXUH FKDQJHV LQ
ZRPHQ - &OLQ (QGRFULQRO 9RO SS ²
'HQVR :DYH ,QF 45 FRGH KWWS ZZZGHQVRZDYHFRPTUFRGHDERXWTUHKWPO
'HVDL 9 * 0RODQG & / %UDQKDP : 6 'HORQJFKDPS 5 5 )DQJ + 'XII\ 3 +
3HWHUVRQ & $ %HJJV 0 / )XVFRH - & &KDQJHV LQ H[SUHVVLRQ OHYHO RI
JHQHV DV D IXQFWLRQ RI WLPH RI GD\ LQ WKH OLYHU RI UDWV 0XWDWLRQ 5HV 9RO 1R
SS
'R&R0R &RUS :HOOQHVV PRELOH SKRQH KWWS ZZZQWWGRFRPRFRMSSURGXFW
IRPDLVKLZLQGH[KWPO
'XQODS -& 0ROHFXODU %DVHV IRU &LUFDGLDQ &ORFNV ² 5HYLHZ &HOO 9RO SS ²
'XQODS -& /RURV -- 'HFRXUVH\ 3- &KURQRELRORJ\ %LRORJLFDO 7LPHNHHSLQJ
6LQDXHU $VVRFLDWHV ; 0DVVDFKXVHWWV 86$
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
(OOLRWW : - 7LPLQJ WUHDWPHQW WR WKH UK\WKP RI GLVHDVH $ VKRUW FRXUVH LQ
FKURQRWKHUDSHXWLFV 3RVWJUDGXDWH PHGLFLQH 9RO 1R SS
)RVWHU 5* .UHLW]PDQ / 5K\WKPV RI /LIH 7KH %LRORJLFDO &ORFNV WKDW &RQWURO WKH 'DLO\
/LYHV RI (YHU\ /LYLQJ 7KLQJ <DOH 8QLYHUVLW\ 1HZ +DYHQ 86$
)XMLL 0 'HPD + 8HGD 7 /LTXLG -HW (OHFWURGH DQG 6XUIDFH 3RWHQWLDO 'HWHFWRU
-DSDQHVH 3DWHQW 1R -3²$ 0DUFK
+DOEHUJ ) +DOEHUJ ( %DUQXP &3 %LWWQHU -- 3K\VLRORJLF KRXU SHULRGLFLW\
LQ KXPDQ EHLQJV DQG PLFH WKH OLJKWLQJ UHJLPHQ DQG GDLO\ URXWLQH ,Q :LWKURZ 5%
HG 3KRWRWSHULRGLVP DQG 5HODWHG 3KHQRPHQD LQ 3ODQWV DQG $QLPDOV (G 3XEO 1R
:DVKLQJWRQ '& SS
+DOEHUJ ) &KURQRELRORJ\ $QQ 5HY 3K\VLRO 9RO SS
+DOEHUJ ) 4XR YDGLV EDVLF DQG FOLQLFDO FKURQRELRORJ\ SURPLVH IRU KHDOWK
PDLQWHQDQFH $P - $QDW 9RO SS
+DOEHUJ ) /DJRJXH\ 0 5HLQEHUJ $ +XPDQ FLUFDQQXDO UK\WKPV RYHU D EURDG
VSHFWUXP RI SK\VLRORJLFDO SURFHVVHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO MRXUQDO RI FKURQRELRORJ\ 9RO 1R
SS
+DOEHUJ ) &RUQpOLVVHQ * 5K\WKPV DQG EORRG SUHVVXUH $QQ VW 6XSHU 6DQLWD
9RO 1R SS²
+DOEHUJ ) &RUQpOLVVHQ * .DWLQDV * 6\XWNLQD (9 6RWKHUQ 5% =DVODYVND\D 5
+DOEHUJ ) :DWDQDEH < 6FKZDUW]NRSII 2 2WVXND . 7DUTXLQL 5 )UHGHULFR 3
6LJJHORYD - 7UDQVGLVFLSOLQDU\ XQLI\LQJ LPSOLFDWLRQV RI FLUFDGLDQ ILQGLQJV
LQ WKH V -RXUQDO RI &LUFDGLDQ 5K\WKPV 9RO 1R SS
+DOEHUJ ) &RUQpOLVVHQ * .DWLQDV * 7YLOGLDQL / *LJRODVKYLOL 0 -DQDVKLD . 7RED
7 5HYLOOD 0 5HJDO 3 6RWKHUQ 5% :HQGW +: :DQJ = =HPDQ 0 -R]VD
5 6LQJK 5% 0LWVXWDNH * &KLELVRY 60 /HH - +ROOH\ ' +ROWH -(
6RQNRZVN\ 53 6FKZDUW]NRSII 2 'HOPRUH 3 2WVXND . %DNNHQ ((
&]DSOLFNL - WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %,2&26 *URXS D &KURQRELRORJ\·V SURJUHVV
3DUW , VHDVRQ
V DSSUHFLDWLRQV ² WLPH IUHTXHQF\ SKDVH YDULDEOH
LQGLYLGXDO DJH DQG VLWHVSHFLILF FKURQRPLFV - $SSO %LRPHG 9RO SS ²
+DOEHUJ ) &RUQpOLVVHQ * .DWLQDV * 7YLOGLDQL / *LJRODVKYLOL 0 -DQDVKLD . 7RED
7 5HYLOOD 0 5HJDO 3 6RWKHUQ 5% :HQGW +: :DQJ = =HPDQ 0 -R]VD
5 6LQJK 5% 0LWVXWDNH * &KLELVRY 60 /HH - +ROOH\ ' +ROWH -(
6RQNRZVN\ 53 6FKZDUW]NRSII 2 'HOPRUH 3 2WVXND . %DNNHQ ((
&]DSOLFNL - WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO %,2&26 *URXS E &KURQRELRORJ\·V SURJUHVV
3DUW ,, FKURQRPLFV IRU DQ LPPHGLDWHO\ DSSOLFDEOH ELRPHGLFLQH - $SSO %LRPHG 9RO
SS ²
+XIHODQG &: $UW RI 3URORQJLQJ /LIH KWWS ZZZDUFKLYHRUJGHWDLOV
DUWRISURORQJLQJOKXIHXRIW
.DW] * 'XUVW 5 =LVOLQ < %DUHO < .QREOHU + < 3V\FKLDWULF DVSHFWV RI MHW ODJ
UHYLHZ DQG K\SRWKHVLV 0HGLFDO +\SRWKHVHV 9RO SS
.DZDUDGD $ 1DPEX 0 7DPXUD 7 ,VKLMLPD 0 <DPDNRVKL . 7RJDZD 7
)XOO\ DXWRPDWHG PRQLWRULQJ V\VWHP RI KHDOWK VWDWXV LQ GDLO\ OLIH 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH
QG $QQXDO ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RI WKH ,((( (QJLQHHULQJ LQ 0HGLFLQH DQG %LRORJ\
6RFLHW\ 9RO SS ²
.RED\DVKL 7 1HPRWR 7 .DPL\D $ 7RJDZD 7 ,PSURYHPHQW RI 'HHS %RG\
7KHUPRPHWHU IRU 0DQ $QQDOV RI %LRPHGLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ 9RO SS
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
.RXNNDUL :/ 6RWKHUQ 5% ,QWURGXFLQJ %LRORJLFDO 5K\WKPV $ 3ULPHU RQ WKH
7HPSRUDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ RI /LIH ZLWK ,PSOLFDWLRQV IRU +HDOWK 6RFLHW\ 5HSURGXFWLRQ DQG WKH
1DWXUDO (QYLURQPHQW 6SULQJHU 1HZ <RUN 86$
.XPDU . 6ULYDVWDYD 0 0DQGDO 6 . $ 0XOWLYDULDWH 0HWKRG IRU WKH 3DUDPHWHU
(VWLPDWLRQ LQ %LRUK\WKPV %LRPHWULFDO -RXUQDO 9RO 1R SS ²
/DEUHFTXH * %HODQJHU 3 0 %LRORJLFDO UK\WKPV LQ WKH DEVRUSWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQ
PHWDEROLVP DQG H[FUHWLRQ RI GUXJV 3KDUPDFRO 7KHU 9RO 1R SS ²
/DZ 0:. &KXQJ $&6 :HLJKWHG /RFDO 9DULDQFH%DVHG (GJH 'HWHFWLRQ DQG
,WV $SSOLFDWLRQ WR 9DVFXODU 6HJPHQWDWLRQ LQ 0DJQHWLF 5HVRQDQFH $QJLRJUDSK\
,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ 0HGLFDO ,PDJLQJ 9RO 1R SS ²
/HH . $ &LUFDGLDQ WHPSHUDWXUH UK\WKPV LQ UHODWLRQ WR PHQVWUXDO F\FOH SKDVH - %LRO
5K\WKPV 9RO SS ²
/HPPHU % &KURQRSKDUPDFRORJ\ WLPH D NH\ LQ GUXJ WUHDWPHQW $QQ %LRO &OLQ
9RO 1R SS
/HPPHU % &KURQRELRORJ\ GUXJGHOLYHU\ DQG FKURQRWKHUDSHXWLFV $GY 'UXJ 'HOLY
5HY 9RO 1R SS
/HYLQH 5- 6HDVRQDO YDULDWLRQ RI VHPHQ TXDOLW\ DQG IHUWLOLW\ 6FDQG - :RUN (QYLURQ
+HDOWK 9RO 6XSSO SS
/LP <* .LP .. 3DUN .6 (&* PHDVXUHPHQW RQ D FKDLU ZLWKRXW FRQGXFWLYH
FRQWDFW ,((( 7UDQV %LRPHG (QJ 9RO 1R SS ²
0DQIUHGLQL 5 3RUWDOXSSL ) %RDUL % 6DOPL 5 )HUVLQL & *DOOHUDQL 0
&LUFDGLDQ 9DULDWLRQ LQ 2QVHW RI $FXWH &DUGLRJHQLF 3XOPRQDU\ (GHPD LV
,QGHSHQGHQW RI 3DWLHQWV
)HDWXUHV DQG 8QGHUO\LQJ 3DWKRSK\VLRORJLFDO &DXVHV
&KURQRELRORJ\ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 9RO 1R SS
0DUFXOHVFX ' 0DUFXOHVFX 5 3DUN 6 -D\DUDPDQ 6 5HDG\ WR ZHDU 6SHFWUXP
,((( 9RO 1R SS ²
0DUWKD 8 * 6HMQRZVNL 7 - %LRORJLFDO &ORFNV &RRUGLQDWHO\ .HHS /LIH RQ 7LPH
6FLHQFH 9RO SS
0HKOLQJ $ )OXKU -: &KURQRELRORJ\ ELRORJLFDO FORFNV DQG UK\WKPV RI WKH VNLQ
6NLQ 3KDUPDFRO 3K\VLRO 9RO 1R SS
0L]XNDPL + 7RJDZD 7 7R\RVKLPD 7 ,VKLMLPD 0 0DQDJHPHQW RI SDFHPDNHU
SDWLHQWV E\ EDWKWXE (&* 5HSRUW RI WKH ,QVWLWXWH IRU 0HGLFDO 'HQWDO (QJLQHHULQJ
7RN\R 0HGLFDO DQG 'HQWDO 8QLYHUVLW\ SS ²
0RJKLVVL . 6 3UHGLFWLRQ DQG GHWHFWLRQ RI RYXODWLRQ )HUWLO 6WHULO 9RO SS ²
0RVHU 0 )UXKZLUWK 0 3HQWHU 5 :LQNHU 5 :K\ OLIH RVFLOODWHV IURP D
WRSRJUDSKLFDO WRZDUGV D IXQFWLRQDO FKURQRELRORJ\ &DQFHU &DXVHV &RQWURO 9RO
1R SS
1DXPRYD (1 0\VWHU\ RI 6HDVRQDOLW\ *HWWLQJ WKH 5K\WKP RI 1DWXUH - 3XEOLF
+HDOWK 3ROLF\ 9RO 1R SS
1HOVRQ : 7RQJ </ /HH -. +DOEHUJ ) 0HWKRGV IRU FRVLQRUUK\WKPRPHWU\
&KURQRELRORJLD 9RO 1R SS
1HPRWR 7 7RJDZD 7 ,PSURYHG SUREH IRU D GHHS ERG\ WKHUPRPHWHU 0HGLFDO DQG
%LRORJLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ DQG &RPSXWLQJ 9RO 1R SS
1L 0 7KH <HOORZ (PSHURU
V &ODVVLF RI 0HGLFLQH $ 1HZ 7UDQVODWLRQ RI WKH 1HLMLQJ 6XZHQ
ZLWK &RPPHQWDU\ 6KDPEKDOD 0DVVDFKXVHWWV 86$
2KGR 6 &KURQRSKDUPDFRORJ\ )RFXVHG RQ %LRORJLFDO &ORFN 'UXJ 0HWDEROLVP DQG
3KDUPDFRNLQHWLFV 9RO 1R SS
www.intechopen.com
&KUEQXGT[ QH $KQTJ[VJOKE 5VQTKGU DGJKPF &CKN[ 8KVCN 5KIPU CPF +VU #RRNKECVKQP
2ULYH * +HUQiQGH] 50 *DVFyQ $5 &DODILRUH 5 &KDQJ 706 9RV 3 +RUWHODQR
* +XQNHOHU ' /DFtN , 3HGUD] -/ +LVWRU\ FKDOOHQJHV DQG
SHUVSHFWLYHV RI FHOO PLFURHQFDSVXODWLRQ 7UHQGV LQ %LRWHFKQRORJ\ 9RO 1R SS
2ZHQ - $ -U 3K\VLRORJ\ RI WKH PHQVWUXDO F\FOH $P - &OLQ 1XWU 9RO SS ²
3DOPHU -' 7KH /LYLQJ &ORFN 7KH 2UFKHVWUDWRU RI %LRORJLFDO 5K\WKPV 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVV 1HZ <RUN 86$
42/ &R /WG 5DQ·V 1LJKW KWWS UDQVQLJKWMS
5DELQHU / 5 $ WXWRULDO RQ KLGGHQ 0DUNRY PRGHOV DQG VHOHFWHG DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ
VSHHFK UHFRJQLWLRQ 3URF ,((( 9RO 1R SS ²
5HGIHUQ 3+ /HPPHU % &KURQRSKDUPDFRORJ\ 3K\VLRORJ\ DQG 3KDUPDFRORJ\ RI
%LRORJLFDO 5K\WKPV 6SULQJHU 1HZ <RUN 86$
5HHG 0/ :X & .QHOOHU - :DWNLQV 6 9RUS '$ 1DGHHP $ :HLVV /( 5HEHOOR .
0HVFKHU 0 6PLWK $-& 5RVHQEOXP : )HOGPDQ 0'
0LFURPHFKDQLFDO 'HYLFHV IRU ,QWUDYDVFXODU 'UXJ 'HOLYHU\ -RXUQDO RI 3KDUPDFHXWLFDO
6FLHQFHV 9RO 1R SS
5HILQHWWL 5 &LUFDGLDQ 3K\VLRORJ\ &5& QG HGLWLRQ )/ 86$
5HLQEHUJ $ *KDWD - %LRORJLFDO UK\WKPV :DONHU 1HZ <RUN 86$
5HSSHUW 60 :HDYHU '5 0ROHFXODU DQDO\VLV RI PDPPDOLDQ FLUFDGLDQ UK\WKPV
$QQX 5HY 3K\VLRO 9RO SS
5RVVL ' ' 5HDG\ WR ZHDU FORWKHV WKDW ORRN KLS DQG WUDFN \RXU YLWDO VLJQV WRR
KWWS ZZZZLUHGFRPWHFKEL]VWDUWXSVPDJD]LQHSVBVPDUWFORWKHV
:LUHG 0DJD]LQH 9RO 1R S
5R\VWRQ - 3 %DVDO ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH RYXODWLRQ DQG WKH ULVN RI FRQFHSWLRQ ZLWK
VSHFLDO UHIHUHQFH WR WKH OLIHWLPHV RI VSHUP DQG HJJ %LRPHWULFV 9RO SS ²
6DFUHG /RWXV $UWV 7KH 2ULJLQV RI 7UDGLWLRQDO &KLQHVH 0HGLFLQH KWWS
ZZZVDFUHGORWXVFRPWKHRU\\LQ\DQJFIP
6DYLW]N\ $ *ROD\ 0 - ( 6PRRWKLQJ DQG 'LIIHUHQWLDWLRQ RI 'DWD E\ 6LPSOLILHG
/HDVW 6TXDUHV 3URFHGXUHV $QDO\WLFDO &KHPLVWU\ 9RO 1R SS ²
6KDUS &RUS :HOOQHVV PRELOH SKRQH KWWS SOXVGLWPHGLDFRMSPRELOHDUWLFOHV
QHZVKWPO
6KLUDNDZD 7 +RQPD 6 +RQPD . 0XOWLSOH RVFLOODWRUV LQ WKH VXSUDFKLDVPDWLF
QXFOHXV &KURQRELRORJ\ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 9RO 1R SS
6PROHQVN\ 0 + /DEUHFTXH * &KURQRWKHUDSHXWLFV 3KDUPDFHXWLFDO 1HZV 9RO
SS
6PROHQVN\ 0 /DPEHUJ / 7KH %RG\ &ORFN *XLGH WR %HWWHU +HDOWK +RZ WR 8VH <RXU
%RG\
V 1DWXUDO &ORFN WR )LJKW ,OOQHVV DQG $FKLHYH 0D[LPXP +HDOWK +HQU\ +ROW DQG
&RPSDQ\ 1HZ <RUN 86$
6RORPRQ *' &LUFDGLDQ UK\WKPV DQG PLJUDLQH &OHYHODQG &OLQLF -RXUQDO RI 0HGLFLQH
9RO 1R SS
6WHWVRQ 0+ :DWVRQ:KLWP\UH 0 1XFOHXV VXSUDFKLDVPDWLFXV WKH ELRORJLFDO
FORFN LQ WKH KDPVWHU" 6FLHQFH 9RO 1R SS
6XQG/HYDQGHU 0 )RUVEHUJ & :DKUHQ / . 1RUPDO RUDO UHFWDO W\PSDQLF DQG
D[LOODU\ ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH LQ DGXOW PHQ DQG ZRPHQ D V\VWHPDWLF OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ
6FDQG - &DULQJ 6FL 9RO 1R SS
www.intechopen.com
4GEGPV #FXCPEGU KP $KQOGFKECN 'PIKPGGTKPI
6]ROODU 60 'XQQ ./ %UDQGW 6 )LQFKHU - 1RFWXUQDO SRO\XULD DQG DQWLGLXUHWLF
KRUPRQH OHYHOV LQ VSLQDO FRUG LQMXU\ $UFKLYHV RI 3K\VLFDO 0HGLFLQH DQG 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ
9RO 1R SS
7DPXUD 7 <RVKLPXUD 7 1DNDMLPD . 0LLNH + 7RJDZD 7 8QFRQVWUDLQHG
KHDUWUDWH PRQLWRULQJ GXULQJ EDWKLQJ %LRPHGLFDO ,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ 9RO
1R SS ²
7RJDZD 7 %RG\ WHPSHUDWXUH PHDVXUHPHQW &OLQ 3K\V 3K\VLRO 0HDV 9RO SS
7RJDZD 7 7DPXUD 7 =KRX - 0L]XNDPL + ,VKLMLPD 0 3K\VLRORJLFDO
PRQLWRULQJ V\VWHPV DWWDFKHG WR WKH EHG DQG VDQLWDU\ HTXLSPHQWV 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH
$QQXDO ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RI WKH ,((( (QJLQHHULQJ LQ (QJLQHHULQJ LQ 0HGLFLQH DQG
%LRORJ\ 6RFLHW\ 9RO SS ²
7RXLWRX < +DXV ( %LRORJLF 5K\WKPV LQ &OLQLFDO DQG /DERUDWRU\ 0HGLFLQH 6SULQJHU
1HZ <RUN 86$
7RXLWRX < +DXV ( $JLQJ RI WKH +XPDQ (QGRFULQH DQG 1HXURHQGRFULQH 7LPH
6WUXFWXUH $QQDOV RI WKH 1HZ <RUN $FDGHP\ RI 6FLHQFHV 9RO SS
7XUHN ) : $OODQGD 5 /LYHU KDV UK\WKP +HSDWRORJ\ 9RO SS ²
9DOORW - 6DUGRX * )DXUH 0 'H O
LQIOXHQFH GHV WDFKHV VRODLUHV VXU OHV DFFLGHQWV
DLJXV GHV PDODGLHV FKURQLTXHV *D]HWWH GHV +{SLWDX[ SS ²
9HLWK , 7KH <HOORZ (PSHURU
V &ODVVLF RI ,QWHUQDO 0HGLFLQH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &DOLIRUQLD
3UHVV &DOLIRUQLD 86$
:DNXGD < 1RGD $ 6HNL\DPD . +DVHJDZD < )XNXGD 7 %LRUK\WKP%DVHG
$ZDNHQLQJ 7LPLQJ 0RGXODWLRQ ,((( ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 5RERWLFV DQG
$XWRPDWLRQ SS ²
:DQJ +7 /HFWXUHV RQ ´7KH 0HGLFDO &ODVVLF RI (PSHURU +XDQJµ 3HRSOH
V 0HGLFDO
3XEOLVKLQJ +RXVH ;5 %HLMLQJ &KLQD
:DWDQDEH + &KHQ : 'HWHFWLRQ RI %LRUK\WKP &KDQJH IURP 3XOVH 5DWH 0HDVXUHG
GXULQJ 6OHHS 3URF RI WK -DSDQ 6RF 0( %( FRQIHUHQFH SS
:LNLSHGLD D $OH[DQGHU &KL]KHYVN\ KWWS HQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$OH[DQGHUB
&KL]KHYVN\
:LNLSHGLD E &LUFDGLDQ UK\WKP KWWS HQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL&LUFDGLDQBUK\WKP
:LNLSHGLD F -HDQ-DFTXHV G
2UWRXV GH 0DLUDQ KWWS HQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL-HDQ
-DFTXHVBG
2UWRXVBGHB0DLUDQ
:LNLSHGLD G 0HGLFDO &ODVVLF RI (PSHURU +XDQJ KWWS HQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL
+XDQJGLB1HLMLQJ
:LNLSHGLD H 6DQFWRULXV KWWS HQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL6DQFWRULXV
:LNLSHGLD I <LQ DQG \DQJ KWWS HQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL<LQB\DQJ
:LNLSHGLD J =KDQJ =KRQJMLQJ KWWS HQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL=KDQJB=KRQJMLQJ
;XDQ : <XDQ &6 %LHEHU (- %DXHU % 7H[WERRN RI &RPSOHPHQWDU\ DQG
$OWHUQDWLYH 0HGLFLQH QG (GLWLRQ ,QIRUPD +HDOWK&DUH /RQGRQ 8.
<DPDNDJH 0 1DPLNL $ 'HHS WHPSHUDWXUH PRQLWRULQJ XVLQJ D ]HURKHDWIORZ
PHWKRG -RXUQDO RI $QHVWKHVLD 9RO 1R SS
=KDQJ &- ;X *4 =RQJ 4+ &RPPHQWDULHV RI 0HGLFDO &ODVVLF RI (PSHURU +XDQJ
3HRSOH
V 0HGLFDO 3XEOLVKLQJ +RXVH 5 %HLMLQJ &KLQD
=XFN 7 7 7KH UHODWLRQ RI EDVDO ERG\ WHPSHUDWXUH WR IHUWLOLW\ DQG VWHULOLW\ LQ ZRPHQ
$P - 2EVWHW *\QHFRO 9RO SS ²
www.intechopen.com
Recent Advances in Biomedical Engineering
Edited by Ganesh R Naik
ISBN 978-953-307-004-9
Hard cover, 660 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 01, October, 2009
Published in print edition October, 2009
The field of biomedical engineering has expanded markedly in the past ten years. This growth is supported by
advances in biological science, which have created new opportunities for development of tools for diagnosis
and therapy for human disease. The discipline focuses both on development of new biomaterials, analytical
methodologies and on the application of concepts drawn from engineering, computing, mathematics, chemical
and physical sciences to advance biomedical knowledge while improving the effectiveness and delivery of
clinical medicine. Biomedical engineering now encompasses a range of fields of specialization including
bioinstrumentation, bioimaging, biomechanics, biomaterials, and biomolecular engineering. Biomedical
engineering covers recent advances in the growing field of biomedical technology, instrumentation, and
administration. Contributions focus on theoretical and practical problems associated with the development of
medical technology; the introduction of new engineering methods into public health; hospitals and patient care;
the improvement of diagnosis and therapy; and biomedical information storage and retrieval. The book is
directed at engineering students in their final year of undergraduate studies or in their graduate studies. Most
undergraduate students majoring in biomedical engineering are faced with a decision, early in their program of
study, regarding the field in which they would like to specialize. Each chosen specialty has a specific set of
course requirements and is supplemented by wise selection of elective and supporting coursework. Also, many
young students of biomedical engineering use independent research projects as a source of inspiration and
preparation but have difficulty identifying research areas that are right for them. Therefore, a second goal of
this book is to link knowledge of basic science and engineering to fields of specialization and current research.
The editor would like to thank the authors, who have committed so much effort to the publication of this work.
How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Wenxi Chen (2009). Discovery of Biorhythmic Stories behind Daily Vital Signs and Its Application, Recent
Advances in Biomedical Engineering, Ganesh R Naik (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-004-9, InTech, Available from:
http://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-biomedical-engineering/discovery-of-biorhythmic-
stories-behind-daily-vital-signs-and-its-application
InTech Europe InTech China
University Campus STeP Ri Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai
Slavka Krautzeka 83/A No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China
www.intechopen.com
51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Phone: +385 (51) 770 447 Phone: +86-21-62489820
Fax: +385 (51) 686 166 Fax: +86-21-62489821
www.intechopen.com
Related docs
Other docs by fiona_messe
Activity dependent regulation of the dopamine phenotype in the adult substantia nigra prospects for treating parkinson s disease
Views: 1 | Downloads: 0
Thruster modeling and controller design for unmanned underwater vehicles uuvs
Views: 0 | Downloads: 0
A simulator for helping in design of a new active catheter dedicated to coloscopy
Views: 1 | Downloads: 0
Electrostrictive polymers as high performance electroactive polymers for energy harvesting
Views: 3 | Downloads: 0
