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SOUTH AFRICA – SAFE HAVEN FOR HUMAN TRAFFICKERS?
EMPLOYING THE ARSENAL OF EXISTING LAW TO COMBAT HUMAN TRAFFICKING
*
HB KRUGER
H Oosthuizen
*
*
1 Introduction
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1
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nstspnt iisi np es tn is se ips n ee se ne r i h ii eiinp tise sp t s ehe e ii t
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,te in disint ps n ee e npteet dnrepi 1122ennep ee ie iin . ne t si ee ips n ee-neseinp
... the lack of comprehensive law that fully defines trafficking, empowers police and
prosecutors ... is the greatest hindrance to anti-trafficking efforts in South Africa.2
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3
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4
ne ee iin es tsi ee e iin Prevention and
*
Hester B Kruger. BA, LLB, LLM, LLD (UFS). Senior Lecturer, Department of Criminal and
Medical Law, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. Email:
KrugerH@ufs.ac.za. This paper is partly derived from a thesis submitted in fulfillment of LLD
studies.
** Hennie Oosthuizen. BIuris, LLB, LLD, LLD (UFS). Professor and Head of the Department of
Criminal and Medical Law, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. Email:
Oosthuh@ufs.ac.za.
1
Article 1-20 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women
and Children (Palermo Protocol).)1111(
2
US Department of State 2011 www.state.gov 328.
Kamidi Legal Response to Child Trafficking .
3
4
S v Dos Santos (unreported case; 19 July 2011, Pretoria Regional Court) (accused convicted in
terms of the Criminal Law [Sexual Offences and Related Matters] Amendment Act 32 of 2007
and sentenced to life imprisonment) - SAPA 2011 www.news24.com 1; S v Sayed (unreported
case no. 041/2713/2008; 18 March 2010, Durban Regional Court). In 2010, the National
Prosecuting Authority also reported to the Justice and Constitutional Development Portfolio
Committee on convictions for human trafficking activities in the following cases: S v Sawatkan
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
Combating of Trafficking in Persons Bill f 1121Sfuf (f 1121f rhf 7Bf Trafficking Billiin rpetnnsi ee ,)
5
. s n stn e na ti ee nes rped t eet ie p ee ips n ee seneit ie ee
GR T GR A R E IH H U GA HR T E H T GI A I T E H N E HR HA T E T GK I GA R T T E GR KCIER
HR RE KEGUGA I KTGRGTGR NERRHK TH AI N AGRE KEGUHR GA REIHE T H GRTGAI IHEGAGTGRAR
GAI KRUURA I R RHIHKTGRA RE H GRT ,G E R T E .RKHRRE U A TE EEGKCGAI NE KRUUGTTHI I EGAI TEH
R EHI THI KTGRGTGHR G-TR TE EEGKCGAI RETHA H NNIGK IH RET KEGUHR TE T U T AI RT T T
EHCGAI NERRGRGRAR GA TTE ARGTGRA I TE EEGK ,H K R A I R .U NNHI R TCHILDREN'S ACT 5002 RE
(CHILDREN'S ACT AI TEH )CRIMINAL LAW (SEXUAL OFFENCES AND RELATED MATTERS) AMENDMENT
ACT( 5002 ER 25SEXUAL OFFENCES AMENDMENT ACT 5000 RGAKH TEH ,G A I I T E . EH IGRK RRHI )
TRAFFICKING BILLTEH RH RE RTEHE ,H AH E E T EHGTT H HA KTHI GA TERGII GA II NER GI
AI RE TEGRHRHA ETHE TEH N RRG ,CGAI NERRHK TGRARRAR GA E U A TE EEGKKEGUGA I I R NERRGRG
:TRAH GR THUNTHI TR R ,A I I G A R T T E G R KCIER .GR EHEIHKTHI NRA , GII GATR I R
– RTE IH GA E U A HGAI A E R T T E H A E G A I H E H I H !E E G K R T E R KRUH TR ,E E E G K C H E R T"
".UGAGU I HGAI NERRHK THI GR R REGIH TEH EGRC REIHAHE TH E IH NEREGT
2 THE EXISTING SOUTH AFRICAN CRIMINAL LAW FRAMEWORK
T T HI GU HR EH RETHA KR U U GI IHI TE T R E GR R KET GR R GI HIT KCA R R IHG
:AI NERKHRRI EGAI TEH TE EEGKCG
Human trafficking is in fact better understood as a collection of crimes bundled
together rather than a single offence; a criminal process rather than a criminal
event.6
udttStoaf hr rof aPrf h t utf Podff ,S Phhthitoaf auattaPStro-suodtoaf Sfuf uoPhS uoSf rhf hreoSu f ,ifet
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.S Phhthitoafs rhutt
7
in tsnnntt s rpetnnsi ee e ips n ee seneit e inp t e iintn na ti ee np nt
.se e nennt h nrne ee iin snit e iin rspi ns sp nstn
2.1 Common law crimes
(unreported case no. 41/2045/08, Durban) (accused convicted in terms of the Sexual Offences
Act 23 of 1957); S v Wiphatawaithaya (unreported case no. 317/2/09, Durban) (accused
convicted in terms of the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957); and S v Eloff (unreported case no.
SH599/08, Welkom) (accused convicted in terms of the Criminal Law [Sexual Offences and
Related Matters] Amendment Act 32 of 2007) – NPA 2010a www.pmg.org.za 3-6; NPA 2010b
www.pmg.org.za 12; NPA 2010c www.pmg.org.za 3-61.
5
NPA 2010A WWW.PMG.ORG.ZA 3-6; NPA 2010B WWW.PMG.ORG.ZA 12; NPA 2010C
WWW.PMG.ORG.ZA 3-61.
UNODC Toolkit ; Bales Global Slavery .
6
7
Mnisi "Trafficking in Persons" 2.
2 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
. ifu uf ttf orf hr rof aPrf s rttttrof duPatoaf tsuhththPaa f rtSff hroSu sr P f fe Pof S Phhthitoa ,di
8
si n stn ie rpetnnsin ,tsni st iin tn nni ee tnsttn n eh , ee sh np ntes npest ne
9
.ips n ee seneit
2.1.1 Abduction
I GATHEKR ERH RE E TEH N ENRRH RE RH E TR H H NIRGTHI EREGKR UGARNHENHTE TRE RER TE E
GUH RE RE TEH KRUURA I R KE T AKHR H KRARGKTHIT GA KHET GA KGEK UR EREKHI U EEG IH U
.
10
I KTGRA e rpetnnsi ee ee s nispen e s sni ee h n tsnnntt s hinpn tsni s rnprnipsiep
se sh s i se einei ees i pn ednt se se spp n eep pe iin neeipe e i t ep inp rspneit ep
11
. iiesi iin p neetneiessp se h in einei ee e iin rnprnipsiep e is ee iin eep sti n iisi in
12
.ep ndne te n e i n tn h tint ie sppi ep ie isdn tnass einpnesptn h ii iin eep ,ep tin i t
ses eti iin nstie se e iin t enn ii t np n rse tint s hpeee ne iin , repisei ie eein iisi
iin neetnei e iin eep ie iin snit e iin rnprnipsiep t ee , eep se eei ses eti iin eep
13
. n nenn
E H T E H E R E A R T T E H RUKUTHWALAI AG A GRHI GA RRUHREGKE GR RTGII NE KT ,K IT E I K RTRU
KTGRA GR TEH IHE TEH KEGUH RE IU T H NERRHK THI A ,E E G K R T E R AGTGHR GAKRUU
GAI ERE T THR E U A TE EEGKCR KE K RTRU KRARTG R GR REHTEHE RE ART ,R EHKT RE IH TH
8
Mnisi "Trafficking in Persons" 2; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-10; SALRC 2008
www.justice.gov.za 14; SOCA Unit 2009 www.info.gov.za 2.
9
IOM Counter-trafficking 90; Smith "South Africa's Strategy" 5; Mnisi "Trafficking in Persons"
24-26.
10
Statutory versions of the common law crime of abduction were introduced into our law also by s
12 and 13 of the Sexual Offences Act o caodsooa t f shror ososss s d a ro .2597 f 12
orr iais t ,otc h shrs caffr f shra d t io d stsr o sCommon Law
Crimessdsa t c t s r iodr d t io ohcsdsa t dhr ososss s f o f ohc .971-967
ls dhrii –otc oio c t s oshosotsaoiis caffr f as Criminal Law dhr ohcsdsa t .
f shr 22otc )1(21 ffrtdro at oo Sexual Offences Act 2597 f 12were repealed in
2007 by the Criminal Law [Sexual Offences and Related Matters] AmendmentAct32 of 2007
– see the sto this act.
Snyman Criminal Lawf ntaSrof ;312Common Law Crimes Be hfuaaf duhtoutf Sfuf h t uf Ptf Sfuf f .
11
eoaPrheaf SPitoaf rhf Pf tor f reSf rhf Sfuf hroS raf rhf Pf hetSrdtPof rtSff Sfuf toSuoStrof rhf uoPhatoaf
f Be hfuaaf –PSf tor f tr urouf Srf P f r f Srf fPtuf tudePaf toSu hre tuf rtSff Sf Criminal Lawf;761
fteoSCommon Law Crimes .
12
Hunt Common Law Crimes 548-549; Snyman Criminal Law 403. Proof of the intention to marry
or to have intercourse with the minor suffices. Thus, proof that the marriage or intercourse took
place is not required – Snyman Criminal Law 405. For a discussion of the difference between
seduction and abduction and other aspects of this crime, see Snyman Criminal Law 403-407;
Burchell Criminal Law 762-767; Milton Common Law Crimes 553-572; Hunt Common Law
Crimes 537-554.
13
Snyman Criminal Law 404; Burchell Criminal Law 764-765; Milton Common Law Crimes
554-555. If the minor did not consent to the taking, the perpetrator may also be convicted of
kidnapping – Snyman Criminal Law 404; Hunt Common Law Crimes 546-547.
3 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
ETE T TEH TE IGTGRA R A H N R G A T R E R G H R G R R .RH I H NIRGT TGRAUKUTHWALA INDEED A
14
FORCED MARRIAGE OF YOUNG GIRLS TO ADULT MEN. e einprpni ee iin ,rehndnp UKUTHWALA MOTSU
.EISVR A RNTTWXWIT LNW A IMUUWX ST AMTISXO ,T X N A I S I T W R T A S M T I O ENTINI TIW
NIT SMT TIATOS ,TSX NIOTAI W ,NW V O W I I-V S T I O E A U U W I W A I R UukuthwalaGR ART U EEG IH
H NHI TEH E UGIT RE TERTHI GA REIHE TR KRURKHI EH TE T GR HUNI T NEHIGUGA ET NE ,GA GTRHIE
. IHE
15
K RTRU ET U EEG ERE TEH KRAKI RGRA R E GATR AHIRTG TGRARE T EH EGIH TR HATH
16
reises se dn np ntnp n iin nstie st s nset e ne nen ee spp sen eneei si eet i hsi
17
. " en s sni ee" e s AIR EWOT AT TIW "U TSX W" IUW NO OWWUNIEV TAEW-TS-I W U X NR W T
18
.OUAXXNAEW IWESTNATNSI O TATIWX OWIRNIE TIW'MXW UXNRWEXSSUXWONRWI W ST TIW TMT
E G E T R E H T E H E T G R G U N R E T A T T R K I GUKUTHWALA .H RE I KTGRAKRARTGT THR TEH KEGU
E E GK A K RTR U ET I R R T E R GHIR HA U GA T GA T E T A-I R T E R R U HA H AIU
UR REEHKRIAGRHR TERRH EREUKUTHWALA IH KRARHATR TR TEHREHEH TEH E T EH EG
UKUTHWALA. IH AHIRTG TGRAU TH UH AR RE U EEG NERKHRR
19
R IHIGTG I NO A X E M U W I T NO T
ST TIW W XWVWLAIT OXSLNONSIAVOS OMOOSXTWR U TIConstitution of the Republic of South Africa ,
0991( 0991CONSTITUTIONEIN I ,) H K IT E I IGEH RE TR N ETGKGN TH GA TE R EHI EIR TEH EGIET
.R KERGKH'RAH ii t p eii
20
si eei n eei nanpn tn es seenp eneet tinei h ii , ne iin eiinp ise
21
. sei rped t ee e iin d e d eiit XW TIWNI NX MUOTAI WO EIW ,I W X W T S X W T ukuthwala
HI R KE TEH KR ETR E RH RGHR ,I IGEI GATR U EEG IHTR EREKH A ARGIIGA TE IGTGRA GR RHI
.
22
I KTGRA KRAI KT R KEGUGA I pnrepit pnnn dn isdn e nsin iisi iesee e p t isdn ,dnnnei i
nne s snin se np iin nisps n e ii t ips i ee se isdn ts tn snei i nne epnn eie sppi ee
23
.s s i ne hinpn se spp n eept spn pn edn pe iin neeipe e ,dsni se s stn e ii t ips i ee
neetnei si n tsnnntt s i rpetnnsin ee s np es nispen )'iin rspneit(iin p rspneit h iiesi iin p
24
.e s sni ee i nse n spesn iisi iin tstn e iin ,rspiinp UKUTHWALANXVO TXARNTNSI TS TSX W E
OMXOSOWO TXATTN ENIE TSX TIW OS SIOTNTMTW IMUAITWR UAXXNAEWO UA AVAIR ESUWI NITS MIEAI
.SIST OWRMAV WROVSNTATN
14
US Department of State 2011 www.state.gov 327.
15
Mwambene and Sloth-Nielsen 2011 African Human Rights Law Journal 1, 3, 6.
Koyana and Bekker 2007 De Jure f ratttu f ;et al Indigenous Lawf Be hfuaaf ;5Criminal Law f;
16
f1115nPtrof-nhoertdObiter .
Koyana and Bekker 2007 De Jure f ratttu f ;et alIndigenous Lawf Be hfuaaf ;5Criminal Law f;
17
f1115nPtrof-nhoertdObiter .
18
Olivier et al Indigenous Law 9; Mwambene and Sloth-Nielsen 2011 African Human Rights Law
Journal 3. For a further discussion of the three forms of ukuthwala, see Olivier et al Indigenous
Law 9-10.
19
Mwambene and Sloth-Nielsen 2011 African Human Rights Law Journal 22; see also Koyana and
Bekker 2007 De Jure 141-142; Burchell Criminal Law 767.
20
Section 31(1) Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.
21
Section 31(2) Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996; see also McQuoid-Mason 2009
Obiter 717.
22
Burchell Criminal Law 764; Koyana and Bekker 2007 De Jure 142; McQuoid-Mason 2009 Obiter
716-717.
23
McQuoid-Mason 2009 Obiter 716; US Department of State 2009 www.state.gov 260; US
Department of State 2010 www.state.gov 297.
24
Burchell Criminal Law 764.
4 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
2.1.2 Kidnapping
. EEGKCGAINHERRAR ERE E U A TE "EHKE GT" I TRRAH RE TEH UH AR N N GA I GR C
25
RH G I A
esrr ee neet tit e ,ennep ee ie dei se
unlawfully and intentionally depriving a person of his or her freedom of movement
and/or if such person is a child, the custodians of their control over the child.26
Sfuf su suS PSr f S Phhthf Pf su trof f fe Pof S Phhthitoaf he Sfu f ufet utf SfPSf ,eoatiuf itdoPsstoaf ,trrutu
.rtSff Pof udsartSPSttuf se srtu ee e iin p eii ie iinpnst
27
esrr ee enstnt s e i ee iin d e si
is se ips n ee epn e ine iise eei en s nt iin d e si ee e tndnps eiinp , pnn e e edn nei
28
dissp se ,ennep ee i . n se tnnsp ii e iin rnptee ,tsni st iin p eii ie iin ee ii ,is se p eiit
t ,st n en e iin s np e peiene ,p eii i re eit esi iisi iin np n e ips n ee e rnpteet
iin np n e ,rep ii t pnstee .t ee nsei i pes np iise iin ne ee sh np n e esrr ee
se epn ne rpninet dn , ii ips n ee nstnt s n ssin i esrr ee t iee esppeh ie ns h
. n e i eet e ips n ee np nt sti iinpn epn n ntis tin
I REEHAKH GR TEH E U A TE EEGKCGA T H H R G I H A K H T R N E R R H A K RHR R EHEH IHC G
,KTHIE R ART THT HHA HA IGRI TGRAE U A TE EEGKCGAI IH RE REHEH NNIGK IH ,I KCGAI
R R E GR K E GU H N E R T HK T R T T . H R KKHRRE I UH RE CGIA NNGAI U TNERRHK TGRA RA KEG
.ERI RRHE UGARERHII R N EHAT I KRATIRU RE URRHUHAT R RA UHIT NHERRA I EEHH ,GATHEHRTR
29
stie set si n nrp dn e neeipe . intn einpntit spn e ine d e sin e is se ips n ee nstnt
'iin p ni pne h iiesi iin nstie set ednp iin p eep ni pne i ips n npt hie is n se ips n
t neetnei ent eei nes tn iin 'iin ni ,t einpnti iisi t d e sin 'd enn i t iin nstie se .neetnei
30
. t nee sni'rnprnipsiep EIWXW R S T E NR I A O O NI E A V O S S I L N T W W X O W T X AT S X O U A UW O
V USLNIE TIW T U WNTIWX OI ON AVO TXWWRSU ST USLWUWI'N EWR OWXOSITIW LNSVATW A TXATT
U VS EWR U EWWONIE TIW LN TN TS AISTIWX OVA W SX ,TNSIMONIE TSX W SX RW WO ,TXATTN EWR OWXOSI
31
.MO
25
SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 14; Kruger 2010 Combating Human Trafficking 422.
26
Snyman Criminal Law 479. Other writers state that kidnapping consists in unlawfully and
intentionally depriving a person of liberty of movement and/or his or her custodians of control –
Burchell Criminal Law 758; Milton Common Law Crimes 539-541; Hunt Common Law Crimes
470.
Article 3(a) Palermo Protocol orr oio la ert ;Trafficking in Persons nts ot ;69Criminal
27
Law r sur ;382-375Combating Human Trafficking .92-
28
Stuurman 2004 Eye on Human Trafficking 5.
29
Snyman Criminal Law 481. For a further discussion of the elements of this crime, see Milton
Common Law Crimes 544-548; Hunt Common Law Crimes 470-475.
30
Burchell Criminal Law 760; Hunt Common Law Crimes 473.
31
SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 14; see also Stuurman 2004 Eye on Human Trafficking 5;
5 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
2.1.3 MURDER AND ATTEMPTED MURDER
.HE H KE EIHI RGTE U EI EEGKCHI NHERRA U THR TEH IH TE RE
32
TENHENHTE TRE RER K R e
33
,ret i dn-hi n eeh ee iisi iini spn r w ,nstnt hinpn ips n npt ep iin p n neit XAOW A TXATTN EWR
,OSOONUVW M I A S I L N T NS I NO O .ATTWUOTWR UMXRWX UA UW SILN TWR ST TIW ,OWXOSI
NWI LNXMOIW IMUAI NUUMISRWTN U NO NITW TWR ENTI TIWX SX IST TIW LN TNNXXWOOW TNLW ST EIWT
34
.XAOWR AO A XWOMVT ST UWNIE )INL( IW LN TNU WOWITWR TIAT TEIWXW WLNRWI W NO OX ,M X T I W X U S X W T
35
)ANRO( SUWMIW RWTN NWI O IRXRNWR ST A CMNXWR NUU T XWOMVT ST UWNIE SITXA TWR AO A RNXW
36
.WX AI UW OW MXWRA SILN TNSI ST UMXR ,ATSXXAOWR U TIW OWXOWTX
2.1.4 Culpable homicide
TRER E RH TEH GATHAT HK RH TEH NHENHTE R HR R GK T GU R I GH A R T A R R U H T E EEGK C GA I K G
.AHIIGIHAT KRAI KT 'ERHI T TEH NHENHTE TREHGE IH TER EH K RI TEHU T HK RH TTR CGI
ARTEHE E U A K RGAI TEH IH TE RE I I T A I A H I IGI H A T IT KE K RHR RE AI RE R
. IN
37
IH ERUGKGIHTHI RA KE EIH RE K HGAI K A H NERRHK EIWXW TIW ,S X W R A U O V W T
AO A ,X SI A TXM ENI A VSOWR SITANIW S UW TXAIOOSXTWRSX W TIWNX LN TNUO TTXATTN ENIE AEWITO T
UW OXSOW MTWR TSX TIW OWXOWTXATSXO UA ,ST SR EWI RNW SENIE TS A VA E XWOMVT ST EIN I TIW
.W ISUN NRWTIW XNUW ST MVOAUV
2.1.5 Common assault
EHE KRAI KT REHEH EGR RE KRARGKTHI RE RR IT NHENHTE TRE K A H ,E G H E I T R T T H I
.R RIGIT GATHIEGTT'EUHAT RE ARTEHEEHR ITR GA TEH GUN G
38
i t pnts i nse n nsstn e ihe
es n i i srr i ee epnn ep i etr p ee iin n n iisi epnn t enei i ie n srr n , ti eni hsit
Snyman Criminal Law 481; Burchell Criminal Law 760; Hunt Common Law Crimes 471-473.
32
Kruger Combating Human Trafficking 423. Murder is defined as "the unlawful and intentional
causing of the death of another human being" – Snyman Criminal Law 447. For a further
discussion of this crime, see Burchell Criminal Law 667-671; Milton Common Law Crimes
309-359; Hunt Common Law Crimes 323-368.
33
The abbreviation "HIV" is commonly used to refer to the human immunodeficiency virus.
34
In S v Nyalungu 2005 JOL 13254 T, an HIV-positive accused was, in addition to being convicted
on a charge of rape, convicted of attempted murder for raping the complainant while knowing full
well that he was HIV-positive; see also SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 16.
35
Infectious diseases such as AIDS are common among persons trafficked for sexual exploitation –
UNODC Toolkit 154; US Department of State 2008 www.state.gov 32, 34; US Department of
State 2007 www.state.gov 28; Melvin Human Trafficking 28; Gajic-Veljanoski and Stewart 2007
Trans-cultural Psychiatry 346; Harrold 2006 Charleston Law Review 101; Zimmerman et al 2006
.lshtm.ac.uk 15.
36
SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 16.
37
Burchell defines this crime as the unlawful, negligent killing of another human being – Burchell
Criminal Law 674; see also Snyman Criminal Law 451; Milton Common Law Crimes 363-401;
Hunt Common Law Crimes 373.
38
Snyman Criminal Law 460.
6 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
39
.ie iin d ni ie ps n npt iir ns i ts gnni iin p d ni t ie dsp est ep t e riit ns s stn e ep np
40
. neeipe iin se epnn iin ie ts i ie iin p n se t I W O W O W X O W T X AT S X O U A T
TIWNX SEI R NITWITNSIAVV MOWW TIW MIVAETMVV AITWR TSX AOOAMVT EIWXTIWXWTSXW UW OXSOW M
TSX WRAUOVW U ,ST TIW LN TNU W TV TS TIW OWXOSIT TS AOOV TSX W RNXUSR SX AI NIOTXMUWI
41
.LN TNU INIE SX EN ENIE TIWOMI ps n npt spn s te eehe ie epnn ips n n d ni t ie neets n
42
.s neie se pset ie s n iin ne r sei se nrne nei ee iin ips n np NT I X W T W X W I W T S E
43 44
I U AI O , AOW VAE M I T I AIR T TSX W AVOS RNXW T AOOVN ATNSI S SITNXU TIAT TINO NI
.W ST AOOAMVT SIOTNTMTWO TIW XNU
IRR REHEH RR IT GR KRUUGTTHI ,GRA RE EREKHRE GAIGEHKT NNIGK T N E T EE R U TE H I GE HKT
GR KHKCHI NHERRA TE T ERE HIGHE GA TEH TE EEG R KRAI KT GARNGEHR 'TEH NHENHTE TRE
. NIGHI TR EGU RE EHEGUUHIG THIT TR
45
H N X U S T A O O A M VT I W R A U O V W S T T I NO T S A
MVR TIW RAXW TS ATTN EWR OWXOSIO OISOISST TX WTXATSX TIXWATWIO TSS MXO EIWI TIW OWXO
46
.WO AOW
2.1.6 Assault with intent to cause grievous bodily harm
f,PttPeaSfrtSfftoSuoSfSrfhPetufa tutretfhrdta ffP fttfPfhr frhfPttPeaSffePathtudfh fPfhu SPtoftoSuoStro
.tehtSPoSttufh t uf,heSftSfttftStaafPftusP PSu s need ni ee ep sttss i h ii ,te n iin np
47
n e sttss i
einei ie nsstn ep ndest e i isp pn s pnt iisi iin tisin sti rpedn iisi iin rnprnipsiep sniss i
48
.is iin einei ie nsstn ep ndest e i isp ie iin d ni dei se re eit esi ,dstn ee nstn sh
es n i ,trnn n sniept hi ni si e nsin tsni einei
the nature of the weapon or instrument used, the way in which it was used, the
39
Milton Common Law Crimes 406-408, 420-428; SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 15. Common
assault is defined as "any unlawful and intentional act or omission (a) which results in another
person's bodily integrity being directly or indirectly impaired, or (b) which inspires a belief in
another person that such impairment of her bodily integrity is immediately to take place". Snyman
Criminal Law 455; Hunt Common Law Crimes 429.
40
SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 15; see also Zimmerman et al 2006 .lshtm.ac.uk 2, 10, 13-14,
22; Gajic-Veljanoski and Stewart 2007 Trans-cultural Psychiatry 345; Kreston 2007 Child Abuse
Research in South Africa 39; IOM Breaking the Cycle 14.
41
Burchell Criminal Law 684; Snyman Criminal Law 456.
42
US Department of State 2007 www.state.gov 28; Haynes 2004 Hum Rts Q 226; Gajic-Veljanoski
and Stewart 2007 Trans-cultural Psychiatry 341.
43
SNYMAN CRIMINAL LAW 457. IN CONTRAST, LANSDOWN, BY WAY OF A SINGLE REFERENCE TO R V
HANSON ,905 C & K 5 0489SUBMITS THAT TO ADMINISTER POISON WITH THE INTENT TO HARM A
PERSON DOES NOT CONSTITUTE ASSAULT – LANSDOWN, HOAL AND LANSDOWN SPECIFIC OFFENCES
1572.
44
Hunt Common Law Crimes 437.
45
Burchell Criminal Law 680, 686; Snyman Criminal Law 458; Milton Common Law Crimes
422-428; Hunt Common Law Crimes 438-445.
46
Burchell Criminal Law 687.
47
Hunt Common Law Crimes 450; Snyman Criminal Law 461.
48
Snyman Criminal Law 461-462; Burchell Criminal Law 688-691; Hunt Common Law Crimes
451-453.
7 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
degree of violence, the part of the body aimed at, the persistence of the attack, and
the nature of the injuries inflicted, if any.49
rSf ttf t sr SPoSf Srf orSuf SfPSf tSf ttf orSf ufet udf SfPSf Sfuf su suS PSr cause grievous bodily harm.
50
i
ndne hinpn ee i s t eii egspi ep ee egspi si s t ,ts nnt iin einei ie nsstn tsni isp t rpedne
51
. ep etisenn hinpn iin ips n np tieeit si iin d ni si ttnt ,nsstn in sni iisi tnp est se
52
neei esest sttss it spn stss i e nin ee ips n n rnpteet gsti nt rpetnnsi ee ep sttss i h ii
.iin einei ie nsstn ep ndest e i isp e sei is se ips n ee nstnt
2.1.7 Extortion
The crime of extortion is committed where a person
unlawfully and intentionally obtains some advantage, which may be of either a
patrimonial or a non-patrimonial nature, from another by subjecting the latter to
pressure, which induces her to hand over the advantage.53
i Phhthiu tfrhSuofetuftehffeoaPrheafs utte uftofSfufhr frhfSf uPStfr ftoSt tdPStrofSrfhr suafeortaatoaf
.S PhhthiudftthSt tfSrfteh tSfSrfSfut fdu Podt rnprnipsiept
54
si iipnsine d ni t h ii ,rep nas r n
tsni st iin rped t ee ,riit ns isp ep pnrp ts ses eti iin p s nt e ep np ie e is e se s dseisen
55
.e tnpd nnt eei nes i sn ie iin rnprnipsiep hinpn ips n n d ni t spn epnn eie np n ep ,e te
nar e isi dn tnass sni d i nt te n spn iipnsinen iisi rieiet ep d ne pnnep eet e tsni nee sni h
56
. n tn etn ie iin p s nt ep ie sh ne epnn nei ssiiep i nt in s dseisen iisi ips n npt e is e
57
. i nanpi ee ii t se sh s rpnttspn t ie nar e i iin d ni spiinp ie iin p nen i e iintn
49
Snyman Criminal Law 462; see also SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 15; Burchell Criminal Law
689-690; Hunt Common Law Crimes 452-453. For a discussion of the case law on factors
indicating the intent to do grievous bodily harm, see Snyman Criminal Law 462, especially fn
40-42.
50
Burchell Criminal Law 690; Hunt Common Law Crimes 451.
51
SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 14, 16.
52
Zimmerman et al 2006 .lshtm.ac.uk 2, 10, 13-14, 22; Gajic-Veljanoski and Stewart 2007
Trans-cultural Psychiatry 345; Kreston 2007 Child Abuse Research in South Africa 39; IOM
Breaking the Cycle 14.
53
Snyman Criminal Law 426; see also Burchell Criminal Law 826-832; Milton Common Law Crimes
681-697; Hunt Common Law Crimes 652.
54
Defeis 2003/2004 ILSA J Int'l & Comp L 488; Foundation against Trafficking in Women et al
Human Rights Standards 6; SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 17; IOM Training of Trainers 30;
Dougherty and Burke 2008 America 12; Brennan 2005 International Migration 42;
Gajic-Veljanoski and Stewart 2007 Trans-cultural Psychiatry 344; Morawska "Trafficking" 94;
Shelley "Human Trafficking" 131; Weissbrodt and Anti-slavery International Abolishing Slavery
31-32; Dottridge and Weissbrodt 1999 German Yearbook of International Law 270.
55
SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 17.
56
SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 17. Burchell views such threats to disclose embarrassing
information as a form of pressure to obtain an advantage which is not legally due to the
perpetrator – Burchell Criminal Law 829.
57
The advantage that is being extorted need not be only of a patrimonial nature; other advantages
such as sexual gratification also qualify – Burchell Criminal Law 831; Hunt Common Law Crimes
653; see also s 1 of the General Law Amendment Act 139 of 1992.
8 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
.rpetnnsi ee ep iin np n e naiepi ee t srret in ,n pns tisennt
A NI KH R TRGIH TEHH H TRETGRA E R T CHR NER IHU REHEH TETEH NERRHK TGRA E KH ,R R H R H E E
R T E R RUUGTTHI R TRGIH R RGTE CGIA NNGAI K ,A R KE K R H R G .E E G K R T E R EIHER RE R
. A I R KEGUHRTRER ERE TEHRH KRUURR NERRHK TH NHENHTE GT GR ART NRRRG IH T ,E E G K
58
TSXNAV LNRWO TSX WRTXATWXXNNSI EIN I OXSTXATTN ENIE VWENOVAT-S U O X W I W I O NL W SMITWX
59
.OXSUVWU NXWR TS ARRXWOO TINOUMXNORN TNSI NO XWCM
2.1.8 Crimen iniuria
,Phhr dtoafSrfBe hfuaa crimen iniuriaSfufdtaotS ff]rh[t sPt toaf"eoaPrheafPodftoSuoStroPaffhrotttStftofSfu
."r fs ttPh frhfPorSfu fsu tro ,t
60 61
ee ii si n rs pn e nesei ntt hsit'e rnptee hi ni s nt
e need ni ee si e eh hinpn s ips n np .ii t np n srr ns n e sei eei eti ips n ee nstnt
tsni st tr ii ee e iin ,st dn seessen ep nee snit ee ii i st ee ds esp se s 'd e sint s d ni
62
. t snn'd ni t tnass ee ii si n rs pn i nar n i nee sni tsni st sehsein 'e d ni
63 64
iin iesni ee e rp dsin rspit , tt ee .ep epnn rspi n rsi ee e eiinp tnass snit ei iin ne ee ee e
iini e ,rpn snei i .t p ne ep ednp'iin ips n ee rpenntt ips n npt e ine rpnine ie n iin d ni
iin rspretn n ee ie rnptss n iin d ni ,ii t i ne se nsi ee d s nn rieen ep einpeni nisipee t
65
.ps ss i ie ts i ie tnass snite neeti isint "epee ee" in stn e ii t e npe ep e tnass
66
rpetnnsin ep inenn tsni rnprnipsiept si n ; nisd esp iisi rs pt ee iicrimen iniuria.
tsni st ,s ips n np si s te n need nin e ii t np n ep d e si eet e rp dsni ,rspiinp epn
67 68 69
,deinsp ti n rnnr ee ,nsdnt perr ee n nnipee n tspdn senn se pns ee rp dsin ne se nsi eet
. s t-nn rieen nttsent ep n ,tsni st niinpt
58
SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 17.
59
See the discussion on extraterritorial jurisdiction in Kruger Combating Human Trafficking
336-338.
60
Burchell Criminal Law 746; see also Snyman Criminal Law 469; Milton Common Law Crimes
492; Hunt Common Law Crimes 486.
61
Burchell Criminal Law 749-753.
62
Hunt Common Law Crimes 503-504.
63
Hunt Common Law Crimes 501. Sexual abuse of the victim by the trafficker can also be punished as
rape, compelled rape, sexual assault, and so forth, in terms of the Criminal Law (Sexual
Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.
64
Snyman Criminal Law 472-473.
65
US Department of State 2008 www.state.gov 13; US Department of State 2007 www.state.gov 23;
Weissbrodt and Anti-slavery International Abolishing Slavery 34-35; Dottridge and Weissbrodt
1999 German Yearbook of International Law 266; Hodgkin and Newell Implementation
Handbook 527; Raymond 2002 Women's International Forum 492; GAATW Human Rights in
Practice 13. The sexual "grooming" of potential victims involves those acts of a perpetrator, such
as providing luxurious gifts and outings,that are aimed at facilitating the commission of an illegal
sexual act with another person – Burchell Criminal Law 750.
66
Burchell Criminal Law 750.
67
Milton Common Law Crimes 513-514; Burchell Criminal Law 753; R v Holliday 1927 CPD 395.
68
Milton Common Law Crimes 514.
69
Examples of such surveillance are e-mail or telephone tapping and unauthorised accessing (also
known as "hacking" – Buys and Cronjé Cyberlaw 320, 327) of electronic data – Burchell Criminal
9 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
2.1.9 Criminal defamation
GE EH E R E E R U E GU GA I IHE U T G R A I KCRIMEN INIURIATEH AI RE I " RHRGA TE T GT KEGUGA IG
RHEGR RIT TR GAE EH ARTEHE REGKE THAIR RE U TTHE KRAKHEAGAI GK TGRA AI GATHATGRA I N I
."EGR EHN T TGRA
70
f t'ifttf h t toPattPStrof rhf tehff sehathPStrof s rSuhStf Pf su trofamah r ff )arrdf oP uf r f useSPStro(
Sfetfdt tottftoafSfufutSuu ff,duhP PSr fhrodehSfrfthffSuodtfSrfudsrtufPftthSt fSrffPS udfr f tdtheau
. tof rfthff Sfuf tthSt f ttf fuadf h f rSfu t e iin
71
n s siepi nee sni t "rs nsi ee" in pn s pn
einprpnin ie nse iisi iin n s siepi nee sni e iin rnprnipsiep sti ne n ie iin eei nn e
72
.te neen eiinp iise iin ne r s esei ips n npt si n nispen h ii ii t np n hine , inpn epn
' ep nas r n i e ep ee d ni t ,iini rped n e ep si ee e ep np ie egspn iin pnrsisi ee e d ni t
spn pse nesp npt ep spn ,spn ii ndnt , s nt ep n r einpt iisi iini rnp ep tnass tnpd nnt
isdn nne nenpnn ep )iin d ni t(hi n eei tn et ee iisi iini ,rspi n rseit e repeeepsrii
73
. nnn dn eie iintn t issi eet
2.1.10 Fraud and related crimes
.PfS sthPaf uh etS uoSf uSfrdfetudfSrfae ufsu trotftoSrfSfufS PhhthitoafS PsfttfduhusStro dsi ee
74
re eit esi iisi iin dsti sgep ii e d ni t spn n ee ips n n iipesei s tn rpe tnt ep eiinp ep t e
75
.srr ee ep s sni ee nnnri ee se eei i epnn s niie t tsni st e in inpsispn e nsint iisi
si eti e ine en s n iin rpe tn , nnnri dn niie t stn ie pnnps i reinei s ips n ee d ni t dspi
76
.e snpsi dn ge ep n snsi ees errepise i nt
Law 753.
70
Snyman Criminal Law 475; Milton Common Law Crimes 520; Hunt Common Law Crimes 518.
71
Snyman Criminal Law 476. For a further discussion of this crime, see Milton Common Law Crimes
524-535; Hunt Common Law Crimes 518-530.
72
Milton Common Law Crimes 533; Snyman Criminal Law 476; Burchell Criminal Law 744; Hunt
Common Law Crimes 527.
73
Molo Songololo Trafficking in Children vi.
74
UN.GIFT "Profiling the Traffickers" 12; IOM Breaking the Cycle 20; IOM Training of Trainers 22;
Gajic-Veljanoski and Stewart 2007 Trans-cultural Psychiatry 342; Shelley "Human Trafficking"
128.
75
Raymond 2002 Women's International Forum 497.
f rrnf;21f"A rhtatoafSfufi Phhthiu t"rTif G.NUBreaking the Cyclef rrnf;11Training of Trainers f;19f,
76
f 1117 uajPortitf Podf tSurP Sf -GPjthTrans-cultural Psychiatryte Pof"tfuaau f f ;232-231
"i Phhthitoa f1111yP rodff;Women's International Forumf1113ttoafff;357CILSA uttth rdSfnf;
ftaPtu froSu oPStroPa-PodfPoStAbolishing Slaveryfytjiuof;22-21r af.eordh.rrrf1115NUrOlff;11
Trafficking in Persons fTreodPStrofPaPtotSfi Phhthitoaftofnr uof;62et alHuman Rights Standards
artf.tSPSu.rrrf 1117rhftSPSuf f NtfOusP S uoSf;8artf .tSPSu.rrrf 1115NtfOusP S uoSfrhftSPSuf f;
.1ouSf.Psae.ruh.Sharuh PtSu f1117ifufTeSe ufG resff;21
10 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
HAIHER ERE K TH TE EEGKCGAI REEU T H RHI TR NERRH CARRA KEGUH RE EE I- E H R H I I T
REGKE KRARTGT THR ,G R E H N E H R H A T T G R A U .ERRAR IH TR TE EEGKCHI NHUGREHNEHRHAT TGRAR U
R ,RE ,E IRHERRI UHRAH T UH AR RE HAT GIR IHKHGRGAI RR , IRAI KT HIHUHAT RE EETEH K
E KT " HATR TR ARTEHE TE TEH RAH NHERRA EHNEHRGR TEH RGT TGRA REH ,A T U A H N I GA R GT R
."IRHR ART H GRT GRTR REGKE GA TE TERE
77
RHT RE E KTR H e ips n np hie se sh s i se
hi ni iine nsstnt iin siinp sniss , einei ees i s nt s tpnrpntneisi ee ie s ips n n rnptee
78
. si n need nin e pss ,rpngs nn ep ndne reinei s rpngs nn IAUWV ,O W NW O S T T X A M R O
TSXEWR X OXWOWITNIE OM I AENIE ST A RS MUWIT SEIN I WITANV TIW TSX ,TSXEWX AIR MTTWXNIE
79
. ENIE AOWOATNSI NI TXATTNUA AVOS TNIR AOOVN ,XW RS MUWIT TS AISTIWRS MUWIT AO A EWIMNI
ep rpntnei tsni ,np ipsdn ens neithine ips n ee seneit epen rsttrepit ep eii ,rep nas r n
s rpetnnsi ee ee s nispen e epenpi ep , epen ens neit ie eednpe nei e n s t st ds ens neit
. si n eti isin ses eti iin e ne npt ,ep eii np nt ,siinp ee
2.1.11 Slavery
dP f-of S Phhthitoaf Ptf Pf rdu of PothutSPStrof rhf taPtu f r f rdu o AthP uaatf Podf rSfu tf uhu f Srf fe P
.taPtu
80
i t iist srrperp sin ie n sp i hiniinp ep eei t sdnpi t pnneee tn st se na ti ee ne ee
n stn ie rpetnnsin nnpis e np es sni d i nt pn sin ie sh np n e desii e p nse sh hi ni nes
.is se ips n ee
E H TCONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, EE UHRREC NERRGIHR AREU TGRH
RHERGT IH RE ,TR RI RHET RAH U T H R EHKTHI-RT RTGN I TGAI TE T AKRAKHEAGAI RI RHET
.HI I
81
R EEREK NUW ST NTOWVT XWATW TIW X I XNEIT RSWO IST NIWIOIXNINIE TINO IMUA ,S E W L W X I
.T X N A I V AE A S M T I O OVALWX NI
A T GR A I K R I A GR HI R A GA T HE R T E T R I R H E T GR E H E H IGT H E T EH KRAK ET
. I K RTRU ET I RKEGUH GA GATHEA TGRA
82
WO AO AI CMAVNTN I W TA T T I AT O V AL W X T
77
Snyman Criminal Law 532.
78
For a discussion of the definitional elements of fraud, see Snyman Criminal Law 531-540; Burchell
Criminal Law 833-844.
79
For a discussion of the definitional elements of forgery and uttering, see Snyman Criminal Law
540-543; Burchell Criminal Law 845-848.
80
Picarelli "Historical Approaches" 26; US Department of State 2007 www.state.gov 8; US Department
of State 2008 www.state.gov 1; Dottridge and Weissbrodt 1999 German Yearbook of
International Law 260; Nowak Civil and Political Rights 195; Weissbrodt and Anti-slavery
International Abolishing Slavery 19.
81
Section 13 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.
82
Viljoen Human Rights Law 26-27; Weissbrodt and Anti-slavery International Abolishing Slavery 3;
Dottridge and Weissbrodt 1999 German Yearbook of International Law 243-244; SALRC 2008
www.justice.gov.za 17; Bassiouni International Crimes 419-420; Bassiouni 1990/1991 NYUJ Int'l
L & Pol 447; Kruger Combating Human Trafficking 168-170. For a comprehensive analysis of
enslavement as an international crime, see Bassiouni 1990/1991 NYUJ Int'l L & Pol 445-491.
Dugard provides a further discussion of customary international law as the common law of the
11 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
V UW AMOW NITWXIATNSIA ,VALWX XNEIT TS OXSOW MTW O ENLWO AVV OTATWO TIW NITWXIATNSIAV XNUW
TNSIAV UMT AVOS TIW NITWXIA ,AV SXRWX ST A OTATWIV TIW RSUWOTN VWE XNUWO LNSVATW IST S
83
. SXRWX I SLWX NITWXIATNSIAVWRWX NOW UMXNORN TNS IATNSIAV SMXTO UA ,I S T I W X E S X R O N
SI ST AI WIWU ST NT NI TIW OXSOW MTNNITWXIATNSIAV SUUMI AO TIW AEWIT ST TIW" A TNIE , XNUWO
84
."AVV UAIENIR
f toudf Sfuf tSPSetf rhtaPtu f fPtf PSSPf ,rof PddtStroius cogensrfthff hrotttStf rhf su u sSr f or tf toff ,
.toSu oPStroPafaPrftof utsuhSfrhfrfthfforfdu raPStrofttfsu tSSud
85
GT ARR AHHIR ,TRU ET I RGA GATHEA TGRA I K R NRRGTGRA RE RI RHET R GA I K I E GEGHI T E H E
ATHEA TGRA I RGAI RI RHET R A G RTRU ET I R EHKRIAGGATHEA TGRA I K TR H IHTHEUGAHI GE
E I I .E E G K T E R GRA GAKEGUH EGAIR
86
I A I R R NNIGK T re eit esi iisi iin desii e p nse
87
nespit e eh iin ee ti srrpesni nstie spi sh eie iin ne ee sh e eneprepsi ee einpesi ees
2556iin ,te npr ee ee ii t re ei .e desii e p nsCONSTITUTION MOTSUAX " SITNXUO TIAT
S I O T NT M T NS I S X OTWIT ENTI TIWMIVWOO NT NO NI SION ,W O M U V N X VAE NI TIW NITWXIATNSIAV VAE NO
88
."A X V NA U W I T O AI A T ST
PaPtotSf Sfttf hPhia reodf OeaP d
89
neen s nt iisi t sdnpi t se einpesi ees np n hi ni t
. eneprepsin e iin sh e desii e p ns
EE GK A R T E R KRUURA I R KEGUH GA A T E T R I R HE T GR HR N GT H T E H K R A K I R GR I
I IH RI RHET REHA TH T RRCR IR ART GAK E E G K A K E GU GA I I R R T E R K EEHAT ,I R
. GU HR EE GK A K R U U R A I R K E T E R IH IGAI RGTE
90
R A IS XWOSXTWR AOW ST ,V O S A
IWNTIWX TIW ,W L W X T I W V W O O I .XNUW SMVR UW TXA WRSI TSX OM I A OM WOOTMV OXSOW MTN
I NITS ST OVALWX IAO TAVVW UNIWR TIAT TIW XNUWMXT ST VAE IAO RWTWXVWENOVATMXW ISX A S
international community – Dugard International Law 29-33.
83
Dugard International Law 156-157; SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 17.
84
Dugard International Law 156.
85
Dugard International Law 43-44; Bales and Robbins 2001 Human Rights Review 19; Viljoen Human
Rights Law 27-28; Devenish Constitution 77; Brownlie Public International Law 488-489;
Weissbrodt and Anti-slavery International Abolishing Slavery 3; Rijken Trafficking in Persons 74;
Dottridge and Weissbrodt 1999 German Yearbook of International Law 243; Nowak Civil and
Political Rights 197. For a discussion of the concept ius cogens in international law, see Dugard
International Law 43-46.
86
Dugard International Law 51-52; SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 17.
87
The monist approach maintains that international law may be directly applied by domestic courts
without an act of adoption by the courts or transformation of international law into local law by
legislation – Dugard International Law 47.
88
Section 232 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996; see also SALRC 2008
www.justice.gov.za 17.
89
Dugard International Law 160.
90
Snyman Criminal Law 401-482, Burchell Criminal Law 661-908, Milton Common Law Crimes 1-817
and Hunt Common Law Crimes 1-785 do not include the common law crime of slavery in their
criminal law textbooks – see also SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 17.
12 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
91
.RWOMWTMRW st pnneee tn e einpesi ees , i nse iinpn epn n spesn iisi iin np n e t sdnpi
hiniinp ep eei iin ne ee sh np n ,rehndnp . t rspi e desii e p nse ne ee sh ,nstie spi sh
erp sin nstnt ie rpetnnsin rnprnipsiept ede dn e is se n stn e srrp ,se ties ,e t sdnpi nse
.ips n ee sni d i nt t sennpis e se enn t ie n spiinp pntnspnin
tSf ttf hrohududf SfPSf Sfuf hr rof aPrf h t utf dtthettudf Phrtuf P uf orSf hr s ufuotttuf f ,irf hrohaedu
hr rofaPrfh t utff,trrutu f.uoreaffSrfduPafPdufePSua frtSffSfufhr saudtStutfrhffe PofS Phhthitoa
toPaf PhStf hr tSSudf de toaf Sfuf hPof huf etudf tof hu SPtof ht he tSPohutf Srf s rtuheSuf tr uf rhf Sfuf h t
.fe PofS Phhthitoafs rhutt
2.2 STATUTORY OFFENCES
T REEHAKHR TR RE H GRTGAI RT T TRE TEH RH RE A U HE ,KEGUHR N ET EERU KRU U RA I R
E U A E KEGUHR RTEHE TE AGKCGAI KTGRGTGHR ERER GARRIRHI GA TE EENERRHK TH NHENHTE TR
.GIHEHIEEGKCGAI U T H KRARTE
92
2.2.1 Riotous Assemblies Act 17 of 1956
.E EEGKCGAI RKHA EGRARRIRHI GA
93
E U A TI IHATR EH RETHA GA U HE RE TE EEGKCGA IW T
W ENTI W EIS WNTIWX SIOONXENRW TS NI VMRW TISO VR TIWXWTSXW UW AOTOXSOW MTNSI IWT OISM
AIR STIWXO TS NI NTW SX SUU N EWR OWXOSI SX EISXNUW AEANIOT A TXATTSTIWXO TS SUUNT A
94
.OT OM I A LN TNU SUUNT A XNUW AEANI IWT Riotous Assemblies Act U T H RHI 0921 RE 02
THUNTGAI TH REEHAIHER ERE T R RHII R TR NERRHK ,UNIGRE TEGR N ENRRHR KKHRRE IIT TR KKR
.EGKCGAITR KRUUGT E U A TE E
95
91
SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 17. Although a statute cannot be abolished by disuse, our courts
may rule that a part of common law or customary law has become abrogated by disuse. For
example, in Green v Fitzgerald 1914 AD 88, the court found that the rule that adultery is a crime
had been abolished by disuse – Kleyn and Viljoen Beginner's Guide 83, 89; see also Du Plessis
Inleiding 244-245.
92
Smith "South Africa's Strategy" 6; Mnisi "Trafficking in Persons" 9; Kassan "Trafficking in Children"
18-10.
93
See Shelley "Human Trafficking" 118, 120; Obokata Trafficking of Human Beings 46; Raymond
2002 Women's International Forum 493; Foundation against Trafficking in Women et al Human
Rights Standards 5; Singh 2004 CILSA 343; UN.GIFT "Profiling the Traffickers" 8.
94
IOM Counter-trafficking 89; SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 20.
95
Section 18(2) Riotous Assemblies Act 17 of 1956: "Any person who – )s(conspires with any other
person to aid or procure the commission of or to commit; or ) (incites, instigates, commands, or
procures any other person to commit any offence, whether at common law or against a statute or
statutory regulation, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to the punishment to
which a person convicted of actually committing that offence would be liable."
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HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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2.2.2 IDENTIFICATION ACT 68 OF 1997
f ifuIdentification Act ufet utf treSff Ph thPof htSteuotf Podf su trotf rfrf P uf aPrheaa f Podf f 2557rhf f 68
f26tof Sfuf yusehathf rhf treSff Ph thPf Srf rhSPtof Pof tduoStS f hP df PhSu f Sfuf Pauf rhf f su PouoSa f uttduoS
. uP tf fPtf huuof PSSPtoud r sinpt e iin is se ips n ee ins
96
isin ep s inp iin -iinpn pe n
iini si n tsnnntt s i ,ep spn npn i e rettntt ee e tsni nsp t ,p t e iin p d ni t nei ii ns
97 98
rpetnnsin e inp t e ii t sni . n rp teen ep sr ie dn inspt ,ee need ni ee ,se
I IRK UHATR TGTT K EIR AI TE RHRAEGRK TH R IGI GIHATE EEGKCGAI IHATR K ,A U AT K RHRG
.GA KRATERI RRHE TEHUR GA REIHE TR U GAT RE TE EEGKCHI NHERRA X O M I X S O W M T NS I T S O
99
100
. TWXUO ST TINO A T U TS UW OSOONUVW NI SIRM T RSWO IST OWW I NO V S S O I S V W T S X T
SOW MTW ATNSI RWONEIWR TS OX SUOXWIWIONLW VWENOV TO TIW IWWR TSX USXWTXATTN EWXO INEIVNEI
.TXATTN ENIE OXS WOO U AEWITO RMXNIE TIW IAV A TO SUUNTTWRTIW LAXNWT ST XNUN
2.2.3 Immigration Act 13 of 2002
TEH ,E I H E R R R R G A T H E A T G R A I RR EH TE E EGK C HI KEA K RHR R E HEH NHERRA G
NERRGRGRAR RE TEHIMMIGRATION ACT( 5005 RE 02IMMIGRATION ACT) OFTEN VIOLATED. THIS ACT
101
REGULATES ENTRY INTO AND DEPARTURE FROM SOUTH AFRICA. XSOW M T NI E O AT NS I A V I I W T
102
W O S T I L N T NS I O NI T I W A O M T I S X NT XWOSXTWR S AS v Sayed AI S V SAWATKANNI
103
.XWVATWR A TNLNTNWO-X IMUAI TXATTN ENIETWXUO ST TINO A T TS
r f dusP Sf h r f treSff Ph thPf tof hroS PtuoStrof rhf Sfttf PhSf P f f , u Ptof tof ,i Phhthiu tf rfrf uoSu
.Sfu uhr ufhufs rtuheSud
104
rp tee nei ep ii t e nenn t ee i iipnn iin sa s inp e ,dip ee i
105 106
. eeiit .ep nrspi pe s neseipi ,pn s e e , ps n npt e ine stt ti iin p d ni t ie nes i neinp
, si iin sa s inp e rp tee nei t s te tiepi , i t nee sni s te t np es tn e iin sni
96
Section 15 Identification Act 68 of 1997; see also ss 3, 7(1) and 8.
97
Sections 18(1)(d)-(e) Identification Act 68 of 1997.
98
Section 18(2)(a) Identification Act 68 of 1997.
99
Haynes 2004 Hum Rts Q 226; US Department of State 2007 www.state.gov 20; IOM Training of
Trainers 30; Melvin Human Trafficking 29; Kanics and Reiter 2001 Helsinki Monitor 112;
Gajic-Veljanoski and Stewart 2007 Trans-cultural Psychiatry 339; Morawska "Trafficking 100";
Kruger Combating Human Trafficking 150-151.
100
Stuurman 2004 Eye on Human Trafficking 5.
101
Section 49 Immigration Act 13 of 2002; IOM Counter-trafficking 87.
102
In S v Sayed (unreported case no. 041/2713/2008, 18 March 2010, Durban Regional Court),
convictions were secured in terms of s 49(6) of the Immigration Act 13 of 2002.
103
NPA 2010b www.pmg.org.za 12; NPA 2010c www.pmg.org.za 1.
Section 49(1))o( Immigration Act 13 of 2002.
104
105
Section 49(1)(a) Immigration Act 13 of 2002.
106
UN.GIFT "Profiling the Traffickers" 11; Harrold 2006 Charleston Law Review 101; Melvin Human
Trafficking 22; UNODC Toolkit xiv-xv; Lansink 2006 Agenda 47; Kamidi Legal Responses to
Child Trafficking 10.
14 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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107
. n ee ee i een insp ips n ee seneit hie eeh ee i n r ei se nes epn eenp ep s , e s i ee
108
. e d e si ee e ii t sni si ee need ni ee s te n rp teen ep sr ie een insp ee i epn eenp rep
109
, iin e nenn e s ee se s nii ee epn eenpt ' eeiit 28iin rnes ii t s sa s e
110 111
. nei rp tee . in inpsispn n rist tnt iisi tip eenei tneinennt spn enn n ie ninp ips n npt
i t iinpn epn ts iin iisi iin ne nei tseni eet ep iintn e nennt spn ets n nei ie ttss n
.e ne npt
AI TEH TE EEGKCGAI N ENRRH RE H HK TG I R E E G K G I R E R E T E H R E E NTGA I AI E G GA K
. G RE TE EEGKCHERRE TEH URI R RNHE AI KEGUH
112
EH RETHA N ET hi ni ,dsni nes nee sni
iiesi s en s nt p ee ep iipnsine ee e n s t te st ie e is e s rsttrepi ep ie npett ep npt h
113
nse s te n rpetnnsin se np iin ,rsttrepiIMMIGRATION ACT.
ifufPhSfhe Sfu fhroSPtotftutu Pafs rttttrotfh t toPatttoaftaauaPafhrodehSf uaPSudfSrfsPttsr StfPodfrSfu f
.rhf hrodehSf rfthff S Phhthiu tf P uf rhSuof aetaS f ,drhe uoSt
114
i ist nne pnrepin iisi s p nsin ep
st n ipsdn ens neit spn stn hine ips n npt iin tn dnt ep iin p d ni t nseeei npett
in Immigration Acth t toPattutf Sfuf etuf rhf tehff hPh thPSudf r ff
115
. einpesi ees ep npt nes i
.hPatthtudfsPttsr Stfhr fSfufse srtufrhfh rtttoafPftreSffPh thPofhr du fr fPttttStoafPftthSt fSrfdrftr
116
t ipsdn ep nei ii 'pe n ee e rettntt ee e seeiinp rnpteee spiinp rped t ee rpei it s rnptee
117
. s t n ep s p nsin rsttrepi , ens nei ep e s se ii t rped t ee si n stn hinpn ,yeis i
rnprnipsiept stn s tn ipsdn ens neit ep hinpn iini ie iin ipsdn ep nei ii ens neit e iin p
118
.d ni t st s iee ep neeipe ee iin rp tee nei e sr ie esp inspt si n ,rep iintn e nennt
107
Section 49(2) Immigration Act 13 of 2002.
108
SECTION 49(3) IMMIGRATION ACT 13 OF 2002.
109
The aiding, abetting, assisting, enabling or in any manner helping of a foreigner by, for example,
"entering into an agreement with him or her for the conduct of any business or the carrying on of
any profession or occupation" in terms of s 42(1)(iii) of the act is criminalised. On 18 March 2010,
two accused were convicted in the unreported case of S v Sayed (case no. 041/2713/2008) in
the Durban Regional Court on two charges of aiding and abetting foreigners in terms of s 49(6) of
the Immigration Act 13 of 2002. The convictions were for entering into a debt-bondage
agreement in Durban with Thai women recruited in Thailand, to pay the accused R60 000
generated from prostitution activities at the brothel, whereafter the women were allowed to retain
some of the profit for themselves.
110
Section 49(6) Immigration Act 13 of 2002.
111
UN.GIFT "Human Trafficking" 10; US Department of State 2011 www.state.gov 328; US
Department of State 2008 www.state.gov 27; Shelley "Human Trafficking" 132; Raymond 2002
Women's International Forum 492.
112
Singh 2004 CILSA 345; Shelley "Human Trafficking" 132.
113
Section 49(10) Immigration Act 13 of 2002: "Anyone who through offers of financial or other
consideration or threats, compels or induces an officer to contravene this Act or to breach such
officer's duties shall be guilty of an offence." See also SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 20.
114
Section 49(15) Immigration Act 13 of 2002.
115
Stuurman 2004 Eye on Human Trafficking 5.
116
Section 49(15)(a) Immigration Act 13 of 2002.
117
Section 49(15)(b) Immigration Act 13 of 2002.
118
Haynes 2004 Hum Rts Q 226; US Department of State 2007 www.state.gov 20; IOM Training of
Trainers 30; Melvin Human Trafficking 29; Kanics and Reiter 2001 Helsinki Monitor 112;
Gajic-Veljanoski and Stewart 2007 Trans-cultural Psychiatry 339; Morawska "Trafficking" 100;
15 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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119
. retn tsni st , ns h ii pn sin ttsnt ..."dissp se re eit esi iisi ii t sni ent eei ,rehndnp
e iin p ipsdn se nei ii ,ep ntipsni ee , ee ep iin nee tnsi eeiin rpeinni ee e d ni t e ips n
120
." ens neit
rfthfff,nr ufhr s ufuotttufauattaPSttuf uPte utfP ufSfu uhr ufouududfSrfPdd uttfSfutufh t toPafPhSt
.S Phhthitoafh haufP ufrhSuofhr tSSudfde toafSfu
2.2.4 Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997
TEH , NIRGT TGRAEGK IIT ERE I R E H EH TE EEGKCHI RNHKG A K RHR R EHEH NHRNIHG
NERRGRGRAR GA TEHBASIC CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT ACT( 0992 RE 22BASIC CONDITIONS OF
EMPLOYMENT ACT.EGAI NNIGK TGRA U T )
121
T NO T S I W O M X O S O W S T T I NO A T
GIVE EFFECT TO THE RIGHT TO FAIR LABOUR PRACTICES REFERRED TO IN SECTION 23(1)
OF THE CONSTITUTION BY ESTABLISHING AND MAKING PROVISION FOR THE REGULATION
122
OF BASIC CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT.
f,Sfuf PhSf tuStf tot e f u sar uoSf tSPodP dtf uaP dtoaf Pf Poauf rhf aPhre f PSSu t f ,Phhr dtoaa
,tohaedtoaf Pdt e frr itoaffre t
123 124 125 126 127
,ednpi n ,t n nsdn ns einpds t .se seess nsdn
128
.ssei e iintn rped t eet spn ne ee i d e sin e s esp ips n ee nstnt
I R E TRER ERE E AIH RETR NERRHK TH NHENHTE TEGR KT U T H RHI ,R A R H C HATITK
TEGR ETGKIH RE T GR EHIHR AT TR ,G E R T E .I NERKHRR EGAI TEH TE EEGKCGAREEHAKHR KRUUGTTHI I
. EEREUR RE EREKHI I
129
R GKGTIT NEREG GTR IIGR TE T TEH KT H NI SIW UA TSX-IS ,S X W S L W X U
WR RWUAIR SX NUOSOW TSX ,MOWT ST OSUWSIW WVOW ANT SX TSX TIW UWIWTNINO SX IWX SEI UWIWT
130
. VAUSMX 'O SIV TIXWW WAXOTSX TIWOW STTWI WO N TIW UARNUMU OWIAVT ,W E X W T TA U V X
Stuurman 2004 Eye on Human Trafficking 5; UNODC 2009 www.unodc.org 21.
119
Section 49(15) Immigration Act 13 of 2002.
120
Stuurman 2004 Eye on Human Trafficking 5.
121
SOCA Unit 2009 www.info.gov.za 2.
122
See s 2 and the long title Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997; IOM Counter-trafficking
88.
123
Section 9 Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997.
124
Section 10 Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997.
125
Section 22 Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997.
126
Section 14 Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997.
127
Section 20 Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997.
128
GAATW Human Rights in Practice 14, 16; Devenish Commentary 54; Nowak Civil and Political
Rights 201.
129
Section 48(1) Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997: "Subject to the Constitution, all
forced labour is prohibited." See also SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 21.
130
Section 48(2) Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997; see also SALRC 2008
www.justice.gov.za 21.
16 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
131
,NUOXNOSIUWIT .WR VAUSMXWO ST OXSVSIEWR TSX NI OWXNSMO AO EIN I NO NIARWCMATW
.THKT KEGIIEHAGKE RNHKGEGK IIT NERRGRAR GA TEGR KT RETEHEH EH IRR NERRG ,H K R A I I T R
,TH ER 02 RE KEGII AIHE TEH IH TEH HUNIRTUHAT RE )0(82 H K T G R A R
132
RE TEH KT NEREG GTR
INVR NI TIW A U S M X T S W U O V S T I W V W OA X T U W I T S T R O SUTANIWR TXSU TIWWR WOT NT A OWXUNT N
133
. spi ti n ep ns isps sni d i nt ,trepit ,e s dnpi t ee OWXTSXUAI W I NV R X W I Ad rlo ed ager A
ATW S RS ESXE NIAOOXSOXNOVS WR TT TIW UA IST UW WUNT NO OTNOMVATWR TIA , WAXO 04 TS 02 AEWR
134
. O EWVVUWNIE AT XNOE'T OVA WO TIW INVRTSX TIWNX AEW SX TIA TSX ,I NO O X S I NU NT NS I AI T
135
. WUNVNTAX OWXLN INVRXWI TSX TSX WR TN EWXO EIS TXATTN UW MOWR AEANIOT TXAT ,WRAUOVW
f ttforSfduhtoudftofSfuf"hr hudfaPhre "ifufhrohusSf Basic Conditions of Employment Act in any other
136
South African legislation. einpesi ees as esp 2521 in n e i ee e epnn s esp e iin
137
. eennpe ee repnn as esp t ti einpesi ees i snnnrin 15 .npese tsi ee eednei ee ye
138
, ennep ee ie nndne ti hep een h iiesi neetnei se edsp s i "iin e ti e epnn s esp t
i t iirn e s esp rpsni nn t ne ee e is se ips n ee ."h iiesi s p se gsti ne rnetsi ee
,t e eei rnp ep tnpd nnt h ee i si spn ne rn n i sttss it hinpn ips n n rnptee ,tnnesp et
iipnsit se eiinp nenpn dn nstspnt ie rnp ep tnpd nnt h iiesi n ee s p i ne rnetsin ep tsni
139
.tnpd nnt
EH IHATR GA THEUR RE T RRHK TH TE EEGKCGAIGT GR NRRRG IH TR NE ,R K R A K I I H TBASIC
CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT ACT .TEGR KT I R E NERRGRGRAR GA ERE KRATE RHAGAI TEH
A RHEGR R E U A AKHR EH AHKHRR ET GTE T RTEGAIHAT RHATH TEH KRAKHEA EHU GAR ,R R H R H E E
RE RAIT THEU RE GUNEGRRAUHAT RGIHR ERE U GU UREHEH R TEGR KT NER , ,TE EEGKCGAI K RHR
.RAR IGRK RRHI
140
RRHE RHAGAI TEH NERRGRGTEEHH TH ER ERE KRAT
2.2.5 Child Care Act 74 of 1983
131
Section 93(2) Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997.
132
For a further discussion of this section, see SOCA Unit 2009 www.info.gov.za 2; Dawes, Bray and
Van der Merwe Child Well-being 249, 255-258.
133
Section 50(2)(b) Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997; Dawes, Bray and Van der Merwe
Child Well-being 249.
134
Section 43(2) Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997.
135
For a discussion of these types of exploitation, see Kruger Combating Human Trafficking 72-75.
136
SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 21.
137
This convention defines forced labour as "all work or service which is exacted from any person
under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself
voluntarily." (A 2 International Labour Organization Convention No. 29 Concerning Forced
Labour (1930).
138
Devenish Commentary 54; Nowak Civil and Political Rights 201. Currie and De Waal Bill of Rights
313 endorse this view by emphasising that the key definitional feature of forced labour is
involuntariness.
139
IOM Training of Trainers 24; UN.GIFT "Demand for Forced Labour" 2.
140
The maximum penalties for the contravention of the provisions in this act are set out in s 93 Basic
Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997.
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HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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f PaSfreaff Sfuf s rttttrotf rhf SfuChild Care Act (f 2582rhf Child Care Act) repealed in totofh f Sfu
Children's ActfSfufPhSf P ftStaaf,1121Ps taff2roff1119rhff28used by the prosecution in trafficking cases
141
occurring prior to this date. iin ,e ee si iin rpeinni ee se hn spn e ni pne Child Care Act
ips n n ni pne spn ,et s ps n .t e s st dn nisd esp iehsp t ni pnenp es tn dsp est ep
ipnsi nei e ni pne ii t sni si n stn ie - e rpei i ee iin , inpn epn .ts gnnin ie nar e isi ee
142
.ipnsin ips n n ni pne-rpetnnsin rnprnipsiept hie nar e in se t enn iin sni , e s i ee
143
rpei in iin ne npn s tnass nar e isi ee e ni pne i si iinpn epn e srr nsi ee e nstnt
.hinpn ni pne hnpn ips n n ep tsni nar e isi ee
2.2.6 CHILDREN'S ACT 38 OF 2005
I K EH A I E H HA T GT IHI T R R N HK GI EI TE T K E GII E H A A IGA H R GT E T E H R T AG
,G I E T R E AE HKI E T GR A R E I A GR H E R
144
U I 0984 RRA GA TEH RRGRT AKH R I GI I ehr
CHILDREN'S ACT( 5002 ST 24 Children's ActVRXWI IR OXSTW TNSI ST INXWEMVATWO TIW AXW A )
145
. SUOXWIWIONLWV ir af ehr eo i o ed af ehrS CHILDREN'S ACT rffrAe ea Ar eo i NO TS ENLW
146
0991 lhed af Ah ge ri od Aaieo ire i ehr CONSTITUTION. I NO T T W I WO X W AT W R NI T I W S T
147
A T T ST A SX RWVNUWXATW IWEVW NOATNSI ST TIW AUMOWNI VMRW TIW XNUNIAV AXW NI SOWXATNSI AIR
hn st i eiinpt hie de seisp i nspn ep iin rnpteet h ii rspneis pntreet i nt st INVR U
148
.ni : pes i ie nse "s stn" in sni n ent
any form of harm or ill-treatment deliberately inflicted on a child, and includes –
(a) assaulting a child or inflicting any other form of deliberate injury to a
child;
(b) sexually abusing a child or allowing a child to be sexually abused;
(c) bullying by another child;
(d) a labour practice that exploits a child; or
(e) exposing or subjecting a child to behaviour that may harm the child psychologically
141
Schedule 4 to the Children's Act 38 of 2005; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-10.
142
Section 50(1) Child Care Act 74 of 1983.
143
Section 50A(1) Child Care Act 74 of 1983: "'Commercial sexual exploitation' means the
procurement of a child to perform a sexual act for a financial or other reward payable to the child,
the parents or guardian of the child, the procurer or any other person."
144
Section 25(2) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948); see also Bassiouni 1990/1991 NYUJ
Int'l L & Pol 482; Brownlie and Goodwin-Gill Human Rights 23.
145
Long title of, and preamble to, the act; Bosman-Sadie and Corrie Children's Act 2-313; Boezaart
Child Law 3. For a discussion of the trafficking provisions contained in the Children's Act 38 of
2005, see 3.1 below.
146
Long title of, and preamble to, Children's Act 38 of 2005; see also Human "Theory of Children's
Rights" 243-290; Bosman-Sadie and Corrie Children's Act 14-15.
147
Section 305 Children's Act 38 of 2005; Bosman-Sadie and Corrie Children's Act 303-306.
148
Section 305(3) Children's Act 38 of 2005; Minnie "Sexual Offences" 540-541.
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HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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149
or emotionally.
R EH TR AI E UGIT UHU HEAIHER T IRR N EHATE T ART RAIT RTE T E R HHA EHNRETHI G
. EEGKCGAIGARRIRHI GA KEGII TE
150
nsp ee iin ips n ee rpenntt ni pne spn e ine naretn ie iin
s esp ,tsni st riit ns se tnass s stn ,e ii t sni )2(219ipnsi nei rpei in e tnni ee -
151
.se n pns tisennt iisi spn rtinie ee ns i se n ei ees i isp s ,nar e isi ee Th d drAe ai Aoi
e roe -ehr rfa r ir oaag re ea ar daid o eh ao rieog rdaaid i g e rd oie ea Ao rl er d oha gg
152
.e off Aere Ah ge ri i ehr Ao r
2.2.7 Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998
A REIHE TR KRUUGT RE RHRHE I NHERRAR G IRHR TEH KRRNHE TGRAREI AGRHI KEGUH GARR ,A R E R E T G
TGRH HK RH RE TEH HEEHK E G U H GR KE IIHA I GA I R KRU T REI A GR HI KT .KEGUHR
,NHETGRHRE TEHGE KEGUGA I H I IER NR AI HK RHGRA RE TEHRH KEGUGA REI AGR T
HIGRAR AI AI H N ARGRA RRHE E ,I THRT THKEARIRIT HEEGKGHAT RH RE TEH ,EHRR EKHE IAHRR
.HRHA KRATGAHATR
153
tin ist s erin se eeedsi dn srrpesni rep ii t pnstee iin np es gsti nn ti
s n si n esi ee iin epese tsi ee se iin rpennn t e np n psiinp iise rse ti ee ee i iin
154
. e d ss np es en np se a ts sp tn ii t enh rsps e e NDPP V MOHAMED:AO TSVVSEO
IT IS COMMON CAUSE THAT CONVENTIONAL CRIMINAL PENALTIES ARE INADEQUATE AS
MEASURES OF DETERRENCE WHEN ORGANISED CRIME LEADERS ARE ABLE TO RETAIN
THE CONSIDERABLE GAINS DERIVED FROM ORGANISED CRIME, EVEN ON THOSE
OCCASIONS WHEN THEY ARE BROUGHT TO JUSTICE... . [I]T IS NOW WIDELY ACCEPTED IN
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY THAT CRIMINALS SHOULD BE STRIPPED OF THE
PROCEEDS OF THEIR CRIME, THE PURPOSE BEING TO REMOVE THE INCENTIVE FOR
155
CRIME, NOT TO PUNISH THEM.
f ifttfPss rPhfffPtfhuuofPdrsSudfh fSfuPrevention of Organised Crime Act (f 2558rhf f 212Prevention
156 157
of Organised Crime Act.) ,E eh ehr era o e af Ar i il ehr dAar lr af a loi dre A er ehr
,od oAererr il drAh ,oAe Aaer d eo ard ddrrd rgoere ea a loi dre A er oAe e e rd
149
Section 1 Children's Act 38 of 2005; Bosman-Sadie and Corrie Children's Act 2; Minnie "Sexual
Offences" 540-541.
150
Obokata Trafficking of Human Beings 46; Raymond 2002 Women's International Forum 493;
Kreston 2007 Child Abuse Research in South Africa 39; SALRC 2004 www.doj.gov.za 1.
151
IOM Breaking the Cycle 14-15; US Department of State 2008 www.state.gov 5; GAATW Human
Rights in Practice 122.
152
Minnie "Sexual Offences" 540-541.
153
Kruger Organised Crime 1, 3-4.
154
Kruger Organised Crime 1.
155
NDPP v Mohamed 2002 2 SACR 196 (CC) 203-204 para 15-16.
156
For an in-depth discussion of this act, see Kruger Organised Crime 11-162; Burchell Criminal Law
970-1019.
157
Preamble Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998; Kruger Organised Crime 9.
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HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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158
. gorier il oie oddre fa fr er r-eaira , rgoere affriArd-loil Th d oAe A e iog drd
h n i ie en s n "np es esee"epese tn np n sni d i nt se n ent s
any formal or informal ongoing organisation, association, or group of three or more
persons, which has as one of its activities the commission of one or more criminal
offences, which has an identifiable name or identifying sign or symbol, and whose
members individually or collectively engage in or have engaged in a pattern of
criminal gang activity.159
, TURAIE
160 161 162
,dpsi se wse np snphn ,nshnt se n e sis pnrepi iisi epese tn np es
rp sp i e ep np ie s n isen nes ,epesrt spn enpnst ee i stten sin h ii is se ips n ee
163
. rpe it in enpnstn ede dn nei e epese tn np es epesrt e is se ips n ee retnt s
164
. ii se tis ii si s te ie esi ees se einpesi ees tnnsp ,ts tisei s iipnsi eei ee i ie d ni t
TIW , inpn epnPrevention of Organised Crime Act R NEG TH KGEK URT AKHRU T H RHI GA NNER
R GA KCHTHHEGAI KTGRGTGHKEGUGA I I AI AI E I AIHEGAI AI RGTE-HTRRI TR IH I RGTE URA T
. RHRE U A TE EEGKCGAI K
165 166
i roe il Aodr af-Ni ehr l arie S V SAYED, THE PROSECUTION
167 168
SECURED A CONVICTION ON CHARGES OF MANAGING AN ENTERPRISE, MONEY-LAUNDERING, AND
169 170
ACQUIRING, USING OR POSSESSING THE PROCEEDS OF ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES IN TERMS OF THIS ACT. IW T
IAN E SU WI E WXW T IWXWXWVATWR A TNLNTNWO E- R TS TXATTN ENIE SILN TNSIO OWXTANIW
171
.T X N A A S M T I O I W V NI W R E S X E W X O AT A U X S T I A NV A I R T S E S X E A O O T XW XMNTWR NI
reo ire ehr aoddaa ed af ehr Tho oaeri od drAr ea ,oha eoiolre ehr i aehrg ,Thr oAArdre
ia lrir oe il ehr "Aaie oAe"Aoggre -rie g ehr oaeri Aaeag re o eh ehr er ed af ehr da
158
Kruger Organised Crime 8, 11-124; Burchell Criminal Law 973, 976-1011; IOM Counter-trafficking
87; S v De Vries) ( 622de d 2 1115 619D-624H, 628H-629F.
159
S 1 Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998.
160
Raymond 2002 Women's International Forum 493. These criminal groups are widespread and
expand over continents, for example an estimated 5 000 organised criminal groups constitute the
Russian Mafia alone – Raymond 2002 Women's International Forum 493. As regards organised
crime in the South African context, criminal gang activity is rife, especially in the Western Cape,
where it is estimated that there are about 100 000 gang members on the Cape Flats – Kruger
Organised Crime 54-55.
161
Dawes, Bray and Van der Merwe Child Well-being 259.
162
Obokata Trafficking of Human Beings 46-47.
163
Melvin Human Trafficking 22; International Crime and Terrorism 2004 www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca 1.
164
Singh 2004 CILSA 344-345; The Future Group 2007 tfgwebmaster.web.aplu.net 2; Dougherty and
Burke 2008 America 13; Lee Human Trafficking 2.
165
IOM Counter-trafficking 87; Mnisi "Trafficking in Persons" 21; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 52.
Gastrow Organised Crime 41, in a study of organised crime in the Southern African Development
Community countries, confirms the cross-border trafficking in women and children in South
Africa.
166
Judgment was delivered on 18 March 2010 in S v Sayed (unreported case no. 041/2713/2008) in
the Durban Regional Court. Further convictions in terms of this act for trafficking-related activities
concerning illegal kidney transplant operations were secured in S v Netcare Kwa-Zulu
(Proprietary) Limited (unreported case no. 41/1804/2010 8 November 2010, Durban Regional
Court); see also Allain 2011 Med L Rev 119-122.
167
Section 2(1) Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998.
168
Section 4 Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998.
169
Section 6 Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998.
170
S v Sayed (unreported case no. 041/2713/2008, 18 March 2010, Durban Regional Court) 1-2.
20 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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172
.f ae a ade ere ai fa ehr oAArdre roAh 000 10oearie af X
ifttf hPof huf drouf h f uhrtu toaf Sfuff .Sfuf PhSf P f Patrf huf eStattudf Srf SPiuf Sfuf s rhtSf reSf rhf fe Pof S Phhthitoaf ,rof PddtStro
Ptf ruaaf Ptf h f Sfuf htttaf hr hutSe uf rhf h t toPaf PttuStf SfPSf fPtuf utSfu f huuof etudf Srf hr tSf Poff ,s rhuudtf rhf eoaPrheaf PhStttStut
173
.rhhuohuf r f P uf Sfuf s rhuudtf rhf tehff Pof rhhuohu ehr i aehrg a ir ge il oAAaeeaeoe il ehr ar daid ,Ta rxoeagr
174
e off Aere iea fa Are a ade ere ai d oi ide rerieog ea af ehr affriAr af erra il o i aehrg oie eoa ir fa fr ere i
175
.er ed af eh d oAe
2.2.8 Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act 12 of 2004
. EHAKHRE U A TE EEGKCGAI RE H T T N G K I I T N E T R E R E E N T EK
176
K T GR GT GHR M I O
TIW AI UW OMINOIWR MIRWX SXXMOT A TNLNTNWO Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities
ACTa ae erd fa ehr de rilehri il af erodr rd ea a rerie oie Aaeioe EIN I ,5008 ST 05
177
. Aa rae ai pes se ,se se nt iin np n e neppsri ee i npnsi ee s enenps I W A T T
st hn st dsp est trnn n e nennt pn si ee ie npnei ,neppsri ee nene rstt ee e nenn e -s
178
.neppsri sni d i nt
171
S v Sayed (unreported case no. 041/2713/2008, 18 March 2010, Durban Regional Court) 5.
172
S v Sayed (unreported case no. 041/2713/2008, 18 March 2010, Durban Regional Court) 5-6. In S
v Mudaly (unreported pending case no. 41/890/2007, Durban Regional Court) the accused are
also standing trial for offences in terms of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act – 2558e 212
personal communications with the prosecutor in the case, Advocate V Lotan, National
Prosecuting Authority.
173
The act provides for various restraint orders (s 26), confiscation orders (s 18) and realisation orders
(s 30-33), as well as for civil preservation (s 38-39) and forfeiture orders (s 50) for the recovery of
property; see also Kruger Organised Crime 59-124; SALRC 2008 www.justice .gov.za 23; SOCA
Unit 2009 www.info.gov.za 2. The Asset Forfeiture Unit within the National Prosecuting Authority
deals with the seizure of "criminal assets that are proceeds of crime or have been involved in the
commission of a crime either through a criminal or civil process" – NPA 2010a www.pmg.org.za
33-35; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 52-53.
174
Section 2 Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957.
175
In National Director of Public Prosecutions v Geyser 2008 2 SACR 103 (SCA) para 16-17, 31, 36,
the court found that immovable property bought, revamped and used only for the purpose of the
offence of keeping a brothel in contravention of s 2 of the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957
constituted an instrumentality of the offence of keeping a brothel. For this reason, the specific
building may be forfeited under the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998, and such
forfeiture is not disproportionate, but serves the remedial purpose of the act to curb crime that is
undertaken as a business – Mnisi "Trafficking in Persons" 22. The Supreme Court of Appeal
provided further clarity by stating that "in giving meaning to 'instrumentality of an offence' the
focus is not on the state of mind of the owner, but on the role the property plays in the
commission of the crime" – National Director of Public Prosecutions v R O Cook Properties (Pty)
Ltd; National Director of Public Prosecutions v 37 Gillespie Street Durban (Pty) Ltd; National
Director of Public Prosecutions v Seevnarayan 2004 2 SACR 208 (SCA) 226 para 21; see also
Mnisi "Trafficking in Persons" 23.
176
Haynes 2004 Hum Rts Q 226, 229; Brennan 2005 International Migration 42; Foundation against
Trafficking in Women et al Human Rights Standards 4; Singh 2004 CILSA 344; UNODC Toolkit
xxi; GAATW Human Rights in Practice 13; UN.GIFT "Human Trafficking" 14; Shelley "Human
Trafficking" 122.
177
Long title Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act 12 of 2004.
178
Section 3-21 Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act 12 of 2004; Snyman Criminal Law
411-426; Burchell Criminal Law 891-895.
21 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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GRGAI RE GR TEH REEHEGAI RE I E H A K H R E K R E E N T GR A I R E E H I GR T R E T E H I HA HE T
R RHII R TEH ,I I TTRE TR RGRI TH IHI ,GRERAHRTITR KT GIIHI IIT RE I HAHEGT TR ARTEHE T
.ENRRHHAHEGT ERE R KE
179
N HUHAT TR EHKHGRH EHKHGRGAI RE RE IEH niinp e nennt e iin sni
180
.rpetnnsiept se h ienttnt ,gs n s e nnpt , en s n iin neppsri ee e rs n e nnpt eppsri ee
neppsri ee -stn ie sn isin is se ips n ee nse e nn n rse tin i nset e iintn sei
.e nennt
SfufPhSfs rttdutfhr ftS toauoSftuoSuohutfh f f, uoStroudfrhhuohut-hf rtSfrhfSfufPhrturofhrotthStrofr
-tStseaPStoafSfPSftehffPfhrotthSudfsu trofttfatPhau
(a) in the case of a sentence to be imposed by a High Court, to a fine or to
imprisonment up to a period for imprisonment for life;
(b) in the case of a sentence to be imposed by a regional court, to a fine or to
imprisonment for a period not exceeding 18 years; or
(c) in the case of a sentence to be imposed by a magistrate's court, to a fine or to
imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years.181
2.2.9 DRUGS AND DRUG TRAFFICKING ACT 140 OF 1992
IR GA R R I R HI GA E U AET TE T K E GU GA I I A I GA AI RTEHER E H N R KK U
.CGAIR KE R IE I TE EEGK ,GUHRUGT RTEHE RHEGR R KETE EEGKCGAI IRR KRU
182
e sn isin iin
ips n npt e ine s e tinp pset ie iin p d ni t ie s n ,t eeii psee ee e iin p ips n ee ernpsi ee
183
.iin ne r sei se sn isin neeipe ednp iin
fifuDrugs and Drug Trafficking Act h t toPattutfSfufsrttutttrofrhfPtfruaafPtfSfufS Phhthitoaftoff2551rhf
hu SPtofd eat
184
in .pn sin e nennt-se nse iist n stn ie rse ti ips n npt ede dn e tsni pse
inspt nse n retn 19rse ti nei ep pse ips n ee e nennt t tndnpn se rp tee nei e sr ie
,rpe sn ee ts tisennt tsni st nsees t-se nt ps n nrne nenn seenpest se ep ips n ee e
185
.inpe e se epri en
2.2.10 Human Tissue Act 65 of 1983
179
Section 3 Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act 12 of 2004.; Snyman Criminal Law
411-423; Burchell Criminal Law 892-893.
180
Section 4-21 Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act 12 of 2004; Snyman Criminal Law
423-426; Burchell Criminal Law 893-895.
181
Section 26(1) Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act 12 of 2004.provides for these
sentences on conviction in terms of s 3-16, 18 or 21; Burchell Criminal Law 895.
182
McClain 2007 Vanderbilt J Transn'l L 581; UNODC Toolkit xix; Kreston 2007 Child Abuse Research
in South Africa 38; Morawska "Trafficking" 101; Shelley "Human Trafficking" 123.
183
Haynes 2004 Hum Rts Q 226; Gajic-Veljanoski and Stewart 2007 Trans-cultural Psychiatry 341;
US Department of State 2007 www.state.gov 28.
184
Sections 4 and 5 Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992.
22 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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ttf Pf drhe uoSudf hr f rhf fe Pof f ifuf S Phhthitoaf rhf su trotf hr f Sfuf u rtPaf rhf Sfut f hrd f sP St
.S Phhthitoa
186
1118iin ,erspi pe st ee ii t ep e ips n ee ep nes epese se i ttsn ipsetr seit
it neseipi ips n ee e desii e p ns tseent-tis i e iin einpesi ees npese tsi ee ep s epsi ee ee e
ie n stn e ,ieeesnt se ene is t , en s ee nint ,iin na tinenn e ips n ee ep e i rspit
187
.ips i ees e p nse rei eet
RE TEH 4I A T GI K E N T H E R E T E H G A T H E G U N H E G R ENATIONAL HEALTH ACTKRUHR 5002 RE 10
,GATR RNHE TGRAHUMAN TISSUE ACT0942 RE 12
188
TEH pnes sint epese ipsetr seit se tnit
189
.NIE OWXOSIOSU TIW USRNWO ST VNLUVSSR AIR EAUWTWO TX ,WTIW XWUSLAV ST TNOOM pn s pn neit ep
sn s t i ee "iin sni rpei it rsi nei ep iin ,erspi pe rsi nei ie ssiiep tn rnpteet ep eti isi eet
190
. ep n ns ep neis rspretnt "ep tsrr i e sei i ttsn ep es nin ep ep ie seeiinp rnptee I
si n stn ie rpetnnsin rnpteet ep nee sni pn sin ie iin ips n ee e TINO A T ,AOOVN AUVW AOWO
191
.rnpteet ep iin pn eds e iin p e i rspit t iin pn eds e i ttsn pe d ee ii n ii t sni rpei i
iin rse ti nei ep , e nt e sei eiinp seenp ep ep sei eiinp rspretn iise t rpntnp n e iin sni
ep ,ep rp tee nei ep s rnp e eei nannn ee een insp 111 1tsni se e nenn t s en e sr ie d
192
. eii intn tseni eet spn es n ssin ie ninp ips n npt hie rpsni tn se rpe i pe ii t iirn e
193
.ips n ee
2.2.11 National Health Act 61 of 2003
f etiuf SfuHuman Tissue Act(f 2582rhf f 69Human Tissue Actf Sfuf ,)National Health Actf1112rhf f 62
(National Health Act. Patrf h t toPattutf hr u huf tof fe Pof Sttteuf )
194
,erspi pe eiinp rped t eet
ee rpe snit ep es nint t tip ni i , ee ,rsi nei ep iin sn s t i ee ep tsrr i e i ttsn
195
.pnes sin ee ep ee ,es nint ,ie tn ep ips n e i ttsn" nenn in sni ti rs sint iisi i t se e
196
.se rped nt ep rp tee nei e sr ie dn inspt ep iin ne tt ee e tsni se e nenn "rpe snit
185
Section 17 Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992..
186
IOM 2008 iom.org.za 60-63; Dottridge and Weissbrodt 1999 German Yearbook of International Law
282; UN.GIFT "Human Trafficking" 4; Ncube "Possible Contribution" 4; Hodgkin and Newell
Implementation Handbook 527; Snyman "Victims" 284; Fellows 2008 www.scribd.com 46.
187
IOM 2008 iom.org.za 60-63; see also SALRC 2006 www.doj.gov.za 30; Snyman "Victims" 284-285;
Fellows 2008 www.scribd.com 7, 29-31, 46.
188
The Human Tissue Act 65 of 1983 has been repealed by s 93(1) of the National Health Act 61 of
2003. Although most sections of the National Health Act 61 of 2003 have been in force since
2005, chapter 8 of this act, which contains provisions relevant to the present study, is not yet in
operation – Proc R19 in GG 27503 of 18 April 2005; Proc R20 in GG 33187 of 14 May 2010.
189
Section 18-23 Human Tissue Act 65 of 1983; Slabbert 2009 Obiter 510-511; Fellows 2008
www.scribd.com 42.
190
S 28(1) Human Tissue Act 65 of 1983.
191
UN.GIFT "Human Trafficking" 2; Hodgkin and Newell Implementation Handbook 523.
192
S 34 Human Tissue Act 65 of 1983; Fellows 2008 www.scribd.com 42.
193
Parliamentary Committee on Justice and Constitutional Development 2010 www.pmg.org.za 8;
Fellows 2008 www.scribd.com 42.
194
Section 60 National Health Act 61 of 2003; Slabbert 2009 Obiter 511.
195
Section 60(1) National Health Act 61 of 2003.
196
Section 60(4) National Health Act 61 of 2003; see also Slabbert 2009 Obiter 511.
23 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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nee sni pn sin ie ips n ee ep iin pn eds e e i rspit si n , e srr ns n n pns tisennt
.hine iin pn ndsei tnni eet e iin sni ne n eie ernpsi ee ,rpetnnsin se np ii t sni
RE E U A TGRR H RE RRHRRGRAT KEGUGA IGRH TEH NRTE T TEH KT IRHR AR KRAKHEA GR TEH E KT
,E U A EH I RA ERE H UNIH RE GR ER AI GA NRRRHRRG RHR R E HEH N H E R R A K .E U A IRRI
RA ERR TR E H I R G R A R T K I H ET . EH NER IHU TGK ,U A RIT N ETRIHAGT IR RE RTEHE E
T RE E U A IRRI T G TGRR H AI GA NRRRHRRGRA REREHEH NHERRA GR ER IH I RGTE GART AKHR
CGIIHI TEH TGRR H RE IRRI E R A NRRRHRRGRA RE R KET TEH NHERRA ER AI GK AART H NERRHA TE
H GA R KE TGRA TR RHII RE TE IAIR RE E R TEH GATHATGRR H RE IRRI HIR NHERRA TR RERU R KE
.TGRR H RE IRRI
197
f PorSfu fhrohu ofttfSfPSfSfu National Health ActPaSfreafff.drutforSfs rttdufhr ftS toauoSfseottf uoS
SfufsuoPaS fhr fS Pdtoaftoffe PofSttteufr fharrdfttftoh uPtudfh r fPf Pdt e fSu frhft s ttro uoSf
f rouf uP f tof Su tf rhf Sfuf rhHuman Tissue ActtSf ttf drehSheaf SfPSf Sfuff ,Srf httuf uP tf eodu f Sfttf PhS
.suoPaS fttfrhftehffPfoPSe ufSfPSftSfrtaaftehhuttheaa fduSu frhhuodu t
2.2.12 Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996
E H TFILMS AND PUBLICATIONS ACT ,NERI KTGRA ,RAEHI I THR TEH KEH TG , R UHAIHI ,0991 RE 12
,GEGK TGRAUR T UH AR RE KI RRN IGK TGRAR AI EGI G TGRA RE RNHKGEGKNRRRHRRGRA AI IGRTE
.KRAR UHE IRGKH AI TEH NERRGRGRA RE ,H EHRTEGKTGRARTEH GUNRRGTGRA RE I
198
,I A R R NT NS I N
NSI SX RWEXARATNSI UIOT OWRMAV WROVSNTAT AVV OXSTW TWR AEAN INVRXWI AXW OOW NTN
TNVUO SX SI TIW N OMUVN ATNSIO AIRNVRXWI NI OSXISEXAOIOVSNTATNLW MOW ST I XNUNIAVNONIE TIW WR
199
. ITWXIWTN rettntt ee ep NI VMRNIE TIW ,IMUWXSMO STTWI WO I W A T O X S L NR W O T S X T
200
.npnsi ee e s ep rs nsi ee hi ni neeis et ni repeeepsrii i t s te rse tis n ,sepnednp
ep s rnptee h ii eeh n en e se e nenn ede d ee ni repeeepsrii eei ie pnrepi i ie iin desii
201
.e p nse e nn dnpd nn
,ETRHRR KEGII NREARIE N T IGRTEG TH RE NRRGA RH TE EEGKCGAI U H E N H T E T R E R GA R R IR HI N
RTRE IH - A HIHKTERAGK I T UN THE RE T R T RETRE IH TEHEHRE RA KRREGKE GAKI IHR TEH R
.KT IGRKRET RTGKC RE
202
KRUN UHIG U R KE R UHU ini si ndne stn ips n n rnpteet ie
e t ep ee iin einpeni e ep np ie s dnpi tn iin tnpd nnt ,npnsin ni repeeepsrii e rs nsi eet
197
Personal communications with Advocate L Stuurman, South African Law Reform Commission.
198
Section 2(a) Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996; Minnie "Sexual Offences" 537-538.
199
Section 2(b), read with s 27 Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996; Minnie "Sexual Offences"
537-538.
200
Section 27(1)(a) Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996.
201
Section 27(2)(a) Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996; see also "Offences" .
202
Section 1 Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996 defines the term "", in relation to a film or
publication, and without derogating from its ordinary meaning, to include "keeping or storing in or
on a computer or computer system or computer data storage medium and also having custody,
control or supervision on behalf of another person".
24 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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203
. iin p d ni t rped n i t ie n .dsni nee sni nse n tsnnntt s i rpetnnsin se np ii t sni
hn ne n iisi rnpteet need nin e npnsi ee s ep rs nsi ee hi ni neeis et ni repeeepsrii ep
21spn e rettntt ee e ep tip sin tsni sinp s nse n tneinenn ie rp tee nei ep sr ie hie
204
.inspt
203
The term "pornography" is broadly defined in s 1 Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996.
204
Section 30(1)(A) Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996.
25 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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2.2.13 SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT 23 OF 1957
H R U H N E R R G R G R A R R E T E RSEXUAL
205
OFFENCES ACT0922 RE 52 SI AIR UA AXW OTNVV NI SOWXATN
EWWONIE ST Thr oAe a adA ird ehr .OWRMAV WROVSNTATNSI UAI TXATTN ENIE TSXAOOV NI AOWO ST IM
206
,A UXSTIWV ST IALNIE MIVAETMV WOT TSX TIW OMXOSOWOAI ISMOW SX OVA W E EIN I NO RWTNIWR AO
207
.NIRW WIT OMXOSOW X AI STIWX VWER SX AXIAV NITWX SMXOW S X W X A T T N E NI E A E W I T O E W T
208 209
TWI W NI SILN TWR ST TINO STS v Andrews AO EWVV AO NI S v Sayed. in sni spiinp rped nt
210
," nn n ie nnr s peiin "iisi nnpis e rnpteet spn ep stt ti ee , ep nas r n s rnptee sese ee
211
.s peiin ep eeh ee i pnnn d ee eeni si s peiin , e sese ee i t tnni ee nstit iin eni h n
te iisi rnprnipsiept tisp ee e iin rpe it ep stt ti ee e iin psee ee e s peiin st rspi e s ips n ee
.tnnesp e nse s te n rpetnnsin
PtfrPtftaaetS PSudftof,rhhuohutfSfPSf P fhtodfPssathPStroftofPffe PofS PhhthitoafthuoP tr S v Sayed,
212
213
,spn iin rpenspn nei e s n s n e ep np ie isdn se sh s nspes einpnesptn d ee ee iin nspe eet
214 215
e rpeti isi ee .ep iin sn isi ee e rpeti isi ee rnp ii ee rpn tnt ie n stn ep iin , e s i ee
216
. rspretnt e rpeti isi ee t s te np es tn se np ii t sni ees petnnsi ee esiiep ii in ysi
pnrepin need ni eet e inp t e ii t sni ep is se ips n ee sni d i nt e S v Sawatkan se S v
217
Wiphatawaithaya.
2.2.14 CRIMINAL LAW (SEXUAL OFFENCES AND RELATED MATTERS) AMENDMENT ACT 32 OF 2007
TEH RH I GAR EG IT GARRIRHR ,I H NIRGT TGRAHRNHKG IIT ERE RH , U A T E EE GK C GA I E
H I R EEHA KHR A R R GT E U IT GT IH RE RR .CHI NHERRA RH RE TEH TE EEGK
A UHIT TEH ,RT T TH GAKI IHI GA RGAIIHCRIMINAL LAW (SEXUAL OFFENCES AND RELATED MATTERS)
205
A number of sections of this act were repealed by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences
and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007, namely s 9, 11, 12(2), 13-15, 18,
18A, 20A – see the schedule to this act.
206
Section 2 Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957; Minnie "Sexual Offences" 535.
207
Section 1 Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957; Minnie "Sexual Offences" 534-535; see also National
Director of Public Prosecutions v Geyser 2008 2 SACR 103 (SCA) 116, where the court ordered,
in terms of the provisions of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998, the forfeiture to
the state of the immovable property used as a brothel in a criminal enterprise.
208
S v Andrews (unreported case no 27/50/1998) in which the accused were sentenced in the Cape
Town Regional Court on 30 July 2004; see also NPA 2010a www.pmg.org.za 11.
209
S v Sayed (unreported case no. 041/2713/2008; 18 March 2010, Durban Regional Court).
210
Section 3(b)-(c) Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957.
211
Section 3 Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957.
212
In S v Sayed (unreported case no. 041/2713/2008) the accused were convicted on 18 March
2010 in the Durban Regional Court of contravening ss 2, 12A(1), 10, 17, 20(1)(a) and (c) of the
Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957.
213
Section 10 Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957.
214
Section 20(1) Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957. This section was amended by the Criminal Law
(Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 – see s 68, read with the
schedule to this act; Snyman Criminal Law 353.
215
Section 12A(1) Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957; see also Minnie "Sexual Offences" 536.
216
Section 17 Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957.
26 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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AMENDMENT ACT( 5002 RE 25SEXUAL OFFENCES AMENDMENT ACT TEGR KT U T H RHI ,)
ERE TEH A E U A TE EEGKCGAINHTE TRER GARRIRHI GHK TH AI N AGRE NHER KKHRRE IIT TR NERR
.GT TGRA KTR RE RH
218
I H NIR N ENRRHR RE R EGR R
KRAT GAHI GA H EE T R E R E EH A K HR GR K R R GR A R E T E H R GI IT E R IE I HT GIH I I
EH KEGAI I R - E E .IGRHA EGHE RRHERGHR GR , ETGKIH IH TEH RKRNH RE TEGRTEGR KT E IIR R TRG
RR IT RE E NH AI GAIHKHAT KRUURA I R REEHAKHR HI T EHNI KGAI TEHKEHEREUR RHEH GATERI
219 220
E NH T TRET REEHAKHR RERGTE TEH H THAIHI RT .VTAIR OWRMAV AOOAM in nannri ees i pes
221 222
n e i eet e iin rpei in nee sni e eii iin e nennt e psrn se tnass sttss i isdn
s es np e e nennt , e s i ee . enpnstn iin rpeinni ee ses eti tnass tnee sni t ee nsei i
223
. inspt se e np spn s te rped n ep 28ses eti rnpteet e WIWOW STTWI W O NI VMR T
224
neese ee iin tnass tnpd nnt e tsni rnpteet ,WI WOS ENTIWOO OWRMAV STTSX SUOWVVNIE TIWU T
225
,UAOTMXUATNSI-OWRMAV A TO SX OWVT sest ep n s n ,pesetst hn st iin naretspn e iin ene is e
226
)" sti ee"( pnstit . WAXO SX SVRWX 04 OWXOSIO INVR OSXISEXAOI TS AIR TIW WROSOMXW ST 227
I NERTHKTGRA ERE KHI TR NERRGIH RNHKGRH IRR HHA GATERI A UHER R REEHAKHR E ,R T ITA
.KEGIIEHA
228
WITO NILSVLWR OW ST OXSOW MTNIE AEMOWTMV TSX TIW OMXOS I AT NO OA X T N M V A X V E
229
,OWRMAV WROVSNTATNSI RWTNIWR STTWI WO ST ENIE AXW TIW UXSARV NI INVR OWR TXATTN OXSUSTNIE
217
NPA 2010a http:www.pmg.org.za 12.
218
Minnie "Sexual Offences" 541-562.
219
Section 3 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007: "Any
person ('A') who unlawfully and intentionally commits an act of sexual penetration with a
complainant ('B'), without the consent of B, is guilty of the offence of rape." For a discussion of
the statutory offence of rape, see Snyman Criminal Law 355-369; Minnie "Sexual Offences"
546-547.
220
Section 5(1) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007. For
a discussion of the statutory offence of sexual assault, see Snyman Criminal Law 371-378;
Minnie "Sexual Offences" 547-548.
221
The offence of rape prohibits "penetration", which is defined in s 1 to include "any act which causes
penetration to any extent whatsoever by – )s(the genital organs of one person into or beyond
the genital organs, anus, or mouth of another person; ) (any other part of the body of one
person or, any object, including any part of the body of an animal, into or beyond the genital
organs or anus of another person; or )n(the genital organs of an animal, into or beyond the
mouth of another person". See also Minnie "Sexual Offences" 546-547.
222
The offence of sexual assault prohibits "violation", which is defined in s 1 Criminal Law (Sexual
Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007; see also Minnie "Sexual Offences"
547-548.
223
Sections 8-11 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
see the discussion in Snyman Criminal Law 381-387.
224
Section 11 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.
225
Section 8 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.
226
Section 9 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.
227
Section10 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.
228
Sections 15-22 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
see the discussion in Snyman Criminal Law 392-398; Minnie "Sexual Offences" 550-562.
229
Section 17(1) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
see also Minnie "Sexual Offences" 553-555.
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HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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230 231
, INVR OWR TSMXO . NIE ST INVRXWIAIR TIW OWRMAV EXSSU I AT M X I W V V W U O I A O NO W O T U
WI WO IAO TS SUUNT OWRMAV STT AEW AIR OXWOAXW TIWURXWI OS AO TS WI SMX TIW EXSSUNIE ST INV
232
. T X N A A S M T I O OWXNSMO SI WXI NI UW SUW A EXSSUNIE NO A " T NI I NW O S NI T O S M T T I A U
233
."WTNIW SUOVWR OXS WOO TS R t pnt tisenn se 'n ne npt stn dsp est niie t ie ednpne n s ni
edn "ep " p ne ti r"ns n -oesiit spn netespn eie s te .nass snitie spn i ep inp eie t
se i hsi e nni eet hinpn ,ntrnn s i d s iin einpeni , i nset e ne se nsi eet "pn si eeti r
i st s ie ne e st n ne rsni tnt se nn rieent spn e dne pnn ,gnhn npi ,e it tsni st n eii ee
234
."s nni ee" ni pne spn iir ns i rped n h ii s neie se ,nenn s ipsti pn si eeti r t ntis tin
hi ni ndneiss i ndn er eie s n se ep ,e tnass snit pset se spn eps ss i eipe snn i
235
.s st dn tnass tnpd nnt
GT GR A H A GA K I IH TEH NER EGHI TR NERTHKT K E GII E T E H E R EEHA KHR I HR GI A R
236
NETHA ERE KEGII NREARIE I GART RGAI KEGIIE ni pne n ee naretn ie ni se ses eti
237
. repeeepsrii ep repeeepsrii in SEXUAL OFFENCES AMENDMENT ACTV AVOS OXSLNRWO OOW NA
238
.ITAVV RNOAUVWRX OWXOSIO EIS AXW UWTNSI TSX INVRXWI TSTNSI VNEW TIW OXSTW OXSTW
2.2.15 INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION IN CRIMINAL MATTERS ACT 75 OF 1996
,KR ATEGHR RE REGIGA GA N ETGK I E URAI ,I K R R N H E T G R A A T H E A T G R A I E I G K G G
HRNHKG IIT ,HEEHKTGRHIT T E U A TE EEGKCGAIGR HRRHATG I TR KRU ,GRATE ARGT AI IHRTGA T
. REIHE TE EEGKCGAI-KERRR
239
I W T International Co-operation in Criminal Matters Act 0991 RE 22
TXN A AI R A S M T I O TNSI UWTEWWITA NVNTATNIE SSOWXA EHI EI T KRATEG THR GA TEGR
240
. XNUNIAV UATTWXO TSXWNEI SMITXNWO NI O NI VM RW TIW U MTM AVIWOW X NU NI A V U AT T W X T
241
.WOXSLNONSI ST WLNRWI TIW A T OXSLNRWO ,UMOTN W NI TIW NITWXWOTO ST I A O W O E I W X W NT NO N
IE WLNRWI W NEI OTATW NI SUTANINONOTAI W TXSU A TSXWVWTTWX XWCMWOTNIE AO TSX TIW NOOMNIE ST A
242
.A TSXWNEI OTATW OXWOWIT NI OM I TXSU A OWXOSI EIS NO
230
Section 17(6) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.
231
Section 18(2) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
see also Minnie "Sexual Offences" 555-558.
232
Burchell Criminal Law 739.
233
Minnie "Sexual Offences" 556-558.
234
Burchell Criminal Law 739; Fritz "Child Slavery/Trafficking" 5; Minnie "Sexual Offences" 556-558.
235
Fritz "Child Slavery/Trafficking" 5; Burchell Criminal Law 698, 739-740; Minnie "Sexual Offences"
556-558.
236
Section 20(1) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
see also Minnie "Sexual Offences" 559.
237
Section 19 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007; see
also Minnie "Sexual Offences" 558-559.
238
Section 23-26 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
Snyman Criminal Law 398-400.
239
David 2007 Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 1; UNODC 2008 www.unodc.org 7;
Planitzer Counter-trafficking Cooperation 17-18; UNODC 2009 www.unodc.org 83.
240
Long title of the International Co-operation in Criminal Matters Act 75 of 1996.
241
Sections 2-12 International Co-operation in Criminal Matters Act 75 of 1996.
242
Section 2 International Co-operation in Criminal Matters Act 75 of 1996.
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HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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.ifttfPhSfPatrfhPhtatSPSutfSfuf eSePafuduheStrofrhftuoSuohutfPodfhr suotPSr fr du t
243
,rep nas r n
hinpn s rnptee hie t tneinenn ie iin rsi nei e s en ep e ne rnetsi ee ie seeiinp rnptee ist
iin nespi si ,rpernpii ee i e s epn ee tisin pe hi ni iin en ep ne rnetsi ee nse n pnnednpn
244
.senn t teseii e ii t pnesp pe iin pn ndsei epn ee tisin ttsn s niinp e pn snti e hi ni stt ti
SfufPhSfhe Sfu fs rttdutfhr fSfufhrohtthPStrofPodfS Pothu frhfSfufs rhuudtfrhfh t ufhuSruuof f,UrSPha
.SfufyusehathfrhftreSffPh thPfPodfhr utaoftSPSut
245
stt tisenn si n , e inp t e iintn rped t eet
e s , ttsn e desii e p ns ,pn sntin pe s epn ee tisin e ep np ie nannsin s nee tnsi ee ep np
246
. epn ee tisin e hi ni iin rnptee ses eti hie iin ep np t s n ehet rpernpii e epn ee tisin
247
. si ee iin ts n st t pn snti desii e p ns ie nannsin s epn ee nee tnsi ee ep np e iin dnrs n
ntrnn s i hinpn ,eet si n stn ie netspn gsti nn e te n is se ips n ee nstnt intn rped t
nee tnsi ee ep npt ses eti e snei s epese tn np n enihep t nse n ne epnn ee i e seeiinp
248
.neseipi e hi ni iin rnprnipsiept ehe rpernpii
3 Interim human trafficking offences
PsP Sfh r foe u retfudttStoafhr rofaPrfPodftSPSeSr fs rttttrotfSfPSf P fhufPssatudfSrfs rtuheSuf
.tfru ufPatrf uhuoSa ftoS rdehudftoSrftreSffPh thPofaPr tsuhththfs rttttro-S Phhthitoaf,S PhhthitoafPauoSt
3.1 CHILDREN'S ACT 38 OF 2005
GA TEH NERKHRR RE R U U G R R G R A R R R T GII K HER E U E R I E E GK A R T E R E GIH T E H R
,A TE EEGKCGAIEREU KRAKHEAGAI E U GARHRTGI TGAI I R EH
249
I TXATTN ENIE NITWXNU OXSLNONSIO S
VMRWR NI TIWNI INVRXWI EWXW NI Children's Act( 5002 RE 24 CHILDREN'S ACTNI OAXTNAV )
X A T T N E NI E NI T M I NO I O M O O X W O O A I R O ,X W L W I T O V T S X S T S SO SUOVNAI W ENTI TIW
250
.)X S T S S V O A V W X U S O( I NV R X W I SU WI AIRE OOW NA V V W ,W X O S I O O spretn e in r
243
Sections 13-18 International Co-operation in Criminal Matters Act 75 of 1996.
244
Section 13 International Co-operation in Criminal Matters Act 75 of 1996.
245
Sections 19-26 International Co-operation in Criminal Matters Act 75 of 1996.
246
Section 19 International Co-operation in Criminal Matters Act 75 of 1996.
247
Section 20 International Co-operation in Criminal Matters Act 75 of 1996.
248
A number of sources have reported the involvement of organised criminal networks in human
trafficking activities – Obokata Trafficking of Human Beings 46-47; Raymond 2002 Women's
International Forum 493; Melvin Human Trafficking 22; International Crime and Terrorism 2004
www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca 1; Singh 2004 CILSA 344-345; The Future Group
2007tfgwebmaster.web.aplu.net 2; Dougherty and Burke 2008 America 13; Lee Human
Trafficking 2. Kruger Organised Crime 1, 8 emphasises the international approach that the
proceeds of crime should be confiscated by state authorities to remove the incentive for crime.
249
SALRC 2004 www.doj.gov.za 1-3: SALRC 2006 www.doj.gov.za 1; SALRC 2008
www.justice.gov.za 7; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-9.
250
SALRC 2006 www.doj.gov.za 3; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-10; Kassan and Mahery
Protective Measures 200; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 41.
29 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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e ii t sni t ie ne si ips n ee e ni pne se ie e dn n nni 28iin ips n ee rped t eet e nisrinp
iin (hi ni t eneprepsin eie iin sh e iin dnrs n e desii e p ns ,ie iin s np e peiene
251
.)dnrs n
f Sfuf ,rof tfr SChildren's Act two main trafficking offences. First, trafficking of children by natural or
252
juristic persons for an exploitative purpose is criminalised. dsni ips n ee t pnesp n st s tnp est
253
.inspt si iinpn epn n retn 11e nenn se rp tee nei e sr ie e i ees rpeinni ee ep
e iisi i t ee n nenn ep iin rnprnipsiep iisi iin ni ep iin rnptee isd ee ni pne t rped n
254
.neeipe ednp iin ni ist neetnein ie iin nar e isi ee ep nes s eri ee rped n ,rspiinp epn
i t s te ee n nenn ee s nispen e ips n ee e ni pne iisi ,iisi iin nar e isi dn rspretn t rpedne
255
.piin eine n nar e isi ee ep s eri ee eei enns t e esi ee ie np es tn ' in s np e peiene
se epese t ee ep pnni ee eiinpt ie ne i ii t np n t , rsi ee st snne r nntrspi n ,siin rit
256
.se en in nei ie ne i s np n ,neetr psni ,nednpn i na ti ee ne t si ee ee siin ri
IGRHR TEH KT IRR KEGUGA ,E E G K C G A I G A I T E H K E G U H R E T E N E T E E R U K E G U G A I G R
RGIH HAR IE IHE TR K RT TEH AHTAI GA KEGIIEHA GA REKGIGT TGAI TE EEGKCGKHET GA HE RGR E E
.EGT EERU TEGR KEGUHHER TE T R IIT NERNI T- R ERIHTR GAKI IH TEH R EGR
257
ne need ni ee e
rp tee nei si n 'inspt 21e s sa s ,ii t np n e sn isi ee ips n ee e ni pne
258
. retn iin rpei in nisd esp neis t nst ee sei rpernpii ep iin rspretn e , e tiepi
einpeni tnpd nn ,rspiinp .isp esp ee s ips n n ni ep tip si ee e ep si ee s s ee ie ips n ee
259
.i neeis et tsni rpei in e ep si eerped npt spn pn s pn ie pnrepi sei t in ee iin p tnpdnpt iis
251
See ss 281-282 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-13, 14;
Dawes, Bray and Van der Merwe Child Well-being 247; Kassan and Mahery Protective
Measures 200; Bosman-Sadie and Corrie Children's Act 285; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 42.
252
Section 284(1) Children's Act 38 of 2005: "No person, natural or juristic, or a partnership may traffic
a child or allow a child to be trafficked." See also SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 12; Kassan
"Trafficking in Children" 18-15, 16; Kassan and Mahery Protective Measures 203; Bosman-Sadie
and Corrie Children's Act 286-287; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za Mar 42.
253
Sections 305(1) and (8) Children's Act 38 of 2005; Kassan and Mahery Protective Measures 203.
254
Section 284(2)(a) Children's Act 38 of 2005; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-16; Kassan and
Mahery Protective Measures 203; Bosman-Sadie and Corrie Children's Act 287.
255
Section 284(2)(b) Children's Act 38 of 2005; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-16; Kassan and
Mahery Protective Measures; Bosman-Sadie and Corrie Children's Act 287.
256
Section 18 of the Riotous Assemblies Act 17 of 1956; Snyman Criminal Law 283-305; Burchell
Criminal Law 619-657; see also 2.2.1 above.
257
Section 28 Children's Act 38 of 20055; Kassan and Mahery Protective Measures 203-204;
Bosman-Sadie and Corrie Children's Act 287-288.
258
Section 305(6) Children's Act 38 of 2005. If a person is convicted more than once of this offence,
the sentence may be increased to a maximum of 20 years' imprisonment – s 305(7); SALRC
2008 www.justice.gov.za 12.
259
Section 285 Children's Act 38 of 2005: "(1) No person, natural or juristic, or a partnership, may –
)s(knowingly lease or sublease or allow any room, house, building or establishment to be used
for the purpose of harbouring a child who is a victim of trafficking; and ) (advertise, publish,
print, broadcast, distribute or cause the advertisement, publication, printing, broadcast or
distribution of information that suggests or alludes to trafficking by any means, including the
use of the Internet or other information technology. (2) Every Internet service provider operating
in the Republic must report to the South African Police Service any site on its server that
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HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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E H I H E G A G T G R A G A T E H TCHILDREN'S ACT"TE EEGKCGAI" RE TEH THEU
260
VR NO NI XWVATNSI TS A IN
261
.X S T S S V O A V W X U S O SITANIWR NI TIW "IOTXATTN ENIE NI OWXOS" NTNSI STONUNVAX TS TIW RWTNI
,NX O T T .SXUMVATNSIOI TIW RWTNINTNSIAV TT RNTTWXWI WO UWTEWWTIWXW AXW A IMUUWX S ,S E W L W X I
WTIW RWTNINTNSI NI TIChildren's Act EH "R NNIT" RGA TE T THEUR R KE ,GR RRUHRE T ER IHE
R IRR R IE GIIHI I UH AR G IRNTGRA RHK EHI TEE ,H K R A I I T R . KTGRAR IIHI R NEREG GTHI
.I GA KEGIIEHAAGTGRA RE TE EEGKCGAGAKI IHI GA TEH IHEG
262 263
,A O O A I E I A E X W W U W I T E NT I N i
nar e isi ee e iin s eri dn titin se sht " nset iin " nes s eri ee" sti n re ein esi iisi se
264
."se eei ennnttsp i iin nar e isi ee e iin s erin ni
SfufPdrsSttufsP uoStf P forSffPtufSfuftoSuoStrofSrfudsartSfSfuf f, tuofrfu ufPfhftadfttftaauaPaa fPdrsSud
tehff taauaPaf PdrsStrotf etSf huf dttStoaettfudf h r f taauaPaf PdrsStrotf SfPSf hrotStSeSuf f .hftadf PSf Paa
f rhfSfuf S Phhthitoaftofhftad uoftofSu tChildren's Actf,Tr fPoftaauaPafPdrsStrofSrffePath fPtfS Phhthitoa f.
f,lPttPof teh tStf SfPSf Pof toSu s uSPStrof tfreadf huf hraarrudf tof atouf rtSff SfPSf tof Sfuf APau rf A rSrhra
.hftadfoP ua fSfPSfSfufs t P ftoSuoStrofrhfSfuftaauaPafPdrsStrof etSfhufSrfudsartSfSfu
265
EEGKCGAI GA TEHTEH IHEGAGTGRA RE TE ,E G E I I T TCHILDREN'S ACT DIFFERS FROM THE PROVISION IN THE
266
PALERMO PROTOCOL REGARDING THE SO-CALLED "MEANS" ELEMENT. in s np e peiene pn s pnt
pss ep ,iipnsi ,tsni st epnn ,iisi iin rnprnipsiep sti stn si nsti een e iin tin rpernp nset
267
,hine s s it spn ips n n , nnnri ee 28 si eei ep iin ips n ee e s ni se np iin sen e
contains information in contravention of subsection (1)." See also Kassan "Trafficking in
Children" 18-17, 18; Kassan and Mahery Protective Measures:203; Bosman-Sadie and Corrie
Children's Act 287-288; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 42.
Section 1 Children's Act 38 of 2005: "'', in relation to a child – )o(means the recruitment, sale,
260
supply, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of children, within or across the borders of
the Republic – (i) by any means, including the use of threat, force or other forms of coercion,
abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to
achieve the consent of a person having control of a child; or (ii) due to a position of vulnerability,
for the purpose of exploitation; and )h(includes the adoption of a child facilitated or secured
through illegal means."
261
Article 3(a) Palermo Protocol (2000); Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-10, 11, 16; Dawes, Bray
and Van der Merwe Child Well-being 251-252; Bosman-Sadie and Corrie Children's Act 285;
HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 42.
262
Section 1 Children's Act 38 of 2005; SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 13; HSRC 2010
www.hsrc.ac.za 42. For a critical view on the insertion of the illegal adoption of a child into the
definition of "trafficking", see Kassan and Mahery Protective Measures 202-203.
263
Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-12.
264
Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-12.
265
Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-12; see also Kassan and Mahery Protective Measures 202-203.
The Official Interpretative Notes (Travaux Préparatoires) to the Palermo Protocol indicate that
"where illegal adoption amounts to a practice similar to slavery as defined in article 1, paragraph
(d), of the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and
Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, it will also fall within the scope of the Protocol" – UN
General Assembly 2000 u.st cd. para 66; see also Jordan 2002 www.walnet.org 9-10.
266
Bosman-Sadie and Corrie Children's Act 285.
267
Article 3(a) Palermo Protocol (2000); see also SALRC 2006 www.doj.gov.za 14; Kassan
31 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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268
. inspt iin s np e peiene sit ehe iisi iin ,trnn s rpeinni ee ep ni pne e rped ee
isp esp ee ep pnnn d ee e ,ipset np ,ipsetrepisi ee ,es n i iin pnnps i nei ,rpntnp n sni ee n n nei
ne eeen e iin nset tni nd ,neeti isint ips n ee e rnpteet ,s ni ep iin rspretn e nar e isi ee
269
.esi e iin n e i ee hnpn stn iin ,te n iin s np e peiene CHILDREN'S ACTOXSLNRWO TIAT
NI VMRNIE ,AI UWAIO" UUNTTWR U S INUNTWR A TNSI TS UWXWI XWCMNXWO TIW OXSTXATTN ENIE NI INVR
TSX TIW "RW WOTNSI ,TXAMR ,AURM TNSI ,ST SWX NSI TSX W SX STIWX TSXUO ,TIW MOW ST TIXWAT
270
.NSIOMXOSOW ST WROVSNTAT t iisi ee nset spn pn s pn ep ni "sei nset"e nen einprpnisi ee
se iist iin n e i ee e iin ,ips n eeCHILDREN'S ACT RWTNINTNSI NI TIW SXXWOOSIRO ENTI TIW
T A R NT T W X W I T A O O A I O S NI T O SMT T I AE ,I W I A E A NI T .X S T S S V O AVWXU S O
TIW NO TIAT "AI UWAIO" NITWXOXWTATNSI STChildren's ActTEH RNHKGEGHI IRHR EHC GEH RAH RE
. KCGAI GA KEGIIEHATR KRARTGT TH TE EEG UH AR TR
271
H NEHRHAT in siinp einprpnisi ee t
i t eei e en h ii iin , nset n n nei t pn s pn ep ips n ee e ni pne iin , e iisi ,rpe n si n
272
.hi ni hs dnt iin nset n n nei e pnesp ie ni ips n ee , s np e peiene s si ee e in ep
e iin "ips n ee"n n nei e iin n e i ee e " nset"iin CHILDREN'S ACT IAO TIWXWTSXW UWWI
A V W X U S O TIW TIAI NO XWCMNXWR U "TNAX UMXRWINIE A EXWATWX WLNRWI XNTN NOWR TSX XWAT"
273
.X S T S S V O
f Sfuftof"udsartSPStro"Pfhre Sffdthhu uohufsu SPtotfSrfSfufduhtotStrofrhfSfufSu f Children's Actrfthffttff,
t sathtSa ff"udsartSPStro"BrSffduhtotStrotfrhf f.tt taP fSrfheSforSftduoSthPafSrfSfPSftofSfufAPau rfA rSrhra
Sfuf APau rf A rSrhraff ,trrutu f .hrtu f S Phhthitoaf hr f Sfuf se srtutf rhf Paaf S sutf rhf udsartSPStro
hu SPtof udP sautf rhf udsartSPSttuf f "tohaedutf PSf Pf tot e "f "udsartSPStro"f tStseaPSutf SfPSf Sfuf Su
.se srtut in Children's ActheSfPddtfrSfu fudP sautff,Patrfhrtu tfSfutufudP sautfrhfudsartSPStrof
274
.hftadfaPhre fPodfSfuf u rtPafrhfhrd fsP Stf,hr hudf P tPauf,oP ua fduhSfhrodPauf,Ptfruaa
275
fPSfht tSfaaPohuftSftuu tfSfPSfSfufAPau rfA rSrhrafPodfSfu Children's Actdthhu fPatrfrtSff uaP dfSrfSfut f
rof Sfuf rouf fPodf Sfuf APau rf A rSrhraf Pssatutf Srf Sfuf s rtuheStrof rhf rhhuohutf f .othrsuf rhf PssathPStr
, utSPhattfudf tof Sfuf s rSrhra
276
ipsetesi ees e esispn se ede dn se "hinpn iietn e nennt spn
277
."epese tn np es epesr iin ,ne iin eiinp Children's Acth ii e ep snpett "srr nt ie ips n ee
"Trafficking in Children" 18-16.
268
Article 3(c) Palermo Protocol (2000) see also SALRC 2006 www.doj.gov.za 14; Kassan
"Trafficking in Children" 18-16.
269
Article 3(c) Palermo Protocol (2000); SALRC 2006 www.doj.gov.za 14.
270
Section 1 Children's Act 38 of 2005; Kassan and Mahery Protective Measures 202.
271
Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-11; Kassan and Mahery Protective Measures 202.
272
Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-11; Kassan and Mahery Protective Measures 202.
273
For a critical view on the "means" element in the definition of "trafficking" in the Children's Act 38 of
2005, see Kassan and Mahery Protective Measures 202; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-11;
HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 42.
274
Article 3(a) Palermo Protocol (2000); Kassan and Mahery Protective Measures 202.
275
The Palermo Protocol recognises the removal of "organs" as an example of an exploitative
purpose, which is a narrower concept than the removal of "body parts" listed in the Children's Act
– SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 13.
276
Article 5 Palermo Protocol (2000).
277
Article 4 Palermo Protocol (2000).
32 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
278
."iin ep npt e iin dnrs n i ii iin en st ee e iintn hep t iin sni nednpt eei ee i ipsetesi ees
neseipi ips n ee h ii e iin ep npt e -ips n ee e ni pne ie se pe eiinp neseip nt si s te e
279
.iin dnrs n ,rehndnp i sti n epen e e iisi iin s np e peiene ist ie n einprpnin
280
,ieeniinp h ii iin npese tn p n eednei ee hi ni rped nt iisi iin e nenn e is se ips n ee
ips n ee ne t si ee h iiesi pn s p ee iisi ipsetesi ees ep - sti n ntis tin e e nti n sei
281
.epese tn np n n n neit n rpntnei ,s iiesei iin tnern e srr nsi ee tnn t npnei , inpn epn
iin pes np tnern e iinChildren's Act peiene se iin npese tn e sni ne r nt h ii iin s np e
. p n eednei ee
RE TEH 04 KE NTHE ,E E E G K C G A I R E E H A K H R N E T E E R U K E H T G A I T CHILDREN'S ACT IRR
A RE R KE R TEH NERRGRGR ,EEGKCGAI GA KEGIIEHAHER GA EHI EI TR TE EHI I THR RTEHE U TT
282 283
TGRAGATHEA TGRA I KRRNHE .UMXNORN TNSI AIR WRTXATWXXNTSXNAV Mier a ii il ehr a iA agr
dofrea af ehr e off Aere Ah ge ehr oAe fr ehr a ae erd fa ehr ,af ehr irde ier rded af ehr Ah ge
284 285
,oie fa darA f A odd deoiAr i rer i il ehr Ah ge ea ehr Xrarig A gg od fa rfr ogod or
286 287
AIR XWOATXNATNSI Eoddoi ,Iaorer .a aArer rd eo ieo id ehoe ehr a ae d aid fa odd de il
288
e off Aere Ah ge ri i ehrCHILDREN'S ACT O ST ENTI AVV ST TIW T OW RS IST TMVV SUOV
A V W X U S O NRWX NI TWXUO ST TIWWR TS XWIRWX SX SIOWO OAXTNWO AXW SUVNEAOONOTAI W TIAT OTAT
T Children's ActEH RRA TR " REHA , IRR NERRGIHR TE T
289
.X S T S S V O TIW ,NI A V V KR ET E R
,TE EEGKCHI KEGII RNRARG GIGTGHR E RHRAR RGTE N EHAT I EHTE T N EHATR RE NHER " HIGHRH
GA " GAI NI KHIRGTE TEH KEGII H ,TR U T H R RNHAIHIARG GIGTGHR AI EGIETEHGE N EHAT I EHRNR
278
Section 1(a) Children's Act 38 of 2005; Bosman-Sadie and Corrie Children's Act 286.
279
Section 1(a) Children's Act 38 of 2005; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-12.
)0(0 E T G K I H CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME – )5000(PALERMO
280
PROTOCOL E I H E C RHH IRR ;)5000(COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING .
f)1(23P SthaufConvention Against Transnational Organised Crime rhfSfufhrotuoStroff)1(23Pff.)1111(
281
f ttf PssathPhauf Srf SfuPalermo Protocolrhf Sfuf s rSrhraf s rttdutf SfPSf rhhuohutf f )2(2huhPetuf Pf f ,
udf tof Phhr dPohufutSPhattfudf tof Su tf rhf Sfuf f s rSrhraf etSf huf uaP dudf Ptf rhhuohutf utSPhattf
r af.eordh.rrrf 1113NUrOlf f ;23r af .eordh.rrrf 1115tuuf Patrf NUrOlf f ;rtSff Sfuf hrotuoStro
.176-179f,195-198
282
182nrdsa t Children's Act"d offadeatu at khaic rt"roooot ;1119 f 28 nCRlk ;29 ,23-
nocar otc k ar-l o ot ;22 o .u g. sosadr. 1118Children's Act nlk ;186-
.31 o.od.ho d. 1121
283
Section 291 Children's Act 38 of 2005; SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 13; Kassan "Trafficking in
Children" 18-22; Kassan and Mahery Protective Measures 206; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za
43.
284
Section 286 Children's Act 38 of 2005; SALRC 2008 www.justice.gov.za 13; Bosman-Sadie and
Corrie Children's Act 288-289; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 42.
285
Section 288-289 Children's Act 38 of 2005; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-20; SALRC 2008
www.justice.gov.za 13; Bosman-Sadie and Corrie Children's Act 290-291; HSRC 2010
www.hsrc.ac.za 42-43.
286
Section 290 Children's Act 38 of 2005; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-21; Bosman-Sadie and
Corrie Children's Act 291.
287
Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-18.
288
Section 286 Children's Act 38 of 2005; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 42.
289
Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-18.
33 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
."R KR ET'T ,THUNRE ET R EH K EH
290
KEGIIEHANHAIGAI A GAC GET
fPhhthitoafs rttttrotftofSfuS -ifufhreoSu Children's Act PiuftSfsrttthaufSrfs rtuheSufrhhuodu tfhr fPo f
ttfSfPSfSfutuff,frrutu f ,nfPSf etSfhufhr ouftof todf .S sufrhfS Phhthitoafrfu ufPfhftadfttfSfuftthSt
tohr sr PStrof toSrf Sfuf s rsrtudff s rttttrotf u Ptof toSu t f s rttttrotf Podf rtaaf huf usuPaudf h f Sfut
.S PhhthitoafauattaPStro-hreoSu
291
3.2 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32
of 2007
EHT CRIMINAL LAW (SEXUAL OFFENCES AND RELATED MATTERS) AMENDMENT ACT( 5002 RE 25SEXUAL
OFFENCES AMENDMENT ACT A KRUNEHEHARGRHIT GA RH RE H NIRGT TGR KEGUGA IGRHR RH I )
.RGAIIH RT T TH
292
e s ep ne r s eseit ede dn e tnass e nennt in sni s ti
the maximum and least traumatising protection that the law can provide ... by
establishing a co-operative response between all government departments involved
in implementing an effective, responsive and sensitive criminal justice system
relating to sexual offences.293
,E R T R K R I N I H E U R N EHII KRUNIG AKH RGTE TRE IHIGRI TGRA GA E H A I G A I T E H I R N T GR A N
TEH AR RHEH GAKI IHI GATE EEGKCGAI NERRGRGR-TE ARGTGRA I ATGSEXUAL OFFENCES AMENDMENT
ACTREGKE K UH GATR , ON 16 DECEMBER 2007. IN PARTIAL COMPLIANCE WITH SOUTH AFRICA'S
294
INTERNATIONAL COUNTER-TRAFFICKING OBLIGATIONS, tnt nee sni neeti isi ee ii t sni np es
295
.ips n ee e rnpteet ep tnass nar e isi ee in sni rpei it s rnptee pe ips n ee sei eiinp
296
. ep iin rspretn e tnass nar e isi ee ,rnptee h iiesi iin neetnei e iisi ,rnptee
P uf duhtoudf tt taP a f Srf Sfrtuf tof Sfuf f "S Phhthitoa"ifuf PhStrof Podf uPotf hr srouoStf rhf Sfuf Su f
290
Section 287 Children's Act 38 of 2005; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-19, 204; Bosman-Sadie
and Corrie Children's Ac t289; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 42-43.
291
SALRC 2006 www.doj.gov.za 3; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-10; Kassan and Mahery
Protective Measures 201.
292
Section 2 Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007; see
also Minnie "Sexual Offences" 541-562; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 41.
293
Section 2(d) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.
294
Article 5(1) Palermo Protocol (2000); see also s 70(1) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related
Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007; Minnie "Sexual Offences" 561; HSRC 2010
www.hsrc.ac.za 41.
295
Section 70(1) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.
296
Section 71(1) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007: "A
person ('A') who traffics any person ('B'), without the consent of B, is guilty of the offence of
trafficking in persons for sexual purposes." See also Minnie "Sexual Offences" 561; UNODC
Global Report 127; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 41.
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HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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APau rfA rSrhra
297
se en s n
the supply, recruitment, procurement, capture, removal, transportation, transfer,
harbouring, sale, disposal or receiving of a person, within or across the borders of
the Republic, by means of –
(i) a threat of harm;
(ii) the threat or use of force, intimidation or other forms of coercion;
(III) ABDUCTION;
(iv) fraud;
(V) DECEPTION OR FALSE PRETENCES;
(VI) THE ABUSE OF POWER OR OF A POSITION OF VULNERABILITY, TO THE
EXTENT THAT THE COMPLAINANT IS INHIBITED FROM INDICATING HIS OR HER
UNWILLINGNESS OR RESISTANCE TO BEING TRAFFICKED, OR UNWILLINGNESS TO
PARTICIPATE IN SUCH AN ACT; OR
(vii) the giving or receiving of payments, compensation, rewards, benefits or
any other advantage.298
f Sfuf udsartSPSttuf se srtuf uau uoSf tof Sfuf ,trrutu Sexual Offences Amendment ActhPtatf Srf hr sa f
f,udsartSPSttuf se srtuf rhf Pf tudePaf oPSe uf roa f huhPetuf tSf s rttdutf hr f Pof ,rtSff Sfuf APau rf A rSrhra
tohaedtoa
any form or manner of exploitation, grooming or abuse of a sexual nature of such
person, including the commission of any sexual offence or any offence of a sexual
nature in any other law against such person or performing any sexual act with such
person, whether committed in or outside the borders of the Republic.299
GA TEH E H G R R H R E K R A R H A T TSEXUAL OFFENCES AMENDMENT ACTHATIT GR NNER KEHI IGEEHE
E T KRARHAT RE TEH E H I T T H E N E R R G I H R T T .E R T R K R I N I H E U R N EERU TE T GA TEH
E GE TEH AR E RH HHA RHI RRE TEH NEREG GTHI UH GEEHIHR AT REHEH AT TE EEGKCHI NHERRA GR
.TH ER 04 RE NHERRA AIHE TEH IH RER GR IHEGAHI R , KEGII TE EEGKCHI NHERRA GR
300
I TIW S
TIW ,STIWX IAIRSexual Offences Amendment ActRER )" "( NHERRA ] [" RTGN I THR TE T
GKCGAI HAKH RE TE EEGR I GITT RE TEH REE , RE RGTER T TEH KRARHAT ,)" "( TE EEGKR AT NHERRA
."I N ENRRHRGA NHERRAR ERE RH
301
.AKRHEKHI IEHHUHATUH AR RRI AT ET RE "KRARHAT" E H TT
302
K T N E R R GI HR T E te n iin
iin sni rpennn t ie ti s es np e n pns tisennt hi ni hes enesin ds , s np e peiene
297
Article 3(1) Palermo Protocol (2000).
298
Section 70(2)(b) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 41.
299
Section 70(2)(b) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.
300
Article 3(d) Palermo Protocol (2000).
301
Section 1(1) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
Minnie "Sexual Offences" 561.
302
Section 71(3) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
Minnie "Sexual Offence"s 561-562.
35 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
303
.aissti dn ti e n pns tisennt si ti rs sint iisi ii t t eei se n ,neetnei erspi pe s es np e
304
.iin nset tin e iin s np e peiene spn s te en s n ,eiinp n pns tisennt in sni spiinp
in p neetnei nnsstn i ,inspt spn eei s n ie neetnei ds i 21rped nt iisi ni pne n eh iin sen e
305
."de seisp i ep h iiesi nenpn ee" t eei pnesp n st n ee e dne iisi : in snti ee iisi sp tnt t
in ep s si ee ee ?inspt 27ie 21nei i ni pne e sen iine t iin ret i ee pnesp ee s nen neet
ii t ttsn e iinSEXUAL OFFENCES AMENDMENT ACT A V W X U S O LNONSI NI TIWRNTTWXO TXSU TIW OXS
UMT , WAXO 05 VRXWI MIRWX AIR SLWXXWITNATW UWTEWWI INEIN I RSWO IST RNTTW ,X S T S SVO
306
. WAXO 04 ST OWXOSI MIRWX TIW AEW I RWTNIWO A INVR AO A TINO NT NO OMUUNTTWR TIAT ,W I WI
NIW NSI TS UXNIE NT NI VTXATTN ENIE VWENOVAT-OWR SMITWXRXWOOWR NI TIW OXSOSNOOMW IWWRO TS UW AR
.X S T S S V O A V W X U S O NI TIW ENTI TIW OXSLNONSIO
EGUH RE E U A GUGA IGRH TEH U GA KRT THR N ETGHR TR KE N ET EE R U EHC GE GA I
T GR A R E GE HR T E H K E GU GA IGR ERTR KRI E ETE HE EHC N I H E U R N TEH ,TE EEGKCGAI
U A TTHUNTR TR KRUUGT E R EHC GEHUHAT TE T 'E R T R K R I N I H E U R N E H T .EHI THI KEGUHR
RGAKH TEH TTHUNT ,E E G K A I R R T E R GA I GR IEH IT KRRHEHIA IGRHTE EEGKCGAI H KEGUG
EE GK A IHI I R T E R TEH RT ATGRH KEGUH GAGR EHKRIAGRHI R R TR KRUUGT AT KEGUH
.RTRTHU
307
iin , eeet pnesp t iin e esi ee ie rpei i iin epese t ee se pnni ee e is se ips n
SEXUAL OFFENCES AMENDMENT ACTAVOS UMT ESWO TMXTIWX U ,UVNEATNSI SUOVNWO ENTI TIAT S
IE SVVNIE TIW TXATTN ENOMOWXLNONIE SX SITX , SUUAIRNIE ,TXSU SXRWXNIE OXSINUNTNIE A OWXOSI
308
. XNUW EIN I ,X S T S S V O A V W X U S O IW SUOXWIWIONLW TIAI T I W A T NO A V O S U S X W T
AI W STNIAVNOWO TIW OWXTSXU SIV NI TIAT NT XNU "AO AI A SUOVN W" OATNIE XNUNIAVNOWO OAXTN N
,OXSUSTNIE ,WI SMXAENIE ,UXNIENIE AUSMT , AMONIE ,NTTNIEWR AT SUUAI A T EIN I NO ANU "
309
."TXATTN ENIE SX OAXTN NOATNIE NI SITXNUMTNIE TSEAXRO
PodfroufSfPSfttfSrff, fPtsuhSftof utsuhSfrhfrfthffSfufPhSfttfh rPdu fSfPofSfufAPau rfA rSrhra Pfhe Sfu
303
Section 71(4) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.
304
Section 71(4) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007:
"Circumstances in which B does not voluntarily or without coercion agree to being trafficked, as
contemplated in subsection (3), include, but are not limited to, the following – )s(where B
submits or is subjected to such an act as a result of any one or more of the means or
circumstances contemplated in subparagraphs (i) to (vii) of the definition of trafficking having
been used or being present; or ) (where B is incapable in law of appreciating the nature of the
act, including where B is, at the time of the commission of such act – (i) asleep; (ii) unconscious;
(iii) in an altered state of consciousness, including under the influence of any medicine,drug,
alcohol or other substance to the extent that B's consciousness or judgement is adversely
affected; (iv) a child below the age of 12 years; or (v) a person who is mentally disabled."
305
Section 71(4)(b)(iv) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of
2007.
306
Article 3(d) Palermo Protocol (2000).
307
Attempt to commit a common law crime is in itself a crime under the common law, while s 18(1) of
the Riotous Assemblies Act 17 of 1956 criminalises an attempt to commit a statutory offence –
Burchell Criminal Law 619-641; Snyman Criminal Law 283-294; see also 2.2.1 above.
308
Section 71(2)(a) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
Minnie "Sexual Offences" 561.
309
Section 71(2)(b) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
see also Minnie "Sexual Offences" 561.
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HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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ttfSfPSfSfufPhSftoS rdehutfSfufh t ufrhftotratu uoSftofSfufS Phhthitoafrhfsu trotftofr du f f,hufruahr ud
SfufPhSfs rttdutff,rofSfttf uaP df.toafs rhuttSrfh toafSrfhrrifPaafPauoStfsaP toafPfsP SftofSfufS Phhthi
SfPSfPo fsu trofrfr
INCITES, INSTIGATES, COMMANDS, AIDS, ADVISES, RECRUITS, ENCOURAGES OR
PROCURES ANY OTHER PERSON TO COMMIT, CAUSE, BRING ABOUT, PROMOTE,
PERFORM, CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS OR PARTICIPATE IN TRAFFICKING, IS GUILTY OF AN
310
OFFENCE OF INVOLVEMENT IN TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FOR SEXUAL PURPOSES.
Sfuff,u tfrhSuofhPhtatSPSuffe PofS Phhthitoafh f rttoaftthSt tftaauaPaa fPh rttfoPStroPafhr du troftturfrhfSfufhPhSfSfPSfS Potsr S
311
"hr u htPafhP tu t"PhSfs rfthtStfPaaf pe p ee ee s rsttneenp eie ep pn ed ee s rnptee pe desii e p ns h iiesi tsni s
.)iin dnrs n(n pe iin dnrs n e desii e p ns rsttneenp isd ee ipsdn ens neit ep iin sh s neipi eie ep nrspisp
.312
ep nrspi pe iin ,pn s e e , srt ie te n nainei h ii iin rpei i ee ses eti stt ti ee seeiinp ie neinp i t e nenn ednp
313
dnrs n e neeipsdnei ee e iinImmigration Act ( 5005af 02Immigration Act. ) iin ,rehndnpSexual
Offences Amendment Actrped nt iisi iin ipsetrepi ee e ne np t s te s n ep rsi ee iin neti e iin ipsetrepin
314
.ts n nnr ee se pnispe pe desii e p ns ,t nspn'rnptee
315
tSee Po ips n n rnpteet ,r nrep nas .i ei eiit iin rpe n iisi iin d ni t e is se ips n ee spn e ine rpetnnsin
hie spn e desii e p ns h iiesi ds ens neisi ee nnsstn iin p rsttrepit isdn nne nee tnsin i iin p ips n npt si n
316 317
rpetnnsin se np iinImmigration Act, . eie rpeti isi ee si n rpetnnsin ep rpeti isi eehi n d ni t epnn in
Sexual Offences Amendment Acteei s n ep sei "s pnttnt ii t ttsn i ti rs si ee iisi s d ni e ips n ee t
318
."hi ni hst ne iin st s pnni pnts i e n ee ips n n ,pn sin e nenn- ee sei epsi ee en s ,np es e nenn
f uaP dtftPohStrotfhr fS PhhthitoafrhhuohutfutSPhattfudftofSfuf PtSexual Offences Amendment ActSfu ufttforftsuhththff,
319
.suoPafs rttttroftohaedudftofSfufPhS e iin )1(se )2(72iin ips n ee e nennt e tnni ee ,rehndnp Sexual Offences
310
Section 71(2)(c) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
Minnie "Sexual Offences" 561.
311
The term "commercial carrier" is defined broadly in s 70(2)(a) to include a company or the owner,
operator or master of any means of transport that engages in the transportation of goods or
people for commercial gain.
312
Section 71(6)(a) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007:
"A commercial carrier commits an offence if the carrier brings a person into or removes a person
from the Republic and, upon entry into or departure from the Republic, the person does not have
the travel documents required for lawful entry into or departure from the Republic." See also
Minnie "Sexual Offences" 562; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 41.
313
Section 49(2) Immigration Act 13 of 2002: "Anyone who knowingly assists a person to enter or
remain in, or depart from the Republic in contravention of this Act, shall be guilty of an offence
and liable on conviction to a fine or to imprisonment not exceeding one year." See also Stuurman
2004 Eye on Human Trafficking 5.
314
Section 71(6)(c) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
see also Minnie "Sexual Offences" 562.
315
Stuurman 2004 Eye on Human Trafficking 5.
316
US Department of State 2011 www.state.gov 330.
317
US Department of State 2011 www.state.gov 330.
318
Section 71(5) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
SOCA Unit 2009 www.info.gov.za 2; HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 41.
319
Lotan "Brief Outline" 11.
37 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
Amendment Actf rhfSfuf1huhPetufSfu fP ufattSudftofsP Sfrfrhfthfudeauf f,P uf uaP dudfPtftu tretfrhhuohutfCriminal Law
Amendment Acts nespi t e en ie retn s e s tneinenn e rp tee nei ep n ee ,ennep ee i .2557e 219
320
,e iintn ips n ee e nennt e ne npt need nin ts tisei s se ne rn ee n pns tisennt na ti "se ntt iin nespi e t iisi
321
."ee e s nttnp tneinennhi ni gsti i iin ret i
4 Conclusion
aPrf uohr hu uoSf Podf s rtuheStrof f ,rof r du f Srf hr hPSf fe Pof S Phhthitoaf uhhthtuoSa f Podf uhhuhSttua
:of todfSfPSffe PofS PhhthitoafttfPfs rhuttf PSfu fSfPofPfttoaaufrhhuohu rhhthtPatf etSfiuusft
TRAFFICKING MAY INVOLVE OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE, SUCH AS ABUSE OF
IMMIGRATION LAWS, DOCUMENT FORGERY, CORRUPTION OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS,
MONEY LAUNDERING, AND TAX EVASION. OTHER VIOLATIONS ARE DIRECTED AGAINST
VICTIMS: UNLAWFUL COERCION OR THREAT, EXTORTION, AGGRAVATED ASSAULT, SEXUAL
322
ASSAULT, RAPE, OR EVEN MURDER.
H GRTGAI KRUURA I R ,GRATE EEGKCGAI IHIGRI T-HARGRH KR ATHEHRHA RGTER T KRUNEHE ,E RT
I KT RRHK TH KEGUGA I KRAIAGEGK AT TRRI TR NEREEHAKHR EHU GA RG KEGUHR AI RT T TRET
.TE EEGKCGAI NERKHRR KRUUGTTHI I EGAI TEH
323 324
,et hst re ein esi s edn WRNOTNIE OXSLNONSIO
A TNLNTNWO NI TSX TXATTN ENIE S SUTANI SILN TNSIOOVNWR OM WOOTMVV TIALW AVXWAR UWWI AO
i ehr Aodr afN .ENIEX TIAI IMUAI TXATTN TWXUO ST XNUWO STIWS V ANDREWSTIW A MOWR EAO ,
nnr ee s peiin e inp t e iin NUOXNOSIUWIT TSX ' WAXO 02 OWITWI WR TSSEXUAL OFFENCES ACT
325
.WWO ST SUUSI VAE XAO IAXE AI A SUOVN W SI TES AO EWVV AO TSX UWNIE 0922 ST 52 ,5000 I N
convictions were secured on nispent e inp t e iinPREVENTION OF ORGANISED CRIME ACT ST 050
326
0994 AI TEH IMMIGRATION ACT 5005 ST 02 GAS V SAYED. ALONLW TISMEI TIW SUOXWIWI
I SILN TWR NI TWXUOTXATTN EWXO IALW UWW ,X WNSI NO IST WT NI TSTXATTN ENIE VWENOVAT- SMITWX
AITS O O S O R V R NI A A ,5000 M V U 09 I S .OXSLNONSIO NTNSIAV TXATTN ENIEST TIW MXXWIT TXAIO
XUO ST TIWW NUOXNOSIUWIT NI TWEAO OWITWI WR TS VNTCriminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related
Matters) Amendment Act H T R R I U G C U H IGEIR EERUERE TE EEGKCGAI TEEH 5002 RE 25
. IR GT T GR A E E GK TER
327
ER E RH I H N R iin rne ee iin nesni nei e , ist
iinpn spn es npest na ti ee ne ee sh np nt se ,ips n ee ne t si ee-n psn ee sei -s
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320
Section 51(1) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007;
HSRC 2010 www.hsrc.ac.za 41.
321
Section 51(3)(a) Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007.
322
Bales Global Slavery 133.
323
Mnisi "Trafficking in Persons" 2; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-10; SALRC 2008 www.
justice.gov.za 14; SOCA Unit 2009 www.info.gov.za 2.
324
See 2.2.7 and 2.2.13 above.
325
S v Andrews (unreported case 27/50/1998; 27 August 2004, Cape Town Regional Court); see also
NPA 2010b www.pmg.org.za 11.
326
S v Sayed (unreported case no. 041/2713/2008; 18 March 2010, Durban Regional Court).
327
The accused was convicted in the Pretoria Regional Court in terms of the Criminal Law (Sexual
38 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
328
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.RE II EREKH RE TEH I E TEH EEGKCGAI GR UHT RGTHAR EH TE T E U A TE EHIHR AT REEHAKHR TR
TE T U T H E GU HR A I N E R R GR GR A R E R HA I R E H GR T GA I K R E T E GR E H R R A T E H E
GAR U A TE EEGKCGAI EHU KEGUHR RTEHE TE A E TH TE EEGKCHER ERE NNIGK IH TR NERRHK
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.E EEGKCGAIKRU TGAI RE E U A T
Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 – SAPA 2011 www.news24.com 1.
328
Mnisi "Trafficking in Persons" 2; Kassan "Trafficking in Children" 18-10; SALRC 2008
www.hsrc.ac.za 14; SOCA Unit 2009 www.info.gov.za 2.
39 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
PER / PELJ 2012(15)1
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5009 I H E T ROBITER
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f1115f"Pofr aPotfe Obiter 927-
Smith "South Africa's Strategy"
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HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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Africa)1119 PofthfPtifA uSr tPf(
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UN.GIFT "HUMAN TRAFFICKING"
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Trafficking for the Removal of Organs and Body Parts" (Background Paper 011
Workshop [UN.GIFT B.P.:011] delivered at The Vienna Forum to Fight Human
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BASIC CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT ACT0992 RE 22
Child Care Act 2582rhff73
CHILDREN'S ACT5002 RE 24
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa,2556f
CRIMINAL LAW (SEXUAL OFFENCES AND RELATED MATTERS) AMENDMENT ACT5002 RE 25
Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 2551rhff231
FILMS AND PUBLICATIONS ACT0991 RE 12
General Law Amendment Act 2551rhff225
HUMAN TISSUE ACT 0942 RE 12
Identification Act2557rhff68f
IMMIGRATION ACT 5005 RE 02
International Co-operation in Criminal Matters Act2556rhff79f
NATIONAL HEALTH ACT5002 RE 10
Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Ac 1113rhff21Sf
PREVENTION OF ORGANISED CRIME ACT0994 RE 050
Riotous Assemblies Act2596rhff27f
SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT0922 RE 52
Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Bill 1121–7B
Register of government publications
Proc R19 in GG 27503 of 18 April 2005
Proc R20 in GG 33187 of 14 May 2010
Register of international instruments
CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME)5000(
Palermo Protocol (Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially
Women and Children) )1111(
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION CONVENTION (NO. 29) CONCERNING FORCED LABOUR )0920(
Universal Declaration of Human Rights)2538(f
50 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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Register of case law
Green v Fitzgerald 1914 AD 88
National Director of Public Prosecutions v Geyser 2008 2 SACR (SCA) 103
National Director of Public Prosecutions v RO Cook Properties (Pty) Ltd; National Director of Public
Prosecutions v 37 Gillespie Street Durban (Pty) Ltd; National Director of Public Prosecutions v
Seevnarayan 2004 2 SACR 208 (SCA)
NDPP v Mohamed )ll(f256yftPlf1f1111
R V HANSON 1849 2 C & K 912
R v Holliday259lAOff2517f
S V ANDREWS H I G R A I E R R A T N H K ,5008 I R T 52 ;0994/20/52 . AEHNRETHI K RH AR(
)R E T K
S v De Vries 2009 1 SACR 613 (C)
S v Dos Santos (unreported case; 19 July 2011, Pretoria Regional Court)
S v Eloff )nuair f;18/955ttf.eo usr SudfhPtufor(
S v Mudaly (pending case no. 41/890/2007; Durban Regional Court)
S v Netcare Kwa-Zulu (Proprietary) Limited (unreported case no. 41/1804/2010; 8 November 2010,
Durban Regional Court)
S V NYALUNGUT 02528 IER5002
S V SAWATKAN ) E A I ;04/5082/80 . AEHNRETHI K RH AR(
S v Sayed )Oe hPofyuatroPaflre Sf,1121nP hfff28f;1118/1722/132f.eo usr SudfhPtufor(
S V WIPHATAWAITHAYA) E A I ;09/5/202 . AEHNRETHI K RH AR(
Register of Internet sources
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eP.Ph.ft h.rrrf1121ttylf
Nodu tSPodtoafSfuf Ot uottrotfrhff :itt uaudePotf 1121f)ttyl(te Pof thtuohutfyutuP hff lreohtaf
f19dPSufrhfetuf [fsfS a.1659-Orhe uoS/eP.Ph.ft h.rrr//:fSSsfte Pof i Phhthitoaftof treSffPh thP
]1121nP f
K .IK.U HKG-IE GT.RRR 5008 H E E R E G R U T E G U H AI K ATHEA T GR A IG
te Pof i Phhthitoaf Podf nta PoSf t eaaatoaf f 1113Su oPStroPaf l t uf Podf iu r tt f ro
Urtff 21dPSuf rhf etuf [Ptsf .uo-S Phhthitoa_fe Po/toSu oPStroPah t u/hP.ah. Puht-dhPtS.rrr//:fSSs
]1116
I .REI.GRU 5004 GRU
ifuf roSu oPaff :Urf dsu tuohuf UuhuttP f 1118f )rrn(roSu oPStroPaf r aPotePStrof hr f nta PStrof
51 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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i Phhthitoaf rhf Au trotf tof treSff Ph thPf
f91=rSu td212=atd&duSPtat_drh=SPti&drh Po_hr =rsStro?sfs.todud/ttSu/eP.r a.tr //:fSSs
]1118Urtff3dPSufrhfetuf[
JORDAN 2002 WWW.WALNET.ORG
lr staudfhr fSfuf(ifufPoorSPSudfGetdufSrfSfuflr sauSufNUfi PhhthitoafA rSrhraf f 1111lr dPofPOf
AOTf.iyPTTrll-NU/sPsu t/httt/r a.rPaouS.rrr//:fSSsf )roSu oPStroPaf te Pof ytafStf ePrf G res
]1118Urtff22dPSufrhfetuf[
52 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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NPA 2010A WWW.PMG.ORG.ZA
s ot d offadeatu nsosaosado :uosa toi i ordssatu Cssh ass 1121 )uiC(ordssatu Cssh ass uosa toi i
i rortsosa t s shr usosadr otc k tosasssa toi ergri rts i sf ia k assrr t –otc koor Ctoisoao
]1121u g 13cosr f sor [ cf.t o212226/c do/fairo/ o. u. u. //:hss 1121u gr hr 26
NPA 2010b www.pmg.org.za
– 1121uosa toi i ordssatu Cssh ass nsosaosado u gr hr 1121 )uiC(uosa toi i ordssatu Cssh ass
c do/fairo/ o. u. u. //:hss Ccg C got cr lsi
]1121u g 13cosr f sor [ s.t o222221/
NPA 2010c www.pmg.org.za
nsosaosado t s ot :uosa toi i ordssatu Cssh ass 1121 )uiC(uosa toi i ordssatu Cssh ass
26i rortsosa t s shr usosadr otc k tosasssa toi ergri rts i sf ia k assrr t –d offadeatu kooro
]1121u g 26cosr f sor [ io .uiCnsoso212226/ doc/fairo/ o. u. u. //:hss 1121u gr hr
eP.r a.s a.rrrf1121AP atP uoSP flr tSSuufrofletSthufPodflrotStSeStroPafOutuars uoSf
HR HIR N U HA T I R A R T GT TGR A IK R T GK H A I E R U U GT T HH R A K EIG U HAT ETN
:)5000-2 ( G I I RHERRA N E EE GK C GA I GA T R U T GA I R E K E HR HA T GR A AIN 5000
R E TER IGR N HHT GA I R E U GA THR R EU – U G R R G R A R R H R N R A R H T R E R'H N ETU HATI
5000 H N T H U H E R 02 ,H R H I R N U H A T I R A R T G T T G R A I K R T GK H A I E R U U GT T HH R A K
[ 73332/NEGAT/I .REI.NUI.RRR//:ETTNOF USE 24 NOV 2010]
5008 R IEKWWW.DOJ.GOV.ZA
.i Phhthitoaf tof Au trotf 1113f )tPeyl(treSff Ph thPof ePrf yuhr f lr ttttrof 131 (Issue
Paper 25)ffffffhttp://www.doj.gov.za/salrc/ipapers/ip25_prj
131_2004.pdf]1118nP ff22dPSufrhfetuf[f
53 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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f1116tPeylfwww.doj.gov.za
.i Phhthitoaf tof Au trotf 1116f )ltPey(treSff Ph thPof ePrf yuhr f lr ttttrof 131 (Discussion
Paper 111)http://www.doj.gov.za/salrc/dpapers.htm ]1118nP ff22dPSufrhfetuf[
I .IRR.E RTGKH.RRR 5004 R IEK
.yusr Sf rof i Phhthitoaf tof Au trotf 1118f )tPeyl(treSff Ph thPof ePrf yuhr f lr ttttrof 131
http://www.justice.gov.za/salrc/reports/r_pr131_
trafficking_2008.pdf [date of use 23 Mar 2008]
KRU.58AHRR.RRR 5000 R N
f 'te Pof i Phhthiu f GuStf ethuf tuoSuohu'f 1122tPAPf News24f2f 1122lea f f 11
PSuf rhfd[f 7u-dh59-h312-9753-uP51hdhh=Ptd&th P u?Ptsd.s toSP Sthau/hr .13ourt.rrr//:fSSs
]1122leaff12etuf
eP.art.tohr.rrrf1115trlPfNotSf
T GR A IA A GT GA EE GE R RUU A GT T K EEHA K HR AIR H I R( )AN ( A G T RRK
HRNRAI AIE ,E H R H A T N – R G E H I H I I A G T 5009 ) T E R E G T T ERRHK T GA I N
NNRET R
I TH [ NIE.TRGEHIHII AG/IRK UHATR/E U ATE EEGKCGAI/GRR HR/I .IRR.GAER.RRR//:ETTN
]5000 E U 8 RE RH
ouS.Psae.ruh.Sharuh PtSu f1117ifufTeSe ufG resf
E GR GR R EK HK E GT T R U AE – E EE GK C GA I T U AE 5002 E R N I T EHE EHT
E R N R E T GR A R N IR II
50 I TH RE RH[ ETUI.50GI/RRRTEHE T EHIER NREI/AHT. NI .RH .TEIRH U RTHE//:ETTN
]5004 I
r a.eordh.rrrf1111NUfGuou PafPttu ha f
RTHR ER E TEHA A T HE N E HT T GR H G :I I H A I U 5000 R R H U I T HAHE II A
H K R E I R E E E G K G I R(TRAVAUX PRÉPARATOIRESE R T R K R I N H I R T G T G R A R E T E H A RE TEH )
RU HA R IITHRNHKG ,H E R R A R N E E E G K C G A I G A T A GR E N NNEHRR A I R ,E H R H A T N TR
I GA R T R A R HA TGR A K T GR A R A A GT H I NNIHU HA TGA I TE HR ,E G I I E H A K AI
0.I I /242/22/ .E G U H K EI A GI H I R E ARA T GR A IT
RRA 04 I TH RE RH[ NIE.H-H RRC_10028-08/5001_KTRKKRN/NIE/REI. ARIK.RRR//:ETTN
]5004
REI. ARIK.RRR 5008 ARIK
euattaPSttuf Getdutf hr f Sfuff 1113f )NUrOl(rof O eatf Podf l t uf f NotSudf UPStrotf rhhthu
54 / 428
HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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r sau uoSPStrof rhf Sfuf NotSudf UPStrotf lrotuoStrof PaPtotSf i PotoPStroPaf r aPoteudf l t uf Podf
uo/eordh/r a.eordh.rrr//:SfufA rSrhratfifu uSrffSSs
]9222eafPf21dPSufrhfetuf[ffS a.aetdu-auattaPSttu/lirl/S uPStut/
r a.eordh.rrrf1118NUrOlf
5004 ) ARIK( E G U H K E I R A I I EEGKH R A R T GR A R A A GT HI TO COMBAT TRAFFICKING
IN PERSONS – GLOBAL PROGRAMME AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS. NEW YORK: UNITED
NATIONS HTTP://WWW.UNODC.ORG/DOCUMENTS
/HUMAN-TRAFFICKING/HT_TOOLKIT08_ENGLISH.PDF [DATE OF USE 16 OCT 2008]
r a.eordh.rrrf1115NUrOlf
R ER E I R I HIU 5009 ) ARIK( E G U H K E I R A I I EEGKH R A R T GR A R A A GT HI
/TE EEGKCGAI-E U A/IRK UHATR/REI. ARIK.RRR//:H E R R A R E T T N N E E E G K C G A I G A T
]5000 I E I TH RE RH[ I E N.TGN_ I GART_ R I_R I H I U
art.tSPSu.rrrf1117NtfOusP S uoSfrhftSPSuf
)T T H R H N E T U H A T R E I R( T T H R H N E T U H A T R E I U H E G K T T HR R ER A GT HI
HNRET E HERRARN E EEGK C GA I GA T 5002
]5002 I E 55 I TH RE RH[ 5002/TGNENT/EIR/TGN/I/IRR.RT TH.RRR//:ETTN
art.tSPSu.rrrf1118NtfOusP S uoSfrhftSPSuf
)T T H R H N E T U H A T R E I R( T T H R H N E T U H A T R E I U H E G K T T HR R ER A GT HI
HNRET E HERRARN E EEGK C GA I GA T 5004
]5004 I 0 I TH RE RH[ 5004/TGNENT/EIR/TGN/I/IRR.RT TH.RRR//:ETTN
art.tSPSu.rrrf1115NtfOusP S uoSfrhftSPSuf
)T T H R H N E T U H A T R E I R( T T H R H N E T U H A T R E I U H E G K T T HR R ER A GT HI
HNRET E HERRARN E EEGK C GA I GA T 5009
REI AGI TGRA/IRK UHATR/IRR.RT TH.RRR//:ETTN
]5009 A E 20 I TH RE RH[ NIE.052222/
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HB KRUGER AND H OOSTHUIZEN
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art.tSPSu.rrrf1121NtfOusP S uoSfrhftSPSuf
i Phhthitoaf toff 1121f )P S uoSf rhf tSPSuNtf Ous(NotSudf tSPSutf rhf P u thPf OusP S uoSf rhf tSPSuf
drhe uoSt/art.tSPSu.rrr//:fSSsfAu trotfyusr S
[fsdh.279212/r aPotePStro/of use 18 Jun 2010]
US Department of State 2011 www.state.gov
toaf tofi Phhthif 1122f )Ntf OusP S uoSf rhf tSPSu(NotSudf tSPSutf rhf P u thPf OusP S uoSf rhf tSPSuf
]1122leaff29dPSufrhfetuf[f1122/Sts sS/ at/Sts/a/art.tSPSu.rrr//:Au trotfyusr SffSSs
ZIMMERMAN ET AL 2006 WWW.LSHTM.AC.UK
f Ct u Pof let al Smiles: a Summary Report on the Physical and Psychological Health
Consequences of Women and Adolescents Trafficked in Europe (Report for the London School
of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London) http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/genderviolence f23dPSufrhfetuf [
]1118leaf
List of abbreviations
CILSA Comparative and International Law Journal of
Southern Africa
Hum Rts Q Human Rights Quarterly
ILSA J Int'l & Comp L ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law
Med L Rev Medical Law Review
NYUJ Int'l Law & Pol New York University Journal of International Law and
Politics
Trafficking Protocol Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking
in Persons, Especially Women and Children,
supplementing the United Nations Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime
UNCTOC Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime
Vanderbilt J Transnat'l L Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
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