Nationalism+Modern Nation-State

							 European Nationalism and the Modern Nation-State
•Inspired by Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the Enlightenment
•Resists Congress of Vienna: monarchies, multinational empires
•Political borders should = ethnic borders
     •“ethnic”: language, customs, literature, history, religion, etc.
•Ethnic groups should NOT live in political units smaller than ethnic nation
     •E.g., Germans, Italians
•Want legal equality, religious tolerance, free press/speech, individual rights, rulers
responsible to subjects
•National identity important: official national language replaces local dialects
     •E.g., France, Italy
•Who wants it?
     •Irish want independence or self-govt: ruled by England since 1800
     •Germans, Italians resent Austrian rule, want unification
     •Poles resent partitions, want independent Poland back
     •Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, others seek autonomy within Austrian Empire
     •The Balkans: Serbs, Greeks, Albanians, Romanians, Bulgarians seek independence
     from Ottoman, Russian control
                                Italian Unification
•1815: divided among Austrian imperial lands and small, absolutist principalities:
     •Sardinia-Piedmont, Lombardy, Tuscany, Greater Rome (Pope controls), Papal States,
     Kingdom of Two Sicilies (Naples + Sicily), etc.
•Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-72; below, left), Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82; below, right) rebel vs.
Austria for Italian independence, unification: failure
•1859-70: Kingdom of Piedmont expands, unifies Italy
     •France helps Italians fight vs. Austria (in exchange for Crimean War support)
           •Garibaldi leads nationalist Redshirts
     •Plebiscites throughout most of Italy complete unification
     •Result: Kingdom of Italy (under King Victor Emmanuel II)
     •Exception: Rome
           •Finally acquired in 1870 via Franco-Prussian War
•1870: Unification complete: entire Italian peninsula + Sicily + Sardinia
     •Corsica remains French
     •Split: modern N, rural S
     •Unstable Parliament, weak international trade
Italian Unification
Italian Unification
                                German Unification
•Pre-1864: no single unifying power ruling German people
     •German nationalism skyrockets under Napoleonic Empire
           •Prussian army impressive at Battle of Waterloo
     •Holy Roman Empire dissolves entirely by 1815 (Congress of Vienna)
           •CV creates loose German confederation under Austrian control
           •Germans resent weak representation in confed’n’s Diet
     •split into 300+ political entities, from kingdoms to tiny principalities
     •incl. Brandenburg, Prussia, Silesia, Bavaria, Alsace, Lorraine, Schleswig, Holstein, etc.
•1864-67: Prussian King Wilhelm I (below), FM Otto von Bismarck (above) lead unification
     •Bismarck: educated Junker (landed noble)
           •Pro-unification, pro-army, pro-monarchy, pro-nobility
           •Anti-liberalism, anti-Parliament
     •Win wars vs. Denmark, Austria
     •Depose other local rulers
     •est. Northern German Confederation: all states N of Main River
           •Military monarchy dominated by Prussia
           •Some liberal principles:
                 •Reichstag chosen via universal manhood suffrage
           •But mostly conservative:
                 •Reichstag is weak
                 •army supports King + Bismarck
                 •peasants vote conservatively
The Crazy Quilt of
  19th-century
    Germany
       German Unification: The Franco-Prussian War
•1870-71: Prussia attempts to complete unification
     •Including S Germany (Bavaria, Alsace, Lorraine)
•Bismarck goads France into war
     •Germany defeats France, takes Paris
•Jan. 1871: German Empire proclaimed at Versailles’s Hall of Mirrors
     •Rulers of S German states can keep thrones, but Wilhelm I is Emperor
     •Strong monarchy, strong army
German Unification, 1866-71
             19th century: The Industrial Revolution
•Energy, power sources: wind, water  coal, steam
•Economy: agriculture, handicrafts  machine manufacturing, automated factories
•Life: rural  urban: overcrowded slums, poor sanitation
•New: wealthy industrial middle class, huge industrial working class (proletariat)
•Great Britain: b. 1780s
      •Agricultural improvements  greater, more efficient food production
      •Population growth  surplus labor pool
      •Most families can buy manufactured goods with new disposable income
      •Huge textile demand from GB, British Empire drives industrialization
           •Inventions boost production: faster looms, yarn spinners
           •1782: James Watt’s coal-fired steam engine (below) can drive machinery
      •1780s: Henry Cort’s “puddling”system produces higher-quality iron  huge iron boom
      •1804: Richard Trevithick: 1st steam-powered locomotive
           •Faster, more powerful trains; more miles of RR
           •RR = many new jobs, better transportation, goods prices fall, markets grow
      •Factories: 24-hour production, strict discipline, child labor
      •Result: Great Britain is world’s richest nation by 1850
           •#1 in industrial production, banking, trade
           •Key products: cotton, coal, manufactured goods
•Others soon follow: Belgium, France, German states
•Not so much: Russia, India (under British control)
        1825-50: Industrialization and the Proletariat
•Proletarianization of artisans, factory workers
  •incl. metalworkers, roofers, carpenters, masons, joiners, tailors, etc.
  •Factory owner provides financial capital to:
      •Build factory, buy machines and raw materials
      •Demand regularity: people, machines must be punctual, consistent
  •Workers get no job security, no minimum wage
      •Get wages and submit to factory discipline:
          •regular shifts (strange for ex-rural workers): 12-16 hour/day, 6 days/week
          •Strict factory rules: work hours, breaks, obedience, penalties
      •Yield control of means of production (tools, equipment) to owners, machinery
                 What Changed for Urban Artisans?
•18th century: guild system
     •Master owns workshop and large equipment; artisan owns smaller tools
     •Artisan: apprentice to master  journeyman under master  master
     •Guild controls regulations, practices
     •Workers control own production pace, product quality, price, recruitment, training
•19th century: proletarian factory system
     •Guilds outlawed, home-based labor (e.g., textiles) inefficient, costly
     •Custom crafts  standardized machine production
          •E.g., shoes, clothes, furniture: standard styles, sizes
     •Increased division of labor, specialization: boring, repetitive
     •Multi-talented workers less prized, can use only one skill
     •More unskilled, low-paid labor: esp. rural immigrants
     •Lower wages, worse working conditions, diluted skills  strikes
                          Karl Marx (1818-1883)
•Born in Rhineland (Germany) into Jewish middle-class family
•1848: writes The Communist Manifesto w/ Friedrich Engels
    •Becomes #1 influential political document of modern European history
    •History: a struggle to produce goods necessary for physical survival
          •Production determines society’s structures, values, ideas
    •Class conflict drives history: owners of means of production vs. their employees
    •History: Primitive Communism (egalitarian hunting & gathering)  Barbarism (rule by
    chiefs)  agricultural slave society  Feudalism  Capitalism  Socialism  Communism
    •Capitalism: capitalists own means of production
          •Workers own only their ability to work
          •Capitalists bankrupt skilled artisans, force them into proletariat
    •Socialism: Dictatorship of proletariat
          •Oppressed workers will organize means of production
    •Communism: will eliminate social, economic evils
          •No private property, no classes, no oppression
          •“From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”
•1864: British, French trade unionists est. First International
    •International Working Men’s Association
    •Want radical social/economic change
                        The Revolutions of 1848
•Causes:
       •1846: Bad harvests  food shortages  recession, unemployment
       •Workers agitate for more-representative gov’ts, civil liberties, better working conditions
•France: protests force Louis Philippe to abdicate, flee to England
       •Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (1808-73) elected President, takes full power in military coup
       •1852 plebiscite names LNP Emperor Napoleon III
•Austrian Empire
       •Rebellions in Vienna, Prague, Hungary, N Italy: pro-nationalism, anti-serfdom
       •Emperor Ferdinand abdicates, flees
       •Nephew Franz Joseph (r. 1848-1916) takes throne, sends army to suppress revolts and restore gov’t
•Italy
       •Austrians suppress nationalist revolts, force rebellious King Charles Albert of Piedmont to abdicate
       •1859-70: Italy gains independence w/ French help
•Germany
       •Friedrich Wilhelm IV (r. 1840-61) quashes Frankfurt Parliament’s efforts to write liberal Constitution
       •1850s: liberal Germans emigrate to USA to flee conservative political/social system
•Aftermath:
       •Ends era of liberal revolution (began 1789)
       •Revolutions fail because workers, liberal reformers feud
             •Workers want social reform (e.g., better work conditions), not necessarily political reform
             •Liberal thinkers want political revolution, not necessarily social reform
             •Liberals lose masses’ support  regimes can oppress them w/o mass resistance
       •Conservative, authoritarian regimes (except Great Britain) end up with power
       •Workers turn to trade unions, political parties to achieve goals (revolts won’t work)
    1860-1914: Europe achieves modern nation-state
•Large electorates, urbanization
     •France: 25%  45% of population is urban; Germany: 30%  60%
     •Good: new water, sewer systems
     •Bad: poor housing, social anonymity, unemployment, sanitation problems (cholera)
•Political parties, elections
•Centralized bureaucracies
•Universal military service
•Economics: gold standard, New World resources/markets, corporations, trade unions
     •Women work more: gov’t/corporate clerks, retail sales, teachers
•Technology: radios, electricity, autos, aeroplanes
•Rising urban middle class: small entrepreneurs, professionals, white-collar workers
•Foreign policy: dominate the world via imperialism, wealth
Europe, 1900