THE BLUE AND THE GRAY

							THE BLUE AND
  THE GRAY
 The U.S. Civil War
    1861-1865
NORTHERN ADVANTAGES
• Population – 22 Million vs. 9
  Million (3.5 slave)
• 75 % Nation’s Wealth
• 75% Nation’s Railroads
• Control of the Seas
• Superior Weaponry
• Ideal of “Union Forever”
SOUTHERN ADVANTAGES
• Defensive Warfare - Only
  Needed a Stalemate
• Superior Generals
• Strong Cavalry/Infantry
• Strong Sense of Cause
• More Knowledgeable of
  the Terrain
Confederate States of America
         • Constitution like US –
           Fatal Flaw for Country of
           Secession
         • Deo Vindice “God Our
           Vindicator”
         • Weak Central
           Government
         • European Support, But
           No Real Help
   THE LEADERS
“Nearly all men can stand
adversity, but if you want
to test a man’s character,
give him power.”
               -Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln
     • 16th US President
     • Willing to Subvert
       Civil Liberties and
       Constitution
     • Fought for Union,
       Not Against Slavery
     • Savvy Political
       Leader
Abraham Lincoln
     “I hold that in
     contemplation of
     universal law, and of
     the Constitution, the
     Union of these
     states is perpetual.”
      Jefferson Davis
• Only CSA President
• Secretary of War
  under Pierce
• U.S. Senator from
  Mississippi
• Faced Impeachment
• Weak Political
  Leader
       Jefferson Davis
“The time for
 compromise has now
 passed and the South
 is determined to…
 make all who oppose
 her smell Southern
 powder and feel
 Southern Steel.”
George McClellan
    • Built Army of Potomac
    • Unwilling to Use It
    • Egomaniacal
    • Peninsula Campaign
      Failure
    • Opposed Lincoln in
      1864 Election
George McClellan
     “By some strange
     power of magic I seem
     to have become the
     power of the land.”
          Robert E. Lee
• Not a Single Demerit
  at West Point
• Excellent U.S. Officer
• Opposed Slavery and
  Secession
• Offered Command of
  Both Armies
• Loyal to Virginia
          Robert E. Lee
“ Still a Union that can
  only be maintained by
  swords and bayonets,
  and in which strife
  and civil war are to
  take the place of
  brotherly love and
  kindness, has no
  charm for me.”
U. S. Grant
   • Average student at
     West Point
   • Failed at Farming and
     Business
   • Slowly Built His
     Reputation Out West
   • “Unconditional
     Surrender” Grant
Ulysses S. Grant
      “In every battle there
       comes a time when
       both sides consider
       themselves beaten,
       then he who
       continues to attack
       wins.”
     Stonewall Jackson
• Teacher at VMI
• Practically Unknown
  at the Start of War
• Got his Nickname at
  1st Manassas
• Lee’s Right Hand
• His Death at
  Chancellorsville was
  Severe Blow to South
    Stonewall Jackson
“The patriot volunteer
 fighting for his
 country and his
 rights, makes the
 most reliable soldier
 on earth.”
    KEY BATTLES
“War is cruelty. There
is no use trying to
reform it. The crueler
it is, the sooner it will
be over.”
    - General William T. Sherman
Fort Sumter
    Battle of Fort Sumter
• Charleston Harbor
• April 12, 1861
• CSA – Beauregard
• USA - Anderson
• After 34-hour
  bombardment
  Union surrendered
• No casualties       - Beauregard
1st Bull Run (Manassas)
    1st Bull Run (Manassas)
• Virginia – 7/21/61
• CSA Beauregard
• USA McDowell
• Birth of “Stone Wall”
  Legend
• Southern Rout
• CSA 1,982 (387 dead)
• USA 2,896 (1,124 dead)   - Stonewall Jackson
                           Statue
Shiloh
                           Shiloh
                           • Tenn – 4/6-7/62
                           • CSA Johnston
                           • USA Grant
                           • Southern Surprise
                             Repulsed by North
                           • Lead to Union victories
                             in the West
                           • CSA 10,694 (1,723 dead)
- Generals of the Battle
as covered in Harper’s
                           • USA 13,047 (1,754 dead)
Weekly
Antietam (Sharpsburg)
Antietam (Sharpsburg)
    Antietam (Sharpsburg)
•   Maryland – 9/17/62
•   CSA Lee
•   USA McClellan
•   “Bloodiest Day”
•   Led to Emancipation Proclamation
•   CSA 10,315 (1,546 dead)
•   USA 12,401 (2,108 dead)
Antietam (Sharpsburg)




  - Lincoln visits battlefield after the battle
Chancellorsville
        Chancellorsville
• Virginia – 5/1/63
• CSA Lee / Jackson
• USA Hooker
• Lee’s Masterpiece
  (Defeats Larger Army)
• Jackson Accidentally
  Killed by Own Troops
• CSA 13,156 (1,683 dead)
• USA 16,839 (1,574 dead)
Gettysburg
               Gettysburg
                   •   Penn – 7/1/63 – 7/3/63
                   •   CSA Lee
                   •   USA Meade
                   •   Lee on Offensive After
                       Chancellorsville Win
                   •   Turning Point of the War
                   •   Bloodiest Battle
                   •   CSA 28,063 (4,708 dead)
- General George   •   USA 23,049 (3,155 dead)
Meade
   Gettysburg – Day 1
• Southern Troops Arrive and Drive
  Union back
• Because Jeb Stuart and Cavalry
  Are Away, Lee Has No Idea of What
  He’s Up Against
• North is Able to Secure Superior
  Positions Along Cemetery Hill
 Gettysburg – Day 2
                       • Lee Attacks
                       • Union is Able to
                         Hold Line at Little
                         Round Top
                       • Professor Joshua
                         Chamberlain May
                         Have Saved the
                         Union
- Joshua Chamberlain
Gettysburg – Day 3
                   • Last Ditch Southern
                     Efforts
                   • Pickett’s Charge is
                     Repulsed Ending
                     Any Chance of
                     Southern Victory
                   • Last Major Battle
                     Fought in the North
- George Pickett
  Pickett’s Charge
“For every Southern boy
 fourteen years old, not once
 but whenever he wants, there
 is the instance when it’s still
 not yet two o’clock on that
 July afternoon in 1863…”

            - William Faulkner
              Intruder in the Dust
Turning Points
1863
• Vicksburg campaign lasted for
  seven months – last
  Confederate stronghold on the
  Mississippi River (Fell Day After
  Gettysburg)
1864
• Burning of Atlanta
• Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
Election of 1864
• Union Party - Lincoln with
  Andrew Johnson
• Johnson – small slaveowner
  from Tennessee, loyal War
  Democrat
• Slogan “Don’t swap horses in
  the middle of the river.”
• Democratic Party nominates
  George McClellan
Election of 1864
• Copperheads “peace at any
  price”
• Lincoln defeats McClellan
  212 to 21
• Second Inaugural address –
“With malice toward none, with
  charity for all.”
Turning Points
1865
• Siege of Petersburg
• After 9 month siege, fell in
  April of 1865
• Siege of Richmond
• Early 1865, Confederates tried
  to negotiate peace between
  “two countries”
• Unconditional Surrender Grant
 April 9,1865
• Appomattox Court House
• Terms of surrender
  generous
• Grant “The war is over; the
  rebels are our countrymen
  again.”
     10 ORDINARY
          PEOPLE
“Was it God’s
command we heard, or
His forgiveness we
must forever implore?”
        - Joshua Chamberlain
Joshua Chamberlain
      • Professor from
        Bowdoin College
      • No Military Training
      • Hero of Gettysburg
      • Selected to Receive
        Southern Surrender
      • Last soldier to die from
        wounds received
        during the war - 1914
 Nathan Bedford Forrest
• No Military Training
• Born Poor and
  Became Rich
• Enlisted as Private
  and Rose to
  General
• South’s Best
  Cavalry Officer
Clara Barton
   • Nurse known as
     “Angel of the
     Battlefield”
   • Led Donation Drives
     for Medical Supplies
   • Founded the
     American Red Cross
      Richard Kirkland
• Southern Soldier
  Who Risked Life
  to tend to Union
  Wounded at
  Fredericksbug
• Cheered by Both
  Sides
• “Angel of
  Marye’s Heights”
Matthew Brady
      • Pioneer
        Photographer
      • Studios in New
        York and
        Washington
      • Risked Life to
        Photograph War
  Mary Boykin Chestnut
• South Carolina
  Politician’s Wife
• Famed for Keeping
  Detailed Diary
• A Diary of Dixie
  published after her
  death in 1905
Walt Whitman
    • Poet
    • Went to Battlefield
      to look for Brother
    • Volunteered as a
      Union Nurse
    • Wrote “O Captain
      My Captain” about
      Lincoln’s Death
          Mark Twain
• Journalist and
  River Boat Pilot
• Helped Form A
  Southern Militia
  Only to Desert
• His Voice Helped
  Define Post War
  America
Harriet Tubman
   • Underground Railroad
     Conductor
   • Served as a Union Spy
     During the War
   • 1st American Woman to
     Plan a Military
     Operation – a raid that
     freed 750 Slaves
    John Wilkes Booth
• Popular
  Shakespearean Actor
• Probable Southern
  Spy
• Plotted
  Assassination of
  Lincoln, Johnson and
  Secretary of State
  Seward
Lincoln Assassination
 Lincoln Assassination
• April 14, 1865
• Ford’s Theater in Washington
• Killed During Biggest Laugh in
  “Our American Cousin”
• Good Friday – Led to Comparisons
  with Christ
• “Sic Semper Tyranns” means
  “Thus Always to Tyrants”
O Captain My Captain
       Exult O shores, and ring,
        O bells!
       But I with mournful dread
       Walk the deck my Captain
        lies
            Fallen cold and dead