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The Reformation
SOL WHII.3
Causes of The Reformation Ch. 1
Sec. 3
• Ren. Emphasized • Gutenberg Printing
secular & individual Press spread these
ideas which challenged ideas!
the Church’s authority • Rulers resented the
• Began in Germany Pope’s authority (too
then spread onto much involvement in
Europe politics)
• Merchants resented
paying church taxes to
Problems in the Catholic Church:
• Monks & Priests
• Corrupt church poorly educated, broke
leaders vows w/marriage &
• Ren. Popes gambling, excess
patronized the arts, drinking
spent lots of $ on • Loss of faith in the
personal pleasures Church (during the
(secular popes!)— plague)
lavish lifestyle
Problems in the Catholic Church:
(cont.)
• Increased fees for • German and English
religious services nobility disliked Italian
(marriages/baptisms) domination
• Sold indulgences— • Wealthy merchants
bought a pardon for challenged the
sins Church’s view of usury
The Reformation
• John Wycliffe
• Called for
Reform in
England in the
late 1300s &
early 1400s
• Dissenter
The Reformation
• John Huss
• Called for Reform
in Bohemia
• Said: Pope didn’t
have worldly powers
• Bible had more
authority than the
church leaders
• Dissenter
The Reformation
• Indulgence
• Released a sinner
from performing sin
penalties
• Tetzel gave people
impression they could
$ their way into
heaven
• He was selling them
to rebuild the church
Martin Luther
• Outraged over sale
• Wrote the 95
of indulgences
Theses or formal
• Monk who taught statements
scripture attacking the
• Began the “pardon-
Reformation merchants”
• Posted, Printed &
spread all over
Germany
Reformation-a movement for
religious reform
• Luther’s 3 main
• People could win
ideas!
salvation only by
faith
• All church
teachings should
be clearly based
on the Bible
• All people equal:
can interpret the
Bible
Martin Luther’s Basic Principles:
• Indulgences are not in the Bible • Religious education for boys
• Bible was the only source of and girls
Religious truth • Banned confessions; prayers to
• Christians saved through faith saints
• Rejected the idea that clergy • Abolished the Mass; focused
had special powers on sermon
• Banned 5 of 7 sacraments b/c
not mentioned in the Bible
(religious rituals)
• Renounced the authority of the
Pope
The Reformation
• What happened to • Excommunicated
him? b/c he wouldn’t
take back his
statements
The Reformation
• Edict of Worms:
• Declared Luther an
outlaw & a heretic, no
• Issued by Holy one was to aide him,
Roman Emperor burn his books
Charles • A Prince gave him
shelter while he
translated the New
Testament into
German
The Reformation
• Lutherans
• Luther & his followers
became a separate
religious group
The Reformation
• Protestants
• German Princes who
supported Luther &
signed a protest
against the anti-Luther
Princes
• Christians who
belonged to non-
Catholic Churches
The Reformation
• Conflicts between the Protestants and
Catholics resulted in devastating wars (one
example would be the Thirty Years’ War)
• The Hapsburg family and the authority of
the Holy Roman Empire continued to
support the Roman Catholic Church
The Reformation
• Peace of Augsburg
• Signed in 1555,
religious settlement
stating:
• Each German state’s
religion would be set
by its ruler
• N. Germ=Lutheran
• S. Germ=Catholic
England becomes Protestant!
• Henry VIII
• Catholic King of
England, wife
Catherine of
Aragon, daughter
Mary
• Wanted an annulment
• Pope refused
The Reformation
• Reformation • Set laws to end the
Parliament Pope’s power in
England
The Reformation
• Anne Boleyn
• Married Henry
VIII in 1533
• Parliament
annulled/divorced
Henry &
Catherine
• Imprisoned by
Henry &
beheaded
The Reformation
• Act of Supremacy • Made the English
King, not the Pope
the official head of
England’s Church
The Reformation
• Henry VIII then marries • Henry VIII then marries
Jane Seymour-his heir is Anne of Cleves (German)
born—Edward; Jane dies they divorce (she was too
as a result of child birth ugly)
• Wife #5-Catherine
Howard (17 yrs old)
Beheaded
• Wife #6-Catherine Parr—
survived Henry!
The Reformation
• Queen Elizabeth I
• Set up a national
church-the only
legal church
• Parliament declared
her head of the
Anglican Church
The Reformation Continues:
Ch. 1 Sec. 4
• John Calvin • Wrote Institutes of the
Christian Religion: his
ideas about God,
salvation, & human
nature
• French Priest; Lawyer
The Reformation
• Calvinism • Men were sinful by nature;
Salvation through faith
• John Calvin asked to set • Bible only source of truth
up a theocracy in Geneva, • God chooses few people
Switzerland to save
– Moral society, extremely • Predestination
strict
• Religion education for
Boys and girls
The Reformation
• Theocracy
• Calvin: Ideal gov’t
• Gov’t controlled by
religious leaders
• Calvin ruled Geneva,
Switzerland strictly
The Reformation
• Presbyterians • John Knox,
Scotland
• Visited Geneva
made Calvinism
Scotland’s official
religion
The Reformation
• Huguenots • French followers of
Calvin
• Hatred btwn
Catholics &
Huguenots
The Reformation
• Anabaptists
• Had to be old enough to decide
to be baptized; rejected infant
baptism
• Separation of church & state
• Refused to fight in wars
• Shared their possessions
(Mennonites & Amish)
• Influenced Quakers & Baptists
The Catholic Reformation-
Reforming the Catholic Church
• Ignatius
• Catholic reformer;
Loyola, Spain
• Wrote Spiritual
Exercises
– Day-by-day plan
for prayer &
meditation
The Catholic Reformation
The Counter Reformation
• Jesuits • Society of Jesus
• Revive the moral • Ignatius’ followers
authority of the • Goals:
church • Clean up the Catholic
Church
• Slow/stop Protestant
movement
Catholic Reformation cont.
• Council of Trent—1545
– Guided the Catholic Reform movement
– Challenged Protestant preaching
Catholic Reformation cont.
• Inquisition—search for heretics (church court)
• Missionaries—religious order-Society of Jesus—
Jesuits—founded by Ignatius Loyola
– Spiritual and moral discipline
– Rigorous religious training
– Absolute obedience to the church
Reforming Popes
Paul III
1. directed investigation of
indulgence selling & other
abuses in church
2. Approved Jesuit order
3. Inquisition: to find & punish
heresy in papal territory
4. Meeting of Church leaders in
Trent (Northern Italy)
Failures of the Catholic
Reformation
• Catholic Reformation did reform, but Europe remained
divided.
• This period fostered a great deal of religious
intolerance
• Persecution:
– Anabaptists
– Witch Hunt
– Jews-forced into ghettos (segregated communities)
• Lands were taken, synagogues burned
• Marked by a yellow badge in Germany when traveling outside of
ghetto
• Many left and went towards Poland
Council of 1. Church’s interpretation of
Trent Bible is final!
1545-1563 2. Christians need faith, good
works for salvation
3. The Bible & Church
tradition were equally
powerful authorities for
guiding Christian life
4. Indulgences were valid
expression of faith (banned
false selling)
Legacy of the Reformation
• Protestant Churches flourished
• Religion no longer united Europe
• Church power decreased as individual
monarchs & states gained power
• This paved the way for nation states b/c
Reformers revolt was successful-laid the
groundwork for a rejection of Christian
belief later in Western cultures
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