1997 Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises (SMOBE)
Asians and Pacific Islanders
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
SMOBE Overview
Provides only comprehensive source of data on minority-owned business enterprises. Data needed to evaluate the extent and growth of business ownership and to provide a framework for assessing and directing private and government programs.
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
History
SMOBE first conducted in 1969 in response to
executive order.
Incorporated into the economic census in 1972.
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Scope and Coverage
Virtually all nonfarm businesses with greater than $1,000 in receipts
• Full coverage of corporations was added in 1997. • Prior to 1997 only subchapter S corporations,
partnerships, and sole proprietorships were included.
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Scope and Coverage
Race and Ethnicity
• Definitions for race and ethnicity defined by
OMB Federal Directive 15, issued 1978
Race American Indian or Alaska Native Asian or Pacific Islander Black White Ethnicity Hispanic Origin Not of Hispanic Origin
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Scope and Coverage
Gender • For the 1997 survey, gender was defined as:
Male Female Equally male and female Other (includes publicly held, foreign-owned, and not for profit businesses)
Business Unit • Company
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Publications
1997 products were released starting March 2001. Seven Publications • Women released • Black released • Hispanic released • Asians and Pacific Islanders released • American Indians and Alaska Natives released • Minority Summary • Company Summary
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Improvements for 1997
Inclusion of all corporations Ownership based on race, ethnicity, and gender of 51% or greater Improved sample design Addition of equally male- and female-owned category for gender State by 2-digit SIC data available
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Improvements for 1997
Fully inclusive estimates • In reports prior to 1997, estimates for minorityowned business enterprises for a part of the sample could not be allocated by industry and geography and were, therefore, not included in the detailed tables of the reports. For 1997, the estimates for all levels of the data include all firms owned by the race and ethnic groups presented.
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
•
Improvements for 1997
Separate publication for American Indians and Alaska Natives Separate publication for Asians and Pacific Islanders Data tabulated by firm in each industry and geography Company Summary report Data free on internet Improved CD-ROM software
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Growth of Asian- and Pacific IslanderOwned Firms
The number of Asian- and Pacific Islander-owned firms grew 30% from 1992 to 1997. • The number of all U.S. firms grew 7%. The receipts of Asian- and Pacific Islander-owned firms grew 68%. • The receipts of all U.S. firms grew 40%.
(Includes sole proprietorships, partnerships, and subchapter S corporations)
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Percent Distribution of All U.S. Firms by Industry Division: 1997
Industries not classified 7% Agricultural services, forestry, fishing, and mining 3% Construction 11%
Manufacturing 3% Transportation, communications, and utilities 4% Services 43% Wholesale trade 4%
Finance, insurance, and real estate 11%
Retail trade 14%
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Percent Distribution of Asian- and Pacific IslanderOwned Firms by Industry Division: 1997
Agricultural services, forestry, fishing, and mining 1% Industries not classified 10% Manufacturing 3% Transportation, communications, and utilities 4% Wholesale trade 6%
Construction 3%
Retail trade 21% Services 44%
Finance, insurance, and real estate 8%
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Percent of Asian- and Pacific Islander-Owned Firms and Receipts by Minority Group: 1997
Asian Indian 18% 22%
Chinese
28% 35%
Filipino
9% 4%
Japanese
9% 14%
Korean
15% 15%
Firms Receipts
Vietnamese
11% 3%
Other Asian
8% 6%
Native Hawaiian
2% 1%
Other Pacific Islander
0% 1%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Asian- and Pacific Islander-Owned Firms as a Percent of Total Firms in State: 1997
Percent of Total
10.0 or greater (2) 5.0 to 9.9 (5) 1.0 to 4.9 (33) less than 1.0 (11)
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Average Receipts Per Firm by Industry Division for Asian- and Pacific Islander-Owned Firms Compared to All U.S. Firms: 1997
All industries 891 336 386 102 405 270 5,839 1,246 1,287 150 5,352 2,093 917 347 1,147 166 294 167 42 121 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 All Asian and Pacific Islander
Agricultural services, forestry, fishing, and mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Transportation, communications, and utilities
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services
Industries not classified
(Thousands of dollars) Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Asian- and Pacific Islander-Owned Firms and Receipts as a Percent of All U.S. Firms and Receipts by Industry Division: 1997
All Industries Agricultural services, forestry, fishing, and mining Construction
4.4% 1.7% 2.2% 0.6% 1.2% 0.8% 3.4% 0.7% 4.1% 0.5% 6.3% 2.5% 6.8% 2.6% 3.1% 0.4% 4.6% 2.6% 6.1% 17.8% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0% 16.0% 18.0% 20.0% Firms Receipts
Manufacturing Transportation, communications and utilities Wholesale trade
Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services
Industries not classified
0.0%
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Five States With Largest Number of Asian- and
Pacific Islander-Owned Firms
California - 316,048 New York - 123,258 Texas - 60,226 Hawaii - 50,634 New Jersey - 41,432
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Five MAs With Largest Number of Asian- and Pacific Islander-Owned Firms
Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA - 114,462 New York, NY - 101,814 Orange County, CA - 44,840 Honolulu, HI - 39,252 San Francisco, CA - 35,427
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Size of Asian- and Pacific Islander-Owned Firms With Paid Employees
289,999 (31.8%) Asian- and Pacific Islanderowned firms had paid employees. 2,084 (0.7% of firms with paid employees) Asianand Pacific Islander-owned firms had 100 or more employees. 145,331 (50.1% of firms with paid employees) had 1 to 4 employees.
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Size of Asian- and Pacific Islander-Owned Firms
Of all 912,960 Asian- and Pacific Islander-owned
firms, 45,252 (5%) had more than $1,000,000 in receipts.
151,751 (17%) had less than $5,000 in receipts.
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
Legal Form of Organization
The majority (71%) of Asian- and Pacific
Islander-owned firms were sole proprietorships. • 648,337 firms
Largest receipts group was the C corporations
with 47% of all Asian- and Pacific Islanderowned firms’ receipts. • Accounted for almost $146 billion
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/
For More Information
Web: • http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/ Phone: • 301-457-3316 E-mail: • csd@census.gov
Source: 1997 Economic Census Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises http://www.census.gov/csd/mwb/