Lung cancer

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胸腔外科學 整理 蘇英傑 肺臟 肺癌(Lung cancer)   分類 Adenocarcinoma   最常見,佔30~40%,女性多,多位於肺周邊區域 生長緩慢,但易擴散出去,多合併pleural effusion 第二常見,佔25~40%,與抽煙相關,多位於肺中央區域 生長慢、轉移慢,預後較佳 佔15~25%,多位於肺中央區域 生長快、轉移早,預後最差 大多無法手術治療,以化學治療為主 少見,早轉移,預後不佳  SCC    Small cell anaplastic carcinoma (oat cell)     Undifferentiated large cell carcinoma  確立肺癌診斷   痰液細胞學檢查 經皮細針抽吸   超音波導引、電腻斷層導引、螢光透視下導引 陰性的檢查報告無法排除惡性腫瘤的可能性 BAL、tumor biopsy、blunt biopsy 確診及分期的重要工具  支氣管鏡檢查    縱膈腔鏡檢查或縱膈切開術探查    評估上縱膈腔淋巴分期最準確的方式 左肺門淋巴結、食道旁淋巴結為其盲點 對於IIIA與IIIB的臨床分期有幫助 可作為肺癌確定診斷及臨床分期之用 可直接進行侷限性肺葉切除術 常用於縱膈腔淋巴結與肋膜轉移、肋膜積液評估  胸腔鏡檢查     開胸探查手術 肺癌的分期  分期的目的    決定治療方式 提供預後參考 比較治療的成效 T:腫瘤本身的大小、位置 N:淋巴結轉移情形 M:遠處轉移的有無 cTNM:臨床分期(clinical staging) sTNM:外科分期(surgical staging) pTNM:病理分期(pathological stagin)  TNM分期系統     依據評估之方式及工具差異,可分為     分期  TNM stage        T1:<=3cm T2:>3cm,有侵犯visceral pleural,距carina <2cm, atelectasis T3:不論腫瘤大小,若侵犯到縱膈腔之心臟、大血管、 氣管、氣管分岐、食道、脊椎,但胸水無癌細胞 T4:不論腫瘤大小,若侵犯到縱膈腔之心臟、大血管、 氣管、氣管分岐、食道、脊椎,且胸水有癌細胞 N1:同側肺門淋巴結被侵犯 N2:縱膈腔淋巴結被侵犯 N3:對側之縱膈或肺門淋巴結、同側或對側頸部淋巴 結被侵犯 肺癌的治療共識  影響治療之因素    病理診斷 疾病分期 身體狀況  治療原則  局部早期:stage I ~ stage IIa   以手術治療為原則 術式:肺葉切除+淋巴結廓清術 可考慮手術切除,並合併放射線治療及化學治療 考慮化學治療合併放射線治療  局部晚期:stage IIb ~ stage IIIa   晚期:stage IIIb ~ stage IV  肺轉移癌手術治療    最常見之肺腫瘤 病理機轉:  肺部血流豐富、氧氣充足、無側枝循環 位於肺周邊區域、多發、肋膜下 原發癌已被控制 無其他遠端轉移之證據或已治療 剩餘之肺功能足堪使用 臨床特性:   手術切除適應症:     手術切除之優點:   可減少局部之併發症 延長一定之壽命 肺功能評估     Spirometry Lung volumes Diffusing capacity Ventilatory reserve  開胸手術高合併症之危險因子(Lockwood)       FEV1 < 1.2L 或 < 35% FVC MVV < 28 L/min FVC < 1.7 L RV > 3.3 L TLC > 7.9 L RV/TLC > 47% MVV > 55% prediction FEV1 > 1L FEF 25~75% > 0.6 L/min  一側全肺切除之條件(Miller)     In gerneral   FEV1 > 2L FEV1 > 60% prediction 支氣管擴張(bronchiectasis)  原因  先天性   Cystic fibrosis  最常見 Kartagerner’s syndrome  最常見    situs inversus Bronchiectasis sinusitis      Congenital cystic bronchiectasis Primary hypogammaglobulinemia α1-Antitrypsin deficiency Congenital deficiency of bronchial cartilage Bronchopulmonary sequestration Infection Bronchial obstruction Scarring secondary to TB Acquired hypogammaglobulinemia  後天性     肺結核  治療併用下列藥物6~9個月      Isoniazid(INH) Rifampin Pyrazinamide(PZA) Ethambutol Vit B6 有致命危險性的咳血 因TB導致氣管狹窄 侷限性病灶合併有抗藥性結核菌且治療無效 當結合瘤出現,且無法與癌症區分時 出現bronchiopleural fistula或empyema時  外科治療TB的indication      肺臟良性腫瘤  Liebow分類  Epithelial tumors   Papilloma Polyps   Msodermal tumors  Vascular   Angiomas Lymphangiomyomatosis Fibroma Chodroma, osteochondroma Lipoma Granular cell tumor Leiomyoma Neurogenic tumors  Bronchial tumors       台灣地區常見良性肺臟腫瘤  Sclerosing hemangioma  Harmatoma  Papilloma  Polyp  Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula  Developmental or unknown origin tumors      Hamartoma Teratoma Chemodectoma Clear cell tumor Thymoma Plasma cell granuloma Pseudo lymphoma Xanthoma Amyloid Tracheobronchopathia osteoplastica Carcinoid Salivary gland types    Inflammatory and other pseudo-tumors       Bronchial adenomas   Cylindroma Mixed tumors Pulmonary Sequestration    先天性 動脈供應由主動脈而來 分類  肺葉內型(intralobar)      被正常肺葉組織包圍 與氣管支氣管束相通 靜脈回流入肺靜脈 症狀:常有反覆性、慢性呼吸道感染 常發現於肺下葉後段 與正常肺完全分離,由獨立胸膜包覆 與氣管支氣管束不相通 靜脈回流入azygus vein或para-azygus vein 無症狀  肺葉外型(extralobar)     小兒肺葉切除手術的indication   Infantile lobar emphysema Cystic malformation of the lung 肺臟移植  因以下不可逆之肺疾病,預期餘命2年以內     阻塞性肺疾病(emphysema, COPD) 感染性肺疾病(cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis) 纖維化肺疾病(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) 血管性肺疾病(primary pulmonary hypertension) 年齡、慢性疾病、醫囑配合、血型、抗原配對 身上仍有未治療之惡性腫瘤 除肺臟外之感染性疾病存在 除肺臟外合併其他器官衰竭者 有藥物或酒精成癮者 精神或情緒不佳者 單側或雙側肺移植   捐贈者及接受者之條件評估  不適合肺臟移植者       手術   目前肺臟移植之瓶頸    捐贈之肺臟數量不足 Ischemia-reperfusion injury Chronic allograft rejection Size-Mismatched Lungs Living Lobar Split Lung Transplantation Non-heart-beating Donors  克服捐贈之肺臟數量不足之策略     縱膈腔 縱膈腔感染  病因  食道破裂或穿孔   Trauma Foreign body swallowing   Penetration Corrosive injury with perforation 食道的自發性破裂  Boerhaave complex syndrome     胸骨切開術後傷口感染 頭、牙、頸部感染合併下行性感染 其他 (血行性感染….etc)  死亡率:50~60% 縱膈腔腫瘤     縱膈腔腫瘤惡性機率約15% 縱膈腔腫瘤發生率高低 Neurogenic tumor Neurofibroma最常見        Teratodermoids Lymphoma Thymoma Bronchogenic tumor Pericardial cysts Thyroid adenoma Enteric cysts  縱膈腔腫瘤分佈位置  上縱膈      中縱膈    Thymoma Lymphoma Thyroid adenoma Parathyroid adenoma Thymoma Teratodermoid Carcinoma Lymphangioma Hemangioma lipoma Pericardial cyst Bronchogenic cyst Lymphoma  後縱膈    前縱膈       Neurogenic tumor Enteric cyst 胸腺瘤(Thymoma)   在前縱膈腔最多(95%) 合併重症肌無力(myathenia gravis) 的機率約30%~50%  重症肌無力患者發現胸腺瘤比率則為 10%~15%   胸腺瘤的遠處轉移極少(3%) 良性或惡性腫瘤以是否有局部侵犯為依 據 Parathymic syndrome  40% with parathymic syndrome.       Myasthenia gravis. Pure red cell aplasia. Immunoglobulin deficiency. Systemic lupus erythematosus—infrequently, 2.5%, poor prognosis. Nonthymic cancer—17-21%. Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)-- rarely, malignant thymoma and spindle cell thymoma. Myasthenia gravis        Most commonly associated disease. 30% of patient with thymoma associate with MG. Only 5-15% patient with MG have thymoma. 10-15 older than patient with MG without tumor, younger than patient with thymoma without MG. Any type of thymoma except spindle type, marked associated squamous elements in thymus. Little affect on local presention, clinical behavior, prognosis. Better prognosis than patient with thymoma without MG. Thymic carcinoma    Low and high grade. Malignant cytologic and architectural feature. Staging not standardized. Multiple endocrine neoplasia(MEN)  MEN I(Werner syndrome)      Single or multiple parathyroid adenoma Islet cell tumor of pancreas Adrenal neoplasm Thyroid adenoma Multiple lipoma Thyroid medullary carcinoma Pheochronocytoma Parathyroid neoplasia  MEN II(Sipple syndrome)    氣管  Tracheal tumors  Malignant tumors     Adenoid cystic carcinoma Bronchial carcinoids Neuroendocrine tumors Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous papillomas Cartilaginous tumors  Benign tumors     Tracheal stenosis  Capillary perfusion pressure is a crucial consideration Most are children, particularly aged 1-3 years A toy, with balloons accounting for 29% of deaths The mortality rate is approximately 1%. Tracheal foreign body     Tracheal rupture 氣切(Tracheostomy)  Indication    Mechanical ventilation dependency Poor sputum expelling function Upper airway obstruction Incision should be made on 2nd~4th tracheal ring Bleeding Wound infection Tracheal stenosis Subcutaneous emphysema Fistula   Method  Complication      胸壁 先天性胸壁畸形     胸壁凹陷畸形(pectus excavatum) 胸壁击出畸形(pectus carinatum) Poland氏症候群(Poland’s syndrome) 胸骨缺陷(sternal defects) 胸壁凹陷畸形 (pectus excavatum)      最常見 男女比=4:1 具有遺傳傾向(30%) Marfan’s syndrome及先天性心臟病患者機率高 Pectus index:   胸腔左右之距離÷胸腔前後之距離 大於3.25~3.4者建議手術 Ravitch(<14y/o) Wada Nuss  手術方式:    胸壁击出畸形 (pectus carinatum)     發生率約為pectus excavatum的1/5~1/10 男女比=4:1 具有遺傳傾向(30%) 分類:  胸骨體击出型(chondrogladiolar protrusion)  最常見 常與Poland syndrome有關 最少見  肋軟骨側凹型(lateral depression of the ribs)   胸骨柄击出型(chondromanubrial prominance)  Poland氏症候群 (Poland’s syndrome)   發生率=1/30000 多重缺陷      胸大肌缺乏 胸小肌缺乏或發育不良 肋軟骨缺乏  異形呼吸(paradoxical respiratory motion) 乳房及皮下組織發育不全或乳房及乳頭完全缺乏 合併畸形:      併指(syndactylism) 指骨缺如 前臂骨缺如 脊柱異常 Sprengel氏畸形  常發生於左側 胸骨缺陷 (sternal defects)  Sternal clefts   Upper sternal clefts (cervical ectopia cordis) Complete clefts (thoracic ectopia cordis)  可合併前橫膈膜缺損、腹直肌分離  Distal sternal clefts (thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis)   最嚴重的一型 常合併上腹部肌肉缺損、臍澎(omphalocele)、前橫 膈膜缺損、心包膜缺損、先天性心臟病 胸壁腫瘤  生發組織   中胚層之肌肉、骨骼為主 偶有lymphoma    80%發生在肋骨 惡性腫瘤以轉移性肋骨腫瘤最常見 治療方式  手術切除   廣泛性切除(chest wall resection) 胸壁修補手術(chest wall reconstruction with muscle flap) 對大多數之骨、肉瘤效果不佳 對lymphoma效果良好  化學治療及放射治療   骨腫瘤  良性骨腫瘤      Fibrous dysplasia Chondroma Osteochondroma Eosinophilic granuloma Osteoid osteoma Chondrosarcoma Osteosarcoma or osteogenic sarcoma Ewing’s sarcoma Myeloma  惡性骨腫瘤     良性骨腫瘤  Fibrous dysplasia   佔30% 好發於20~40 y/o 佔5~20% 好發於`10~20 y/o 常見於前胸壁的肋軟骨交界處 好發於年輕男性 家族遺傳性可能(familial osteochondromatosis)  Chondroma     Osteochondroma     Eosinophilic granuloma Osteoid osteoma 惡性骨腫瘤  Chondrosarcoma     最常見 佔20% 好發於30~40 y/o 侵犯前胸之肋骨軟骨交界處 好發於青少年 生長快速、預後差、早期轉移 Sunburst pattern calcification 佔5~10% 好發於年輕男性 Onion peel appearance Multiple myeloma Multiple punched-out lesion  Osteosarcoma or osteogenic sarcoma     Ewing’s sarcoma     Myeloma   軟組織腫瘤   Neurofibromas Desmoid tumor 轉移性腫瘤   以血行性轉移為多 以乳癌、肺癌最常見 Ribs Fracture  第3~7根ribs fracture機率最大  治療原則        止痛 防止呼吸衰竭 防止肺炎 防止氣胸 防止血胸 Adhesive trapping Circumferential trapping  Flail chest   Multiple rib, multiple segment,並足以造成paradoxical movement 治療方式   Positive pressure ventilation Surgical fixation Subcutaneous Emphysema  原因   肋膜破裂 手術或胸管傷口 處理原發病灶 胸管減壓 預防感染  處理原則    Horner’s syndrome  症狀    瞳孔收縮 眼瞼下垂 半邊臉缺汗 First-order central sympathetic fibers   病理傷害處  Arise from the posterolateral hypothalamus, descend uncrossed through the mid brain and pons, and terminate in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord at the level of C8-T2 (ciliospinal center of Budge). The spinal cord at the level of T1, enter the cervical sympathetic chain  Second-order preganglionic pupillomotor fibers   胸腔可能遇到的原因      Pancoast tumor (tumor in the apex of the lung - most commonly squamous cell carcinoma) Trauma/surgical injury (radical neck dissection, thyroidectomy, carotid angiography, coronary artery bypass graft) Chest tubes Aneurysm/dissection of aorta Neuroblastoma 肋膜 通論    Parietal pleural  Intercostal nerve  pain(+) 交感、副交感神經  painless 肋膜腔內液體多寡是由   Visceral pleural  Starling law  Oncotic pressure Hydrostatic pressure   每天在肋膜腔內液體的分泌及吸收約有5~10公升 引起肋膜積水的原因      Hydrostatic pressure上升 肋膜腔內負壓增加 肋膜微血管通透性增加 血漿中的oncotic pressure減少 淋巴管引流量減少或受到阻斷 胸管引流的適應症      氣胸(pneumothorax) 血胸(hemothorax) 膿胸(empyema) 肋膜積水(hydrothorax) 乳糜胸(chylothorax) 理想胸管插入位置   在緊急狀況下,任何可以引流肋膜腔的位置都是可被 接受的 理想位置為第五、六肋間的腋中線     解剖構造簡單,軟組織較薄 肋間空間較寬 胸管較不易插入肺葉間空間 美觀上的考量  胸管引流只要能達到 肋膜內無沾黏或隔腔胸水  使得壁層與臟層肋膜閉合 毛細現象產生自然可得到良好的引流效果  胸管引流裝置  水下密封引流裝置(underwater seal)   單向活塞水柱,防止空氣逸入 平衡大氣壓與肋膜腔之負壓環境 若液面隨呼吸起伏,表示胸管功能良好 若起伏消失可能為管路阻塞 若起伏消失且液面升高,表示肺葉漲滿、肋膜腔關閉且負 壓穩定 呼吸時持續漏氣    病人端之外科接管      管路銜接不良、瓶身裂隙 破裂之氣泡持續漏氣 支氣管廔管  於插管前、插管後、拔管前、拔管後常需CXR評估 氣胸(Pneumothorax)  分類  Spontaneous pneumothorax   Primary Secondary        Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD Bullous disease Cystic fibrosis Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary embolism Catamenial pneumothorax Pneumothorax in AIDS    Traumatic pneumothorax Iatrogenic pneumothorax Etc.  Boerhaave complex syndrome   Spontaneous penumothorax Risk factor:       高瘦年輕男性 heavy smoker 矽肺症 肺氣腫 肺癌 Marfan syndrome Surgical indication for primary spontaneous pneumothorax Early complication Prolonged air leakage Non re-expansion of the lung Bilaterality Hemothorax Tension Complete pneumothorax Potential hazard Second Episode Occupational hazard Absence of medical facilities in isolated areas Associated single bulla Psychological Ipsilateral recurrence Contralateral recurrence after a first pneumothorax Recurrence of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax        Therapy Recurrence (%) Expectant 30 Aspiration 20-50 Chest tube drainage 20-30 Pleurodesis (tetracycline) 25 Pleurodesis (talc) 7 Surgery 2 Removal of Chest Tube  Indications    No fluctuation in the fluid column of the tube (complete lung reexpansion or tube occlusion) Daily fluid drainage <100ml in 24 hours Air leakage has stopped Spontaneous pneumothorax after tube thoracostomy  removal tube within 6 hours of reexpansion-25% collapse  Proper timing (controversy)  Transudate & Exudate 外觀 WBC Glucose Protein Protein ratio LDH ratio PH Transudate Clear < 1000/mm3 Normal < 3.0 g/dL < 0.5 < 0.6 與動脈血相同 Exudate Cloudy > 10000/mm3 Low > 3.0 g/dL > 0.5 > 0.6 < 7.2 Hemothorax    因外傷引起者多 出血量要>500ml才看得出air-fluid level 開刀indication:     Hemodynamic unstable Initial bleeding >1000ml Bleeding >200ml/hr for 3 hrs Suspect major organ injury 膿胸(Empyema)  分期   Stage I 急性期(< 48 hrs) Stage II 中間期(> 48 hrs ~ 2 weeks)    Fibrinopurulent phase Loculation Fibrin deposition Organizing phase Fibroblast formation  Stage III 慢性期(2 ~ 4 weeks)    感染菌種  從前   鏈球菌 肺炎雙球菌 格蘭氏陰性菌(KP) 厭氧菌  現在   膿胸的治療  治療原則    強力抗生素治療 適當引流蓄膿 手術處置原則:剝離肋膜沾黏(peel),使塌陷 之肺葉擴張,消除原本蓄膿之死腔 胸管引流 胸腔鏡輔助手術 開胸探查手術 肋膜剝離術 胸壁成形術 永久開放式引流(Elosser‘s flap)  手術方式       乳糜胸(Chylothorax)  鑑別疾病  Pseudochyle   Lacithin-globulin complex Causes   Malignancy Infection  Cholesterol pleural effusion   Cholesterol Causes   TB Rheumatoid arthritis  Treatment  減少乳糜量   NPO Medium-chain triglycerides fool TPN 胸管引流 Ligation of thoracic duct Pleurectomy Pleurodesis  維持良好營養   受損胸管的癒合修補或阻斷     肋膜腫瘤  轉移性腫瘤   > 90%是轉移性腫瘤 肺癌、乳癌 Solitary fibrous tumor    原發性腫瘤  10 – 15% 與石綿(asbestos)暴露無關 危險因子      Diffuse mesothelioma  石綿(asbestos)暴露高度相關 Smoking Radiation exposure Simian virus 40, SV 40    好發於40 y/o 男女比=2:1 死亡多因局部侵犯而非遠處轉移 橫膈 Diaphragm hernia     Esophageal hernia分成三型: Sliding hernia(發生率最高) Paraesophageal hernia(多發生於老年人) Mixed hernia  先天型diaphragm hernia  Bochdalek hernia  left posterior pleuroperitoneal hiatus (stomach, intestine) parasternal hernia (colon)  Morgagni hernia  食道 解剖學       管狀肌肉構造,內環外縱 位於後縱膈腔,脊椎前方 長約25公分 僅有黏膜層與肌肉層,無漿液 層 正常食道的三個狹窄處: 上:環咽肌(cricopharyngeal muscle)  15 cm from incisor 中:食道穿過左主支氣管和肺 動脈弓  23 cm from incisor 下:胃括約肌 (gastroesophageal sphincter)  38 cm from incisor   先天性食道異常    先天性食道閉鎖合併氣管廔管(Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula) The most common abnormality (84%) is EA with a distal TEF Isolated atresia with no fistula is the next most common finding (8%)   Esophageal stenosis, web, and muscular hypertrophy Plummer-Vinson syndeom(缺鐵性下厭困難)   合併mucosa atrophy, clubbing finger, anemia, esophageal web 主因環咽肌下方一纖維蹼而造成吞嚥困難症狀    Esophageal duplications, rests, and cysts Columnar epithelium–lined lower esophagus (Barrett esophagus) associated with gastroesophageal reflux   Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft a midline communication among the larynx, trachea, and esophagus 食道異常  食道破裂  Mallory-Weiss syndrome  A nontransmural esophageal tear also associated with vomiting spontaneous rupture of the esophagus typically occurs after forceful emesis A transmural perforation of the esophagus accounts for 85-90% of cases of esophageal rupture  Boerhaave syndrome    Iatrogenic perforation  食道功能性疾病  賁門弛緩症(Achalasia)  病因:迷走神經和食道中的Auerbach神經節之一 產生degeneration  Spastic esophageal motility disorders    Diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) Nutcracer esophagus Hypertensive LES   Non-specific esophageal motility disorder Scleroderma  胃食道逆流疾病 (Gastroesophageal reflux disease; GERD)  Barrett esophagus:   in 8-15% of patients with GERD 可演變成adenocarcinoma, 發病率在0.5%至10%間 24小時下段食道PH值監測: 最敏感 PH reflux test PES:最常用  診斷:      Approximately 50% of patients with gastric reflux develop esophagitis. Esophagitis is classified into the following 4 grades based on its severity:     Grade I – Erythema Grade II - Linear nonconfluent erosions Grade III - Circular confluent erosions Grade IV - Stricture or Barrett esophagus 食道癌    惡性度高、預後差 細胞型態: 鱗狀上皮細胞癌(>95%)   佔食道癌的大部分(>90%),多在上2/3 危險因子:煙、酒、狹窄、achalasia、Plummer-Vinson syndrome、吃燙的東西、缺乏Zn, Mo, Vit A 西方較常見(alcoholism),東方較少,多在distal end 危險因子:Berrett esophagus  腺癌(多為胃賁門癌向上侵犯)      容易轉移(無漿液層) 不易早期發現 食道狹窄造成食道管腔有3/4阻塞時才會有症狀 食道癌癌症分期   TNM definitions Primary tumor (T)        TX: Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0: No evidence of primary tumor Tis: Carcinoma in situ T1: Tumor invades lamina propria or submucosa T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria T3: Tumor invades adventitia T4: Tumor invades adjacent structures NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed N0: No regional lymph node metastasis N1: Regional lymph node metastasis  Regional lymph nodes (N)     Distant metastasis (M)    MX: Distant metastasis cannot be assessed M0: No distant metastasis M1: Distant metastasis  Tumors of the lower thoracic esophagus:   M1a: Metastasis in celiac lymph nodes M1b: Other distant metastasis M1a: Not applicable M1b: Nonregional lymph nodes and/or other distant metastasis  Tumors of the midthoracic esophagus:    Tumors of the upper thoracic esophagus:   M1a: Metastasis in cervical nodes M1b: Other distant metastasis AJCC stage groupings  Stage 0   Stage III   Tis, N0, M0 T1, N0, M0 T2, N0, M0 T3, N0, M0 T1, N1, M0 T2, N1, M0   Stage I  T3, N1, M0 T4, any N, M0 Any T, any N, M1 Any T, any N, M1a Any T, any N, M1b Stage IV   Stage IIA    Stage IVA   Stage IIB    Stage IVB  食道癌之手術治療  可切除   食道切除手術(esophagectomy) 食道重建手術(esophageal reconstruction) 人工血管置入手術(Port-A implantation) 空腸造廔手術(feeding jejunostomy) 胃食道內管留置(esophageal stent)  不可切除    食道重建手術  替代物      接口處   胃 大腸 小腸 游離皮瓣 (free flap) 皮下 胸骨下 後縱膈腔 頸部 縱膈腔  臨床選擇考量      路徑     疾病 距離 功能 逆流 感染控制  食道良性腫瘤  leiomyoma最多  食道鏡可在黏膜上噴以下染色劑以求 對食道癌的早期診斷    2% toluidine blue 0.5% methylene blue 3% Lugol’s solution 食道腐蝕性傷害  傷害機轉   酸:凝固性壞死、快速、胃較厲害 鹼:液化性壞死、作用深遠、難以預期 腐蝕性液體之酸鹼度、濃度、量、合併藥物 口腔潰爛、吞嚥困難、吐血 呼吸困難、吸入性肺炎、酸中毒、休克 急性腹痛、敗血症 保守性治療,穩定生命跡象,觀察腹膜炎 禁食,輸液治療,TPN、PPN 緊急胃鏡評估  臨床評估:      處置原則:    食道腐蝕性傷害之手術治療-1  急性食道corrosive injury的三個時期    急性壞死期(day 1-4) 潰瘍、肉牙成形期(day 3-5) 瘢痕形成期(>3weeks):食道狹窄形成手術之 範圍與程度難以預期 急性腹症之出現(peritoneal signs) 生命跡象穩定  適應症    手術方式   切除壞死之消化道、清創引流,以救命為主 Esophagectomy + gastrectomy + cervical esophagostomy + feeding jejunostomy 食道腐蝕性傷害之手術治療-2   穩定期  瘢痕形成期(>3weeks):食道狹窄形成 食道狹窄、胃出口狹窄引起之吞嚥困難 食道切除術後 擴張食道(Esophageal dilatation) 胃繞道手術(Gastroenterostomy) 食道重建手術(Esophageal reconstruction) 手術適應症    手術方式   

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