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Question Question
What are the 5 What are the
senses? different sense
organs, and what do
they sense?
Question Question
What is the job of What is the nervous
the nervous system? system made up of?
Question Question
What is a receptor? What is the job of a
Give some examples sensory neurone?
Answer Answer
Eye – light Smell
Sight
Skin – touch, Taste
temperature, Touch
pressure, pain Hearing
Answer Answer
Nerves (sensory, To sense and respond
motor and relay to the outside
neurons), spine & environment
brain
Answer Answer
To take information from A receptor receives
the receptor to the CNS information from the
outside environment
Eye – light
Nose – smell
Skin – pressure & temperature
Question Question
What is the job of a What is the job of a
motor neurone? relay neurone?
Question Question
What is a synapse What is an effector?
and how does it
work? Give an example of an
effector in a reflex
reaction?
Question Question
What happens in a What conditions
reflex action? within the body need
to be controlled?
Answer Answer
A relay neurone passes To take information
information within the CNS –
these are used in reflex
from the CNS to the
reactions to pass effector (muscle /
information straight from a gland)
sensory neurone to a motor
neurone, bypassing the brain
Answer Answer
A synapse is the gap between 2
An effector is the muscle or nerves – chemicals called
gland that is targeted in a neurotransmitters pass across the
gap
nervous response (e.g. you
blink because you have dust
in your eye (the effector is
the muscle in the eye lid))
Answer Answer
Temperature (37°C) Receptor → sensory
Water level neurone → relay
Ion level neurone → CNS →
Glucose level motor neurone →
Carbon dioxide effector
Question Question
How does water leave How are ions lost
the body? from the body?
Question Question
Why is it important What is a hormone,
to control and where are they
temperature & how is secreted from?
this controlled?
Question Question
How do hormones What are the main
travel around the differences between
body? a hormonal and
nervous reaction?
Answer Answer
Sweat Sweat
Urine (via kidneys) Breath
Urine (via kidneys)
Faeces
Answer Answer
Hormones are chemical Temperature must be
substances that control controlled as enzymes
processes within the body – work best at 37°C –
they are secreted by glands
temperature is controlled
(e.g. the adrenal and
by skin and blood vessels
pituitary gland)
Answer Answer
Hormonal control: -
Slow In the blood
Travel within blood
Go to whole body
Nervous control: -
Fast
Travel via nerves
Go to a specific organ
Question Question
Why is it important What is the function
that blood sugar of the hormone
levels are controlled? oestrogen and where
is it secreted from?
Question Question
What controls the What are the 4
menstrual cycle? hormones involved in
maintaining the
menstrual cycle?
Question Question
What is the function How are hormones
of the hormone FSH, used to control
and where is it fertility?
secreted from?
Answer Answer
To maintain a constant energy
Oestrogen, secreted from supply
the ovaries, inhibits
(stops) FSH production Too high or too low blood sugar
levels can result in a coma /
and increases LH
death
production
Blood sugar is controlled by the
hormone insulin
Answer Answer
Oestrogen Hormones control the
Progesterone menstrual cycle
LH (oestrogen;
FSH progesterone; LH;
and FSH)
Answer Answer
FSH is used to increase FSH, secreted by the
fertility pituitary gland, causes
the egg to mature and
The ‘pill’ prevents FSH stimulates the ovaries
(so preventing to produce oestrogen
pregnancy)
Question Question
How can FSH be used How does the
to control fertility? contraceptive pill
work?
Question Question
What are the What does a healthy
possible problems diet consist of?
with using FSH for
fertility treatment?
Question Question
What deficiency
What does diseases are caused by
malnourished mean a lack of: -
and what can this Iron
lead to? Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Answer Answer
FSH can be given to women who
Oestrogen and want to get pregnant but are
progesterone are used having difficulty
to stop FSH
FSH increases the number of
production, stopping mature eggs, increasing the
any eggs maturing, likelihood of becoming pregnant
and mature eggs can be
preventing pregnancy
collected for IVF
Answer Answer
A balance of: -
Carbohydrate FSH can lead to
Protein
multiple eggs being
Fat
Vitamins released, resulting in
Minerals multiple offspring
Fibre
Water
Answer Answer
Iron anaemia If you do not eat a
healthy balanced diet you
will be malnourished – this
Vitamin C scurvy
can lead to deficiency
diseases as well as weight
Vitamin D rickets problems (too fat / thin)
Question Question
What health What is metabolic
problems are linked rate and what
to a lack of food? affects it?
Question Question
What may cause How does exercise
people to need less affect your metabolic
food? rate?
Question Question
What diseases are What is arthritis?
linked to obesity?
What is diabetes?
Answer Answer
Metabolic rate is the rate
at which the chemical Reduced resistance
reactions occur within the to infection /
cells – this is affected by irregular periods
exercise, proportion of
muscle to fat and genetic
makeup
Answer Answer
Metabolic rates stay Less exercise /
high for some time warmer climate
after exercise
Answer Answer
Arthritis – wearing of Arthritis
the joints Diabetes (type II)
High blood pressure
Diabetes – high blood Heart disease
sugar
Question Question
What type of Where is cholesterol
lipoproteins are ‘bad’ made?
cholesterol?
Question Question
What affects the What are the health
level of cholesterol in risks associated with
the blood? too much
cholesterol?
Question Question
What are the 2 types How is cholesterol
of lipoprotein that carried in the blood?
carry cholesterol in
the blood?
Answer Answer
Liver LDLs – low-density
lipoproteins
Answer Answer
Diseases of the heart Diet and inherited
and blood vessels features
Answer Answer
As lipoproteins LDLs – low-density
lipoproteins
HDLs – high-density
lipoproteins
Question Question
Which type of fat Which type of fat can
increases the level of reduce the blood
cholesterol in your cholesterol levels and
improve the balance of
blood?
LDLs and HDLs?
Question Question
Why is too much salt Which types of food
bad for you? contain high levels of
fat and salt?
Question Question
What are statins What is a drug?
used for?
Answer Answer
Monounsaturated and Saturated fats
polyunsaturated fats
Answer Answer
Processed foods Increased blood
pressure for ~30% of
the population
Answer Answer
A substance, which Lowering the risk of
affects the way the cardio-vascular
body or mind functions disease
– the affects can be
positive or negative
Question Question
How are drugs tested What was thalidomide
before they are developed to treat,
prescribed to what were its side
effects and what is it
patients?
now used to treat?
Question Question
What are withdrawal What dangerous
symptoms and why do substances are found
people suffer from in cigarettes?
these?
Question Question
What is a carcinogen How can smoking
and where are these when pregnant affect
found? the baby?
Answer Answer
Developed as a sleeping Tested in labs on
pill but not tested during cells and tissues / on
pregnancy – leads to
animals and human
offspring with limb
abnormalities. Now volunteers / in
affective treatment for clinical trials with a
leprosy small dose
Answer Answer
Nicotine addictive Withdrawal symptoms are
experiences when an individual
Carcinogens cancer causing stops taking a drug – these are
suffered as the body has
Tar coats lungs become dependent on the drug
(the drug has affected the body
Carbon monoxide reduces chemistry of the individual)
oxygen carried within blood
Answer Answer
Smoking can deprive Carcinogens are
the foetus of oxygen chemicals, which
and lead to a low cause cancer – found
birth weight within cigarettes
Question Question
What is carbon How does alcohol
monoxide and what affect the body and
affect does it have what are the long-
on the body? term effects?
Question Question
What did What is a pathogen
Semmelweiss do to and what are the 3
help prevent the main types?
spread of disease in
hospitals?
Question Question
How do bacteria How do viruses make
make you ill? you ill?
Answer Answer
Alcohol affects the
Carbon monoxide is a
nervous system and slows
poisonous gas, which
reaction times
reduces the ability for
Long-term effects include the red blood cells to
sclerosis of the liver and carry oxygen around
brain damage the blood
Answer Answer
Semmelweiss realised the
A pathogen is a
link between hygiene and
microbe, which
infection rates – he
causes infectious prevented many deaths by
diseases: bacteria, insisting hospital workers
viruses and fungi washed their hands
Answer Answer
They reproduce
They reproduce
rapidly inside the
inside our body cells,
body and may
causing damage to
produce toxins
the cells they
(poisons) making us
reproduce in
feel ill
Question Question
How do white blood What is an antibody
cells help to protect and how do they help
you against disease? fight infections?
Question Question
How can painkillers How may a viral
help during an infection be treated
infection? by a doctor?
Question Question
What are antibiotics Why are antibiotics
used to treat? not used to treat the
flu?
Give an example of an
antibiotic
Answer Answer
Antibodies are produced by White blood cells ingest
the white blood cells – they pathogens (produce
clump pathogens together
antibodies which destroy
(they also ‘remember’ the
bacteria and produce
pathogens so they can fight
them much quicker if an antitoxins to counteract
infection occurs again) the toxins)
Answer Answer
Antiviral medications Painkillers treat the
(hard to develop) and symptoms (i.e. a
painkillers are headache) but do not
prescribed kill the pathogen
Answer Answer
Flu is a virus – Antibiotics treat
antibiotics have no bacterial infections
affect (they only
treat bacterial Penicillin
infections)
Question Question
Why are antiviral How have antibiotic
drugs hard to resistant bacteria
develop? evolved?
Give an example
Question Question
What are we doing to How does a
prevent the evolution vaccination work?
of more antibiotic
resistant bacteria?
Question Question
What is immunity? Give an example of a
vaccination
Answer Answer
Natural selection – Viruses mutate
antibiotics kill most (change) resulting in
bacteria, but some the antiviral
survive and reproduce
medication no longer
into antibiotic resistant
bacteria, e.g. MRSA working
Answer Answer
A small amount of dead or Prescribing less
weakened microbe is
antibiotics /
injected – white blood
cells make antibodies and improving hygiene
the individual is now within hospitals
immune
Answer Answer
MMR Immunity means you
cannot ‘catch’ a
Polio disease
Tetanus
Question Question
What does the MMR How may you become
vaccination protect immune to a disease?
against?
Question Question
In the menstrual What is insulin used
cycle what happens at to treat?
day 1-5 and then at
day 14?
Question Question
Which hormone Which hormone
controls the stimulates the lining
maturation of the of the uterus to
egg? thicken?
Answer Answer
Catching the disease Measles, mumps and
(and surviving) / rubella
vaccinations
Answer Answer
Diabetes Day 1-5 – lining of the
uterus breaks down
(period)
Day 14 – ovulation (egg
released)
Answer Answer
Oestrogen FSH
Question Question
What is homeostasis? What 7 nutrients are
needed for a healthy
diet and what are
they used for?
Question Question
What is the normal What is the
body temperature? difference between
saturated and
unsaturated fat?
Question Question
What diseases are What is meant by a
associated with ‘gateway’ drug?
smoking?
Give an example
Answer Answer
Carbohydrate – energy
Protein – growth and repair Controlling the bodies
Fat – insulation
internal environment
Vitamins – chemical reactions
Minerals – chemical
reactions
Fibre – aid digestion
Water – chemical reactions
Answer Answer
Saturated – fat saturated 37C
with hydrogen
Unsaturated – fat not
saturated with hydrogen
Answer Answer
A drug, which may Lung cancer
lead to the use of Throat cancer
harder drugs – e.g. Emphysema
cannabis Heart disease
Question Question
What is the addictive What is an epidemic?
substance in a
cigarette? What is a pandemic?
Question Question
Why are viral Hoes does smoking
infections often more affect the ciliated
contagious than cells and what
bacterial infections? affects can this have
on health?
Question Question
What is the How are micro-
definition for the organisms grown?
following symbol: -
Answer Answer
Epidemic – a disease Nicotine
spread around a local area
Pandemic – a disease
spread around the world
Answer Answer
Cells become Viruses are small
damaged, causing enough to be
smokers to cough transferred in water
regularly droplets within the
air
Answer Answer
1. Sterilise the culture medium and
petri-dish (done in an autoclave) Biohazard - (biological
2. Use sterile inoculating loops (pass hazard) – a biological
through a flame) to transfer
substance which poses a
micro-organisms
3. Seal the dish with adhesive tape threat to the health of
to prevent micro-organisms from living organisms, primarily
the air contaminating the sample /
that of humans
culture
Question Question
Why are micro- Why does industry
organisms not grown grow micro-organisms
at temperatures above 25oC
above 25oC in school
laboratories?
Question Question
What is a tropism What do auxins do?
and what are
geotropism,
hydrotropism and
phototropism?
Question Question
What is rooting What are statins?
powder?
Answer Answer
In industrial conditions
higher temperatures can
To reduce the risk of
produce more rapid growth pathogens growing
(although the risks are which might harm
increased of growing
humans
pathogens potentially
harmful to humans)
Answer Answer
Auxins are plant hormones that make some
parts of a plant stem grow faster than Plants respond to stimuli by growing
others (controlling geotropism and to or away from them – a growth
phototropism) movement in response to a stimulus is
a tropism (towards stimulus =
positive tropism, away from stimulus
= negative tropism)
Geotropism – gravity
Hydrotropism – water
Phototropism - light
Answer Answer
Statins are drugs which Rooting powder contains
potentially reduce the plant growth hormones –
risk of heart attacks and dip a cutting into rooting
strokes – they do this by powder and the plant
lowering the level of hormones stimulate the
cholesterol in the blood cutting to grow new roots
Question Question
What is doping? What do stimulants
do?
Question Question
What do steroids do? What do beta
blockers do?
Question Question
What is the function What is cannabis?
of the hormone LH in
the menstrual cycle?
Answer Answer
They make athletes Athletes who use
more alert and mask performance
fatigue enhancing drugs
Answer Answer
They help athletes They help athletes
keep their heart rate train harder and build
low and reduce up muscles
tremble in the hand
Answer Answer
Cannabis is an illegal LH stimulates the
drug which contains release of an egg
chemicals which may from the ovary
cause mental illness
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