contraception

Sexual Decision Making Teen Pregnancy Facts: • Each year, almost 1 million teenage women--10% of all women aged 15-19 and 19% of those who have had sexual intercourse--become pregnant. • 78% of teen pregnancies are unplanned, accounting for about 1/4 of all accidental pregnancies annually • 6 in 10 teen pregnancies occur among 18-19 year-olds. • 78% of births to teens occur outside of marriage • 1/4 of teenage mothers have a second child within 2 years of their first. Choosing Contraception • • • • • • • • Effectiveness Cost – Annual Expenses Covered by Health Insurance? Convenience for couple to use device Prescription or Over the Counter Availability; pharmacy, clinic, doctor Side effects and/or allergic reactions Long-term health problems Contraceptive Effectiveness • Theoretical: – % is based on theory, laboratory tests, and predicted failure – % will be higher, because it is factoring perfect use of the product • Actual: – % is based on actual use of the product, product defects, human error, and product failure – % will be lower, because of improper use and manufacture defects Calendar or Rhythm Method Fertility AwarenessNatural Family Planning- – Abstinence from intercourse during a women’s fertile time – Determined by body signs – 53-99% effective – Requires careful recording keeping, and cooperation of partner. • Body Temperature • Cervical Secretions Withdrawal • NOT Considered to be a method of Contraception • A man who performs withdrawal will pull his penis out of the vagina before he ejaculates. • Pre-ejaculate can contain enough sperm to cause pregnancy • Withdrawal offers no protection against sexually transmitted infections. • Not considered effective • Girl has NO control Spermicidal Chemicals • Chemicals that Kill Sperm Cells • 60-90% effective against pregnancy • Used and combined with other birth control methods • Must be used less than 1 hour before intercourse and must be reapplied before each additional intercourse there after • foams, creams, jellies, film, and suppositories • Contraceptive foams block the entrance to the uterus with bubbles and contain a spermicide that immobilizes sperm. • Contraceptive creams, jellies, film, and suppositories melt into a thick liquid throughout the vagina. They block the entrance to the uterus and contain spermicide that immobilizes sperm. Male Condom • Prevents sperm from entering the vagina • Oral Sex Condoms Should Not be used for vaginal or anal intercourse • 64-97% effective • Leave ½ inch at tip to collect semen – Receptacle Ended – Round Ended – Dry Powdered – Lubricated – Spermicidal Treated – Latex Rubber – Animal Membrane – Polyurethane Female Condom • Each end a flexible ring. The closed end of the sheath, is inserted into the vagina. At the other open end of the sheath, the ring stays at the entrance to the vagina. • High failure rate (21 in 100) • Vaginal irritation • May slip out of position • Some STD protection Contraceptive Sponge • made of solid polyurethane foam and contains spermicidal chemicals • first moistened with water and then inserted into the vagina before intercourse • 16 out of 100 (9:100) • can be worn for up to 30 hours after insertion • Difficult to remove, messy & vaginal irritation • Possibility of developing Toxic Shock Syndrome Diaphragm • A rubber “cup” filled with spermicide gel and placed over the cervix • Physical and chemical barrier between sperm and egg • 80-98% effective • Up to 2 hours before intercourse • Needs to be refitted especially after pregnancy • Fitting done @ doctors or clinic Cervical Cap • Inserted into the vagina and fits snugly over the cervix. Suction keeps the cap in place • barrier to block sperm from entering the uterus • After intercourse, it should be left in place for 8 hours • used with spermicidal jellies or creams that kill sperm. • 84-91% effective for women who have never given birth • 68-74% effective for women who have given birth. • Needs to be fitted Lea’s Shield • What is the Lea's Shield? Lea's Shield is a onesize-fits-all, reusable vaginal barrier contraceptive device which completely covers the cervix, thereby blocking sperm access to the cervix. • Effectiveness and side effects are similar to the cervical cap and diaphragm. Combination Pill • Oral contraceptive which prevents pregnancy primarily by suppressing ovulation • Contains estrogen and progesterone • Tricks body into thinking it’s pregnant (eggs are not produced during pregnancy) • Take pill at same time daily • 99% effective if used correctly • Menstrual cramps/flow reduced • Disadvantages: Water retention, breast tenderness, tired, depressed, nauseated, spotting Mini Pill • Contains only progesterone • Suppresses LH and prevents ovulation • Alteration of Endometrium • Thick mucus is produced in cervix • 28 day cycle • Higher failure rate than combo pill • Good for women who have increased risk of blood clots, high blood pressure, breast feeders… Seasonale Pill • Pill is taken for 84 days, then no pill is taken to allow for menstruation • Only 4 menstrual periods a year • Side effects are similar to other contraceptive pills Loestrin - 3 Day Period Pill Possible Side Effects: •Allergic reaction: Itching or hives, swelling in your face or hands, swelling or tingling in your mouth or throat, chest tightness, trouble breathing •Chest pain, or coughing up blood •Numbness or weakness in your arm or leg, or on one side of your body •Abdominal (stomach) pain, especially with nausea or vomiting •Pain in your lower leg (calf) •Sudden or severe headache, trouble walking or talking •Trouble seeing, or other problems with your eyes •Unusual vaginal bleeding. Breast pain or tenderness •Mild headaches •Mild nausea, vomiting, stomach pain Ortho Contraceptive Patch • Apply a new patch each week for 3 weeks • Menstruation occurs during the 4th week • Side Effects and effectiveness are similar to the pill – New studies show increased risk of blood clots Nuva Ring • Inserted into vagina for 21 days • The muscles in the vaginal wall will keep Nuva Ring® in place • Remove after 21 days for menstruation • Insert a new one after 7 day break • Contains estrogen and progesterone • Side effects: headaches, nausea and breast tenderness, and breakthrough bleeding • Comparable to the pill Contraception Implant • Norplant • Not readily available for teens!!!! • Consists of 6 soft flexible capsules that are placed in a fan-like pattern under the skin of the upper arm • Works like the mini pill • Prevents pregnancy up to 5 years • Slowly releases progesterone into the body • 99% effective • Headache, nausea, dizziness, sore breasts, acne, skin rash, change in appetite, weight gain • Many other warning signs!!! Depo-Provera • An intramuscular injection of progesterone • 99% effective • Prevents pregnancy for 3 months or 12 weeks • Good for women who forget to take the pill • Works like the mini pill • May decrease bone density • Should be used as a long term method (2 or more years) • Very irregular periods, weight gain, and does not protect against STDs Lunelle • A shot that is given in the arm, thigh, or buttocks once a month. • Done during the first five days of your period • Works with the same hormones as the pill, but only needs to be refreshed once a month. • It causes lighter periods and is very discrete. • One must go to the doctor every month to get it refreshed • Less menstrual flow/cramps • Regulates menstruation & decreases acne IUD (Intra-Uterine Device) • A small piece of plastic or metal that a doctor inserts into a women’s uterus through the cervix • 95-98% effective • Not readily available for teens • Prevents the implantation of the fertilized egg to the uterus by causing inflammation of the uterine wall • Can develop pelvic inflammatory disease, heavy menstruation, and ectopic pregnancies Male Sterilization - Vasectomy • Vas Deferens is cut and tied off just above the Epididymis to stop the path of sperm – Male will still ejaculate semen; sperm die in epididymis Female Sterilization - Tubal Ligation • Female will still Ovulate; but the egg will not be able to get through the fallopian tubes, and it will die Emergency Contraception Morning After Pill • A regimen of combined or mini-pills given within a 72 hours of having unprotected intercourse • Intended for Rape Victims or failed birth control • Alters Endometrium to impair implantation • Causes unscheduled menstruation to occur, which results in a miscarriage • 1-2 out of 100 will develop complications Emergency Contraception French Abortion Pill • RU 486 is a chemical compound that, taken in pill form, which induces abortion in women up to nine weeks pregnant. • RU486 is an artificial steroid that interferes with the action of the hormone progesterone, which is crucial to the early progress of pregnancy. • The baby detaches and is discharged out of the body along with the decayed uterine lining.