II Urban encroachment on agricultural land
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ENHANCING FOOD SECURITY IN
GREATER CAIRO THROUGH
SUSTAINABLE DESERT
DEVELOPMENT
By
Adli Bishay
FOOD CRISIS IN EGYPT
Global Factors
1) Bio‐Diesel from Crops.
2) Climate Change.
3) Rising Transportation Costs.
4) Change in Domestic Food Consumption.
5) Export Restrictions.
FOOD CRISIS IN EGYPT
Domestic Factors
I.Population increase
Year Population Area of agricultural Individuals share
(millions) land(m. acres) (acres)
1897 9.7 4.9 0.5
1966 33.2 6.0 0.18
1970 38.2 6.12 0.16
1990 55.0 7.20 0.13
2004 71.0 7.80 0.11
2008 78.6 8.432 0.107
2009 80.0 8.5 0.10
FOOD CRISIS IN EGYPT
Domestic Factors (cont.)
II ‐ Urban encroachment on agricultural land
~ 45,000 acres are lost in Egypt annually to
urban encroachment
III‐ Changing domestic dietary habits
A growing middle class associated with
upgrading economic status changes dietary
preferences.
FOOD CRISIS IN EGYPT
Domestic Factors (cont.)
IV‐Dramatic increases in global prices
resulted in growing attractiveness
for Egyptian producers to sell their
agricultural commodities to foreign
markets.
High Pre‐ and Post‐ Harvest Losses
of
Food Agriculture in Egypt
Conventional agricultural marketing
systems are dominated by traders
and middlemen, resulting in high
rates of pre‐ and post‐ harvest
losses and spoilage.
High Pre‐ and Post‐ Harvest Losses
of
Food Agriculture in Egypt (cont.)
This is due to
1. Inflexibility of the applied traditional
marketing systems.
2. Scarcity of contract farming.
3. Limited attention to pre‐and post‐
harvest practices.
Pre‐ and Post‐ Harvest
in Egypt
Losses:
> 30% in vegetables and fruit
> 20% in legumes and cereals
Quality Deterioration:
leads to reduced prices ( increases
farmers' losses)
Efforts needed to reduce
losses
Technical:
1)developing plant varieties capable of
enduring marketing, transportation
and storage.
2)developing and dissemination of
improved pre‐and post‐harvest
practices.
Efforts needed to reduce
losses (cont.)
Investment :
Developing marketing systems and
facilities.
Institutional & legal:
Promote expansion and success of
contract farming
Water Resources in Egypt
(billion meters cube / year)
Source 2002 /2003 2005/2006 2008/2009
Share from Nile water 55.5 55.5 55.5
Ground Water 5 5.9 6.6
Treated agricultural waste 4.4 5.3 7.8
Treated municipal waste 0.7 1.1 1.8
Rain & Floods 1 1.1 1.3
Sea Water desalination 0 0.06 0.06
Total 66.6 68.96 73.06
Water Consumption
(billion meters cube / year)
Sector 2002/2003 2005/2006 2008/2009
Agriculture 57.8 59 60.5
Evaporation losses 2.1 2.1 2.1
Drinking & Domestic 5.4 6.5 9
Uses
Industry 1.1 1.15 1.25
River Navigation 0.2 0.2 0.2
Total 66.6 68.95 73.05
Average Individual’s share of water
(past, present & future)
Year Average Individual’s Change in Individual’s
share of water (m³/year) share(%)compared to 1947
1947 2604 (plentiful water) --
1960 1893 ‐27.3
1970 1713 (water sufficiency) ‐34.2
1986 1138 ‐56.3
1996 936 (water scarcity) ‐64.1
2003 860 ‐67
2025 (expected) 582 (water poverty) ‐77.6
The Integrated approach
THE AUC/ DDC INTEGRATED
APPROACH
In addition to the Integrated Approach :
A. Advocating that a desert should be treated
as a desert (no outside manure or silt added
to the soil)
B. Desert development should be based on a
balance of appropriate indigenous methods
with modern technologies.
THE AUC/ DDC INTEGRATED
APPROACH (cont.)
C. Any trials for improving productivity should be
environmentally compatible with desert
conditions and economically replicable.
D. The use of renewable energy techniques.
E. Applying sprinkler and drip irrigation techniques
instead of flood irrigation.
Now, more than thirty years later, I am still a
believer of this AUC/ DDC approach!!
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
∗ In order to achieve Sustainable development
i.e. environmentally sound development for
our future generations, a balance should be
reached between economic development,
human development, resource management
and environmental protection.
Parameters for Sustainable Development
SUSTAINABLE DESERT
DEVELOPMENT
we have to work with the boundaries of :
∗Water scarcity
∗Energy limitation
∗Population increase
∗Food security
SUSTAINABLE DESERT DEVELOPMENT
(cont.)
∗In addition , we have to consider :
1.The possible effect of global warming .
2.Problems facing graduates (allocated 5‐6
acres each) .
3.Lack of integrated water management within
a certain basin.
What do we propose ?
∗ Create viable multipurpose communities in the desert
∗ Create Holding Companies to run these multipurpose
communities
Mission of Holding Company
∗To help solve the problems of the delta
migrants, unemployed or allocated 5‐6
acres graduates and small investors
∗To work towards achieving sustainable
development and enhancing food
security.
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