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Chapter 6
Arithmetic Instructions and Programs
1
Sections
6.1 Unsigned Addition and Subtraction
6.2 Unsigned Multiplication and Division
6.3 Signed Number Concepts and Arithmetic
Operations
2
Objective
• 介紹關於加減乘除的指令。
• 8051 內部運算都是以 byte 為單位，所以當資
料量會有機會超過 one byte 時，programmer 自
己要小心。
• 由於 8051 內部運算其實是很簡單的，你可想
成都是 unsigned number 的運算。所以當我們
想要做 signed number 或 BCD 的運算時，就必
需靠 programmer 自己觀察 PSW 的變化與增加
許多的檢查。
3
Section 6.1
Unsigned Addition and Subtraction
4
Unsigned Numbers
• Unsigned numbers are defined as data in which all
the bits are used to represent data, and no bits are
set aside for the positive or negative sign.
• For a 8-bit data, the operand can be between 00
and FFH.
5
Addition of Unsigned Numbers
• Add the source operand to register A and put the
result in A.
ADD A, source
A + source A
MOV A,#25H ;load 25H into A
ADD A,#34H ;add 34H to A,now A=59H
– The destination operation is always
in A.
– The instruction could change CY,AC,OV
and P.
6
Example 6-1
Show how the flag register is affected by the following instructions.
MOV A,#0F5H ;A=F5 hex
ADD A,#0BH ;A=F5+0B=00
Solution:
F5H 1111 0101
+0BH +0000 1011
100H 1 0000 0000
After the addition, register A = 00H and the flags are as follows:
CY = 1 since there is a carry out from D7.
P = 1 because the number of 1s is 0 (an even number), P is set to 1.
AC = 1 since there is a carry from D3 to D4.
7
Addition of Individual Bytes
• To calculate the sum of any number of operands,
the carry flag should be checked after the addition
of each operation.
A 1111 0101
+ R0 0000 1011
1 0000 0000
CY=1
Add 1 to R7
Result : 0000 0001 0000 0000
R7 A 8
Example 6-2
Assume that RAM locations 40-44 have the following values.
Write a program to find the sum of the values. At the end of the
program, register A should contain the low byte and R7 the high
byte. All values are in hex.
40=(7D) 41=(EB) 42=(C5)
43=(5B) 44=(30)
Solution:
MOV R0,#40H ;load pointer
MOV R2,#5 ;load counter
CLR A ;A=0
MOV R7,A ;clear R7
AGAIN:ADD A,@R0 ;add (R0)
JNC NEXT ;jump to carry
INC R7 ;keep track of carries
NEXT: INC R0 ;increment pointer
DJNZ R2,AGAIN ;repeat until R2 is zero 9
ADDC
• ADD with carry
• To add two 16-bit data operands
ADDC A, source ; A=A+source+CY
high byte low byte
MOV A,#E7H 3C E7 1559110
ADD A,#8DH + 3B 8D 1524510
MOV R6,A 78 74 3083610
MOV A,#3CH CY=1
ADDC A,#3BH ; A=A+operand+CY
MOV R7,A ; R7=78H R6=74H 10
Example 6-3
Write a program to add two 16-bit numbers. The numbers are
3CE7H and 3B8DH. Place that sum in R7 and R6; R6 should have
the lower byte.
Solution:
CLR C ;make CY=0
MOV A,#0E7H ;load the low byte now A=E7H
ADD A,#8DH ;add the low byte,A=74H and CY=1
MOV R6,A ;save the low byte in R6
MOV A,#3CH ;load the high byte
ADDC A,#3BH ;add with the carry
MOV R7,A ;save the high byte of the sum
11
BCD Number System
• Binary Coded Decimal : Digit BCD
use binary to represent 0- 0 0000
9 only. 1 0001
• See Table 6.1 BCD Code 2 0010
3 0011
• Two terms for BCD 4 0100
number: 5 0101
– Unpacked BCD 6 0110
– Packed BCD 7 0111
8 1000
9 1001 12
Unpacked / Packed BCD Numbers
• In Unpacked BCD, a byte is used to contain a
BCD number.
– 0000 0101 is unpacked BCD for 5
– 0000 1001 is unpacked BCD for 9
• In Packed BCD, a byte has two BCD numbers.
– 0101 1001 is packed BCD for 59.
– It is twice as efficient in storing data.
• When we get two BCD numbers, we want to add
them directly in form of packed BCD.
• However, ADD and ADDC are just for binary! 13
Addition of Packed BCD Numbers
• Use ADD and ADDC to add 1 7
two packed BCD numbers: + 1 8
• To calculate 1710+1810=3510. 2 F
MOV A,#17H
ADD A,#18H 2 F
+ 0 6
• The programmer must add 6
3 5
to the low digital.
• Then we get the correct
packed BCD sum (35H).
14
DA
• Decimal adjust for addition
• DA instruction will add 6 to the lower nibble or
higher nibble if needed.
DA A
MOV A,#47H 4 7
MOV B,#55H + 5 5
ADD A,B 9 C
1. Lower nibble
DA A A 2
2. Upper nibble
;check CY here CY=1 0 2
15
Example 6-4
Assume that 5 packed BCD data items are stored in RAM locations
starting at 40H, as shown below. Write a program to find the sum
of all the numbers. The result must be in BCD.
40=(71) 41=(11) 42=(65) 43=(59) 44=(37)
Solution: MOV R0,#40H ;load pointer
MOV R2,#5 ;load counter
CLR A ;A=0
MOV R7,A ;clear R7
AGAIN: ADD A,@R0 ;addition
DA A ;adjust for BCD
JNC NEXT ;jump no carry
INC R7 ;keep track of carries
NEXT: INC R0 ;increment pointer
DUNZ R2,AGAIN ; 16
SUBB
• Subtraction with borrow
SUBB A, source ; A = A – source – CY
CLR C
MOV A,#3FH 3 F
MOV R3,#23H - 2 3
SUBB A,R3 1 C
• After the subtraction,
– CY=0: positive result
– CY=1: negative result 17
Example 6-7
Analyze the following program:
CLR C
low MOV A,#62H 27 62 1008210
byte SUBB A,#96H - 12 96 373410
MOV R7,A 14 CC 634810
MOV A,#27H
high
byte SUBB A,#12H
MOV R6,A
Solution:
After the SUBB, A = 62H-96H = CCH and CY=1indicating there is
a borrow.
Since CY = 1, when SUBB is executed the second time A = 27H-
12H-1 =14H. Therefore, we have 2762H-1296H =14CCH. 18
Subtraction of Unsigned Numbers (1/2)
• The 8051 use adder circuitry to perform the
subtraction command.
• In subtraction, the 8051 use the 2’s complement
method.
A-B = A+(100H-B)-100 = A+(2’s complement of B)-100
= A + (2’s complement of B) + (toggle CY)
3F 0011 1111
- 23 + 1101 1101 2’s complemet of 23H
1C 1 0001 1100 borrow 100H and carry
positive toggle CY=0
19
A
Subtraction of Unsigned Numbers (2/2)
• The steps of the hardware
of the CPU in executing
the SUBB instruction:
1. A minus the CY value. • 3FH–23H=1CH
2. Take the 2’s complement 1. A=A-CY=3FH
of the subtrahend. 2. 23H DDH
3. Add it to the minuend (A). (2’s complement)
4. Invert the carry. 3. 3FH+DDH=11CH,
• After the subtraction, where CY=1,A=1CH.
4. Toggle CY=0
– CY=0: positive result
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– CY=1: negative result
Example 6-5
Show the steps involved in the following.
CLR C
MOV A,#3FH
MOV R3,#23H
SUBB A,R3
Solution:
A = 3F 0011 1111 0011 1111 (A=A-CY)
R3= 23 0010 0011 + 1101 1101 (2’s complement)
1C 1 0001 1100
CY=0 (Toggle CY)
The flags would be set as follows: CY = 0, AC = 0
The programmer must look at the carry flag to determine if the
result is positive or negative. 21
Example 6-6
Analyze the following program:
CLR C
MOV A,#4C
SUBB A,#6EH
JNC NEXT ;jump not carry (CY=0)
CPL A ;get 2’s complement by
INC A ; yourself
NEXT:MOV R1,A ;save A in R1
Solution:
4C 0100 1100
- 6E + 1001 0010 2’s complemet of 6EH
-22 1101 1110(A)
Borrow 100H and no carry negative toggle CY
CY=1, the result is negative and get the 2’s
complement of A =0010 0010=22. 22
Section 6.2
Unsigned Multiplication and Division
23
MUL AB
• The 8051 supports byte by byte multiplication
only.
• Multiple A * B, result: B=high byte, A=low byte.
MUL AB
MOV A,#25H 25
MOV B,#65H + 65
MUL AB 0E 99
B=0EH: high byte; A=99H: low byte
24
Table 6-1: Unsigned Multiplication
Summary (MUL AB)
Multiplication Operand 1 Operand 2 Result
A = low byte
byte × byte A B
B = high byte
25
DIV AB
• The 8051 supports byte by byte division only.
• Divide A by B, result: B=remainder, A=quotient.
DIV AB
MOV A,#95H
MOV B,#10H
DIV AB ;A=09H (quotient)
;B=05H (remainder)
– IF the numerator=B=0, then OV=1
indicates an error and CY=0. 26
Table 6-2: Unsigned Division Summary
(DIV AB)
Division Numerator Denominator Quotient Remainder
byte/byte A B A B
27
An Application for DIV
• There are times when an analog-to-digital
converter is connected to a port.
• The ADC represents some quantity such as
temperature or pressure.
• The 8-bit ADC provides data in hex.
• This hex data must be converted to decimal for
display. We divide it by 10 repeatedly until the
quotient is less than 10.
• See Example 6-8.
28
Example 6-8 (1/2)
(a) Write a program to get hex data in the range of 00 – FFH from
port 1 and convert it to decimal. Save the digits in R7, R6 and
R5, where the least significant digit is in R7.
Solution of (a):
MOV A,#0FFH
MOV P1,A ;make P1 an input port
MOV A,P1 ;read data from P1
MOV B,#10 ;divide by 10
DIV AB ;P1 has max value 255
MOV R7,B ;3 bytes to save 3 decimals
MOV B,#10
DIV AB R5 R6 R7
MOV R6,B
MOV R5,A 29
Example 6-8 (2/2)
(b) Analyze the program, assuming that P1 has a value of FDH for
data.
Solution of (b):
In the case of an 8-bit binary = FDH = 253 in decimal.
Q(A) R(B)
(1) FD 0A= 19 3
(2) 19 0A= 2 5
Therefore, we have FDH = 253. In order to display this data it must
be converted to ASCII, which is described in the next chapter.
2 5 3
R5 R6 R7 30
Section 6.3
Concepts and Arithmetic Operations
31
Signed Numbers
• In everyday life, numbers are used that could be
positive or negative.
• Usually, 2’s complement is used for signed
numbers.
32
Figure 6-2. 8-Bit Signed Operand
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
sign magnitude
The most significant The rest is used for the
bit (MSB) is used for magnitude which is represented
the sign. in its 2’s complement.
33
The Range of Sign Number for a Single
Byte
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
-128 1000 0000 80H = 100H-80H
-127 1000 0001 81H = 100H-7FH
:
-2 1111 1110 FEH = 100H –2H
-1 1111 1111 FFH = 100H –1H
0 0000 0000 00H 2‘s
+1 0000 0001 01H complement
+2 0000 0010 02H
: 34
+127 1111 1111 7FH
Example 6-9
Show how the 8051 would represent -5.
Solution:
Observe the following steps:
1. 0000 0101 5 in 8-bit binary
2. 1111 1010 invert each bit
3. 1111 1011 add 1
Therefore -5 = FBH, the signed number representation in 2’s
complement for -5.
We can get FBH=100H-05H=FBH, too.
35
Example 6-10
Show how the 8051 would represent -34H.
Solution:
Observe the following steps.
1. 0011 0100 128 in 8-bit binary
2. 0111 1111 invert each bit
3. 1000 0000 add 1 (which becomes 80 in hex)
Therefore -34 = CCH, the signed number representation in 2’s
complement for -34H.
We can get FBH=100H-34H=CCH, too.
36
Example 6-11
Show how the 8051 would represent –128.
Solution:
Observe the following steps.
1. 1000 0000 128 in 8-bit binary 80H
2. 0111 1111 invert each bit
3. 1000 0000 add 1 (which becomes 80 in hex)
Therefore -128 = 80H, the signed number representation in 2’s
complement for -128.
We can get FBH=100H-80H=FBH, too.
37
Overflow Problem
• The CPU understands only 0s and 1s and ignores
the human convention of positive and negative
numbers.
• The overflow flag (OV) is designed to indicate an
overflow of the operations for the signed numbers.
– The accept range –128 to 127 in decimal.
• When is an overflow?
– If the result of an operation on signed numbers is too
large for the 8-bit register, an overflow has occurred
and the programmer must be notified.
38
Example 6-12
Examine the following code and analyze the result.
MOV A,#+96 ;A=60H
MOV R1,#+70 ;R1=46H
ADD A,R1 ;A=A6H=-90, INVALID!!
Solution:
96 0110 0000
+ 70 0100 0110
+ 166 1010 0110 (CY=0, OV=1)
The signed value in the register A=A6H=-90 is wrong.
Programmer must check it by themselves.
Note: There is a carry from D6 to D7 but no carry out of D7
39
When is an Overflow?
• In 8-bit signed number operations, OV is set to 1
if either of the following two conditions occurs:
1. There is a carry from D6 to D7 but no carry out of
D7.
2. There is a carry from D7 out but no carry from D6
to D7.
• In both above cases, the overflow flag is set to 1.
40
Example 6-13
Observe the following, noting the role of the OV flag.
MOV A,#-128 ;A=1000 0000(A=80H)
MOV R4,#-2 ;R1=1111 1110(R4=FEH)
ADD A,R4 ;A=0111 1110(A=7EH=126)
Solution:
-128 1000 0000
+ -2 1111 1110
- 130 0111 1110 (CY=1,OV=1)
There is a carry from D7 out but no carry from D6 to D7.
According to the CPU, there is an overflow (OV = 1).
The sign number is wrong. 41
Example 6-14
Observe the following, noting the OV flag.
MOV A,#-2 ;A=1111 1110 (A=FEH)
MOV R1,#-5 ;R1=1111 1011(R1=FBH)
ADD A,R1 ;A=1111 1001 (A=F9H=-7,correct)
Solution:
-2 1111 1110
+ -5 1111 1011
- 7 1111 1001 (CY=1,OV=0)
There are carries from D7 out and from D6 to D7.
According to the CPU, the result is -7, which is correct (OV = 0).
42
Example 6-15
Examine the following, noting the role of OV.
MOV A,#+7 ;A=0000 0111 (A=07H)
MOV R1,#+18 ;R1=0001 0010(R1=12H)
ADD A,R1 ;A=0001 1001 (A=19H=+25,correct)
Solution:
7 0000 0111
+ 18 0001 0010
25 0001 1001 (CY=0,OV=0)
No carry occurs.
According to the CPU, the result is +25, which is correct (OV = 0).
43
You are able to（1/2）
• Define the range of numbers possible in 8051
unsigned data
• Code addition and subtraction instructions for
unsigned data
• Explain the BCD（binary coded decimal）system
of data representation
• Contrast and compare packed and unpacked BCD
data
• Perform addition and subtraction on BCD data
44
You are able to（2/2）
• Code 8051 unsigned data multiplication and
division instructions
• Define the range of numbers possible in 8051
signed data
• Code 8051 signed data arithmetic instructions
• Explain carry and overflow problems and their
corrections
45
Homework
• Chapter 6 Problems：1,3,4,11,13,15
• Note:
– In the problem, please find the CY, AC and OV flags
for each the following. You can do it by the simulation
tools.
– Please write and compile the program of Problems
3,4,11,13,15
46
