conjoined twins by Kelsey Simonppt.ppt
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Document Sample
Craniopagus Conjoined
Twins
Their Cognition and Separate
Personality Types
By: Kelsey Simon
Question
• How is it that craniopagus conjoined twins can
have a connected brain but their cognition can
be completely separate from the other twin
and in all cases, have different personalities?
Hypothesis…Or Maybe Not
• I didn’t really have a hypothesis of what I
thought the reason pertained to. I really had
nothing to form my idea around because I
really knew nothing about craniopagus
conjoined twins. The only thing I expected was
that the craniopagus conjoined twins’ level of
cognition had to do with the brain (nature)
and not nurture.
The Search
• For this topic, I was looking for individual cases of
craniopagus conjoined twins that would give me
a description of the physical makeup of the
conjoined brain and the joint abilities as a result
of the conjoined brain.
• I do not think that I realized that all craniopagus
conjoined twins have different amounts of their
brains connected. This made the topic even more
interesting to me because then I got to research
the abilities of conjoined twins that non-
conjoined people can not experience.
• In this presentation we will look at three sets of
conjoined twins.
1. Trishna and Krishna
2. Tatiana and Krista
3. George and Lori
• We will compare and contrast these sets of twins
focusing on the different physical structures of
their brains and the different abilities that come
along with that. We will also note the different
personalities that arise in these twins.
Terms You Need To Know
• Craniopagus conjoined twins- conjoined twins
that are fused at the cranium; do not always
have to share brain surface but most do
• Thalamus- the sensory processing center of
the brain
1.)Trishna and Krishna: Major
Findings
Trishna and Krishna:
Background Info
• Trishna and Krishna were left by their mother at a
Bangladeshi orphanage. Trishna was very ill from
heart failure and both the girls were expected to
die within 6 months.
• The Children First Foundation brought Trishna and
Krishna to Royal Children’s Hospital in Australia for
their separation surgery. Moira Kelley, who is head
of the Children First Foundation now calls herself
their mother.
Trishna and Krishna: Twins Successfully Separated
• Trishna and Krishna were separated
November 16 and 17 of 2009.
• Separating conjoined twins
especially craniopagus conjoined
twins is one of the most dangerous
surgeries that can be performed, so
the fact that these two little girls
survived is a miracle in itself.
• Doctors estimated that the girls had
a 25% chance of coming out of the
surgery successfully.
• It took 31.5 hours to separate the
twins.
Trishna and Krishna: Life
After Separation
• Trishna recovered into a
normal healthy child but
Krishna has had ongoing
problems with her heart,
blood pressure, and
kidneys. They are overall
living healthy with their
caretaker Moria Kelley.
Trishna and Krishna: How Brain Was
Connected
• Trishna and Krishna’s brain had almost no
shared surface area. Mainly the only shared
part of the brain was interconnected blood
vessels that created blood flow between the
two brains.
• Severing the blood vessels was the only part of
the procedure that was somewhat
problematic. When the doctors first started to
reduce blood flow, Trishna’s blood pressure
rose while Krishna’s went down. As the became
Trishna and Krishna: How Brain Was
Connected Cont.
more separated, they recovered and seemed
to be doing even better than when they had
been fully connected.
What Conclusions/Questions Can We Draw
From Trishna’s And Krishna’s Separation?
• From the separation of Trishna and Krishna,
we know that craniopagus twins can be
separated, but to what extent?
• Trishna and Krishna only shared blood vessels
but what if they had shared parts of the brain?
Could they have separated them then?
• We will find out from our next two set of
twins that not all craniopagus twins can be
separated.
2.)Tatiana and Krista Hogan: Major
Findings
Tatiana and Krista Hogan: Background Info
• Tatiana and Krista
Hogan were born
on October 25,
2006 in Vernon,
British Columbia,
Canada.
• At age two, the
girls still could not
walk and could
hardly talk.
Tatiana and Krista Hogan: Connection
Of The Nervous System
• Tatiana and Krista Hogan have a neural bridge
that connects one girls thalamus to the
others. The thalamus is the sensory processing
station of the brain. All sensory impute goes
through the thalamus before it goes to the
cortex.
• This connection allows one twin to receive the
sensory impute that the other twin
experiences.
Tatiana and Krista Hogan: Examples Of
Shared Sensory Experiences
• You can put a stuffed animal in front of Tatiana and
cover Krista’s eyes, yet Krista can still tell you what
stuffed animal it is. Both twins have this ability.
• If you touch one twin, the other twin can tell you were
you have touched the first twin.
• If you tickle one twin, the other will giggle in response
as if you had tickled her.
• When one twin is receiving sensory impute the other
ones eyes will be directed straight forward with this
glazed over look; their pupils will then move back and
forth very fast, which some believe to be the result of
seeing what the other twin is seeing.
Tatiana and Krista Hogan: Connection
Of The Shared Cardiovascular System
• Tatiana and Krista have shared blood vessels
and arteries in the brain.
• Tatiana’s heart technically beats for both
herself and her sister because 1/5th to 1/4th of
the blood supply in Krista’s brain comes from
Tatiana’s heart.
• The responsibility of Tatiana’s heart to pump
blood for two people has caused her to have
high blood pressure.
Tatiana and Krista Hogan: Physical Differences and Other
Medical Issues
• Tatiana and Krista are different in size. Tatiana has grown but remains small
and very skinny. Krista resembles any normal growing child in size.
• The girls also had seizures for the first year and a half of their lives but they are
both on medication now, so the episodes no longer occur.
Tatiana and Krista Hogan: Separate
Personalities
• Tatiana is more layed back and will do most of
what Krista tells her to. Krista is very assertive
and somewhat aggressive. It has become a
habit for Krista to scratch Tatiana’s face when
Tatiana does not listen to her.
3.)George (Reba) and Lori
Schappell
George (Reba) and Lori Schappell:
Background Info
• George and Lori were born September 18, 1961.
• There legal names given by their parents were
Dori and Lori. Dori resented her parents deeply
for giving her and her twin rhyming names so she
got her name legally changed to Reba after her
favorite country music singer. She now goes by
George, although that is not her legal name.
• They are the oldest living female conjoined twins
in the world.
• They lived in a home for severely mentally ill
patients for 24 years.
George (Reba) and Lori Schappell:
Connection Of Their Brains
• George and Lori share
blood vessels connecting
their brains.
• George and Lori share 30%
of their brain being that
both of their frontal lobes
and parietal lobes are
connected, but they do
have two fully functioning
brains that seem to
function separately.
George (Reba) and Lori Schappell:
Physical Problems
• George has a type of spina bifida
that leaves her four inches shorter
than her conjoined twin Lori and
has also left her paralyzed. She
has a stool that she designed
herself that allows her to go
where her sister goes.
• Doctors are beginning to think
that the gene that causes spina
bifida may also be directly related
in causing conjoined twins.
George (Reba) and Lori Schappell:
Separate Personalities And Goals in Life
George Lori
• Introverted • Outspoken
• George is a country singer who
won the L.A. Music Award for • Extraverted
Best New Country Artist in • Social Butterfly
1997.
• Also a trophy winning bowling • Works part-time dealing
winner with hotel laundry.
• Has designed many mobility • Is facilitator to George’s
machines for handicapped
animals and people. mobility
Both George and Lori
• They both say that the only way they would be separated is if one of them dies
and the other stays alive. Then and only then would they even consider being
separated.
Answers To The Questions Presented
With Trishna and Krishna
Questions:
Answers: There comes a point where you can
not separate craniopagus conjoined twins any
longer. If they share brain surface or if the have
a neural connection between any structures of
the brain, they cannot be separated.
Main Findings
• Some twins can be separated if they do not share
structures of the brain, such as Trishna and
Krishna, and have few connecting blood vessels
that are not vital to the others blood supply; so
you would need the opposite conditions from
Tatiana and Krista’s case.
• Some twins can actually share brain structures,
which can allow them to have special connections
with each others cognition, like in Tatiana and
Krista’s example of sharing a thalamus and
receiving each others sensory impute.
Main Findings Cont.
• Some twins do not want to be separated, such
as in George and Lori’s case.
• There may be an underlying gene connected
with spina bifida that can also cause conjoined
twins. Spina bifida is when the spinal cord
does not fully develop leaving gaps in it.
Almost just like how conjoined twins are
made, where a fertilized egg that splits to
form two twins does not split all of the way.
Answering My Initial Question
• The question was: How is it that craniopagus conjoined twins can have a
connected brain but their cognition can be completely separate from the
other twin and in all cases, have different personalities?
• My answer after having done this research would be:
Craniopagus twins joint cognition depends on how
much of the brain and which parts of the brain have a
neural connection between twins. In most cases,
craniopagus conjoined twins have two separate brains
with all functioning parts that just share blood vessels
or brain surface. It is rare, but can happen as we saw,
that craniopagus twins share a brain structure, which in
this case, they would share more cognition.
Answering My Initial Question Cont.
• Regarding different personalities, I did not find much
information on why personalities are so different
among twins with connected brains, I just found that
they are. It almost seems that in conjoined twins,
there is a greater difference in personality than in
just regular siblings but yet there is much better
communication and cooperation.
The End
Picture Citations
• Picture on slide 8:
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_P1RHqFsgywM/SwVj2pWBSvI/AAAAAAAAEmw/hFqyiGFr_S8/s1600/baby2.j
pg&imgrefurl=http://yesboleh.blogspot.com/2009/11/bangladeshi-twins-stable-after-
miracle.html&usg=__PuXFfFKKryB15TO5Ccb66COZSd4=&h=349&w=465&sz=30&hl=en&start=8&zoom=1&tbnid=JOWmSjAlQmHx6M:&tbnh=1
73&tbnw=222&ei=Ar3eTfvcNorWgQfU2dDnCg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dtrishna%2Band%2Bkrishna%2Bbefore%2Bthey%2Bwere%2Bseparated%
26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1229%26bih%3D508%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=931&vpy=207&dur=1430&hovh=194&
hovw=259&tx=133&ty=144&page=2&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:8&biw=1229&bih=508
• Picture on slide 9:
• http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://o.aolcdn.com/photo-
hub/news_gallery/6/3/638114/1258381140090.JPEG&imgrefurl=http://www.aolnews.com/2009/11/16/conjoined-twins-
face/&usg=__D5Uu4dduCwBcrMImG6ZmJXRnPBw=&h=304&w=456&sz=28&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=RqYsIKxhHRba8M:&tbnh=165&tb
nw=255&ei=Ar3eTfvcNorWgQfU2dDnCg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dtrishna%2Band%2Bkrishna%2Bbefore%2Bthey%2Bwere%2Bseparated%26um
%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1229%26bih%3D508%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=915&vpy=147&dur=595&hovh=183&hovw=
275&tx=78&ty=120&page=1&ndsp=8&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0&biw=1229&bih=508
• Picture for slide 10:
• http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/200912/r491312_2551338.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.abc.net.au/new
s/stories/2010/07/10/2950146.htm&usg=___pyCsEJ_k_yGqtTT3eGw517OdAs=&h=840&w=563&sz=72&hl=en&start=38&zoom=1&tbnid=kybCi
k1vwxTe1M:&tbnh=175&tbnw=117&ei=Ar3eTfvcNorWgQfU2dDnCg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dtrishna%2Band%2Bkrishna%2Bbefore%2Bthey%2
Bwere%2Bseparated%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1229%26bih%3D508%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=542&vpy=110&
dur=598&hovh=175&hovw=117&tx=74&ty=121&page=5&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:38&biw=1229&bih=508
• Top Picture for slide 15:
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_KAPAJNZXLe0/S9X9tWevhII/AAAAAAAAARI/bfDWVU3bFCY/s1600/kt1.jpg&
imgrefurl=http://brunchforone.blogspot.com/2010/04/krista-tatiana-hogan-siamese-
twin.html&usg=__2YiNpWvM3tVRRb1h8TlMRCQUVpc=&h=416&w=600&sz=89&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=6Dvp2RaATMdapM:&tbnh=11
7&tbnw=160&ei=mYLfTZGaDITVgAegxpXzCg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dtatiana%2Band%2Bkrista%2Bhogan%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3
D1229%26bih%3D508%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=285&vpy=69&dur=1175&hovh=187&hovw=270&tx=149&ty=98&page=1
&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&biw=1229&bih=508
Picture Citations Cont.
• Bottom Picture for slide 15:
• http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.anorak.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Tatiana-and-Krista-
Hogan.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.anorak.co.uk/264603/strange-but-true/tatiana-and-krista-hogan-share-a-brain-vision-and-
dreams.html&usg=__8KOkx5HzIHoXEJHUipYYTFqxsQk=&h=303&w=468&sz=20&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=7HLrI6RNtxoVBM:&tb
nh=117&tbnw=160&ei=mYLfTZGaDITVgAegxpXzCg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dtatiana%2Band%2Bkrista%2Bhogan%26um%3D1%26hl%3D
en%26biw%3D1229%26bih%3D508%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=797&vpy=72&dur=156&hovh=181&hovw=279&tx=1
70&ty=79&page=1&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0&biw=1229&bih=508
• Picture for slide 19:
• http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_Fe6rGp1YNm8/TGIRZ10xmfI/AAAAAAAAGpU/fQxLHxVU_Q0/s1600
/1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://freeamazingimages.com/2010/08/conjoined-twins-share-brain.html&usg=__vHSmugFWi2l-
GeYkVEgJu677peA=&h=411&w=531&sz=52&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=Y-
PhoNeGJbxxeM:&tbnh=117&tbnw=180&ei=mODeTdPbH4SDgAf-
psXmCg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dtatiana%2Band%2Bkrista%2Bhogan%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1229%26bih%3
D508%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=475&page=1&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0&tx=109&ty=81&biw=1229&bih=508
• Pictures from slide 23 captured from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aBhHfV1dDc
• Picture from slide 24:
• http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Kyg9p1QlyzQ/SlGXFaBrphI/AAAAAAAAAH4/hFAil_hvj9Q/s400/scha
ppell_sisters5.jpg&imgrefurl=http://jekasari.blogspot.com/2009/07/lori-dori-
schappell.html&usg=__uQgc2zGIlRxaM_pNshKfiS726zs=&h=400&w=258&sz=24&hl=en&start=0&zoom=0&tbnid=HZiQa8KNczE9TM:&t
bnh=119&tbnw=79&ei=0GzfTfvjOcLegQeA7NjkCg&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dgeorge%2Bschappell%2Band%2Bher%2Bwheelchair%26um
%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26biw%3D1229%26bih%3D508%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=957&vpy=235&dur=472
&hovh=124&hovw=80&tx=81&ty=85&page=1&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:14,s:0&biw=1229&bih=508
Source Citations
Books
Gibbs, Jr., R. W. . (2006). Embodiment and cognitive science . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
Online Magazine Articles
Hui, Y. (2010, November 9th). Conjoined twins’ brains connect, share thoughts. Health, Retrieved from
http://cogsnews.ucsd.edu/?p=63
MacQueen, K. (2011, May 24). A piece of their mind. Macleans.ca, Retrieved from http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/11/02/a-
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University Scientific Department Blog
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Other Blog Websites
Anderson, Elizabeth. (2009). phreequeshow [Web log message]. Retrieved from
http://www.phreeque.com/schappell_sisters.html
Videos
“Extreme Bodies; Separating Cranial Conjoined Twins”. How Stuff Works. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/32215-
extreme-bodies-separating-cranial-conjoined-twins-video.htm
(2007). Canadian conjoined twins face critical operation [Web]. Available from http://www.liveleak.com
Other Videos Without Production Info.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42A0GdmQ02M
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR2uWhAkaQ
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aBhHfV1dDc
