The Republic

							The Republic
            Thomas Jefferson
► 1stPresident to be inaugurated in the new
  Nation’s capitol, Washington, D.C. on March 4,
  1801.
► Jefferson called his election the “Revolution of
  1800”.
► No ceremony, a very plain & simple change of
  command, very orderly.
► Tried to maintain Republican & Federalists that
  were already in office. But his party, the
  Republicans, forced him to remove most of the
  Federalists. (Marbury vs. Madison)
► Jefferson   had a very successful 1st term.
   He repealed the Whiskey Tax, gaining support
    from the Backcountry farmers.
   Repealed many of the existing Federalist excise
    taxes.
   Increased the sale of the western/frontier land.
   Used the Napoleonic Wars to America’s
    advantage, by increasing American shipping &
    sales to American goods in Europe, thus
    increasing the Treasury.
   Cut back on the “Active” military & relied more on
    militias & land based coastal defenses.
   Outlawed the foreign slave trade. Slaves could no
    longer be shipped from Africa, the Caribbean, etc.
                Barbary Pirates
► Pirates from the Barbary Coast of North Africa, i.e.
  Morocco Algiers, Tunisia & Tripoli, would attack,
  kidnap & ransom ships & their crews for profit.
► Used extensively during this time in history. Easy
  way to get a lot of money.
► Most countries paid the ransom, because it was
  cheaper than fighting.
► The US was a new country & Tripoli wanted to
  extort the US. They attacked the US Consulate &
  cut down the American Flag & flag pole.
► This started a war that would last 4 years.
► Jefferson  had to rethink his military cut backs
  & start building more ships for the US Navy.
► US Naval warships & Marines were sent to
  Tripoli & Lt. Stephen Decatur sneaked into the
  harbor & set fire to the US frigate the
 Philadelphia.
► This  proved to the Pasha of Tripoli that the US
  would rather destroy its own property than to
  pay a ransom.
► The Pasha released the US crew for $60,000
  instead of the $300,000 he was asking.
► 1st real use of US troops overseas.
     Louisiana Purchase of 1803
► The  single, greatest achievement of the
  Jefferson Administration.
► This would more than double the size of the
  US & the Treaty of Cession gave no clear
  boundaries. The US will use this to its
  advantage.
► April 30, 1803 - the US paid $15 million for
  the Louisiana Territory.
► Dec. 20, 1803 – the Senate ratified the Treaty
  of Cession.
► For the next 10 years, the US would take
  advantage of the wars in Europe, the power
  plays in the various European countries & the
  vague boundaries in the Treaty of Cession to
  expand it’s territory into the west.
► Pres. Jefferson would sent 2 expeditions into
  the Louisiana Territory, the Corps of
  Discovery & Pike’s Expedition.
► The Corps of Discovery – 1804 to 1806 -
  Meriwether Lewis & William Clark, along with
  50 men & 1 slave, were sent to map the
  northern part of the new territory. Left St.
  Louis, Mo.
► Sacajawea   who served as interpreter & guide
  for the Indian tribes they encountered.
► They conducted the most thorough scientific
  exploration of the “Great American Desert”.
► Lt. Zebulon Pike – 1805 to 1807 – his
  expedition explored the southern part off the
  Louisiana Territory, the disputed portion with
  Spain. Discovered “Pike’s Peak” but did not
  cross it. Was captured by the Mexicans &
  Spanish for being in their “territory”.
► These expeditions gave an idea of how vast
  the territory was.
                 The Duel
► Lots  of politicians were switching sides from
  Federalists to Republicans due to Jefferson’s
  popularity, i.e. John Quincy Adams.
► Essex Junto – Mass. Federalists wanted to
  secede from the Union & join New York &
  New England. Vice Pres. Aaron Burr was to
  win the Governor’s election in NY to assist
  this scheme. He lost & Hamilton made
  several public remarks about Burr’s leadership
  ability. They still had ill-feelings since the
  pamphlet incident.
► Allof this finally culminated in the famous
  “Duel” between Hamilton & Burr.
► By the Hudson River near Weehawken, NJ
  Burr & Hamilton met “on the field of Honor”.
  Hamilton’s sense of honor & romanticism
  forced him to accept the challenge, but he did
  not fire on Burr. Burr shot him through the
  heart without hesitation.
► This would cause the end of the Essex Junto
  & to Aaron Burr’s career. But not his trouble
  making.
          The Burr Conspiracy
► After Aaron Burr killed Hamilton, it killed his
  career. Many thought he would be the next
  Pres. after Jefferson.
► He was indicted for murder & fled to Spanish-
  Florida & waited for the feelings to subside.
► He would later return to Washington, D.C. &
  start trouble once again. To go to NY or NJ
  would be suicidal & he stayed clear of those
  states & actually presided over the Senate.
► While in the Senate, he began working on a
  plan that would give him a great “Empire”.
► Burr met with Gen. James Wilkinson & together they
  wanted to get the Louisiana Territory to secede from
  the US.
► 1807 - Pres. Jefferson hears of the plan & orders the
  arrest of the VP.
► Burr is arrested while trying to escape to Florida
  once again, brought before Chief Justice John
  Marshall for trial.
► Marshall & Jefferson did not like one another &
  subsequently, Burr reaped the benefits – he was
  found “Not Guilty” of Treason.
► Fled the country to France for a while, returned in
  1812 to NY to practice law.
► Just before his death at 80 yrs. of age, he was
  divorced on grounds for “Adultery”.
              The War of 1812
► The   causes of the War
   Neutral shipping rights – hurt the South, not the
    North.
   Perceived British involvement to incite the Indians
    on the western Frontier, i.e. Tecumseh &
    Tenskwatawa led an uprising to form an Indian
    Confederation. Battle of Tippecanoe increased
    suspicions that the British were getting the
    Indians riled up. The Americans thought that a
    victory here would end this problem, plus open up
    more Indian land to American settlement.
   America was not prepared for the war, no money
    no real military.
► Once  the War broke out, in 1812, the North
  suffered several early losses due to lack of
  preparation & the Militias unwillingness to
  leave their area.
► The 1st major victories for the US would be in
  the Great Lakes. Commodore Perry defeated
  an entire British Naval squadron.
► Aug. 30, 1813 – Creek Indians attacked Ft.
  Mims, Ala., killing over ½ of the people there.
  Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson of the Tenn. Militia
  activated over 2,000 men & attacked the
  Creeks.
► March  27, 1814 – the Battle of Horseshoe
  Bend – Gen. Jackson defeated the Upper
  Creeks, which led to the Treaty of Ft.
  Jackson. This gave most of the Creek’s land,
  (part of GA & most of Ala) to the US.
► By the first of April 1814, the Napoleonic
  Wars were over in Europe & England could
  now focus on the US. They were to launch a
  3 Pronged attack – assault on the Northeast,
  a naval blockade of New England, & attack
  and take New Orleans.
► Sept.  1814 - Commodore Thomas
 Macdonough’s victory at Lake Champlain was
 instrumental for the US. While he did lose his
 flagship, The Saratoga, he was able to keep
 the best army ever to be on American soil
 from attacking the US Army & Militias. British
 Gen. George Prevost’s 15,000 men were
 ready to land & take Plattsburgh, NY. Also,
 by Macdonough’s brilliant maneuvering, he
 was able to destroy an entire British Naval
 flotilla.
 The Capture of Washington, D.C.
► All the great victories would not overshadow
  the greatest defeat for the Americans.
► British troops attack, take & burn the Nation’s
  Capitol of Washington, D.C.
► The British Army landed at Benedict,
  Maryland & marched unopposed all the way
  to Wash., D.C. Took over the White House,
  sat down & ate the President’s supper, then
  ransacked the building before setting it on
  fire.
► Pres. James Madison & his wife Dolly, had
  literally ran out the back as troops entered.
► Pres. Madison was in the countryside trying to
  get a force built up to attack the British, while
  his wife tried to save as many of the White
  House treasures as possible.
► The British Army burned several other Federal
  buildings before marching to Baltimore to
  attack it.
► Baltimore, Maryland was fortified, ready &
  had over 13,000 troops waiting for the British.
► The British Navy began to bombard Ft.
  McHenry & the city of Baltimore. This is the
  naval firefight that inspired Francis Scott Key
  to write the poem, The Star-Spangled Banner.
         The Battle of New Orleans
► Jan. 8, 1815 – Gen. Jackson had inflicted
  massive losses on the Indians, moved along
  the Gulf Coast & built defenses along the way
  from Mobile, Ala to New Orleans, La.
► Gen. Sir Edward Pakenham with 8,000 British
  soldiers. All were veterans of the Napoleonic
  Wars & battle hardened. They took positions
  on the banks of the Miss. River south of New
  Orleans, but took too long. Pakenham
  wanted to get the artillery ready, giving the
  US troops time to build fortifications &
  strengthen existing positions.
► Pakenham    ordered his troops to charge in a
  frontal assault, killing over 2,000 British
  troops, including himself. This hastened the
  end of the battle & the withdrawal of the
  British troops from New Orleans.
► Gen. Jackson had a detail go out among the
  dead & dying to find Gen. Pakenham’s body.
  He had it placed upside-down in a barrel of
  rum & returned it to his ship, where
  Pakenham’s wife was waiting for his return.
► The battle happened after the peace treaty
  had been signed, but it caused it to be
  ratified by England rather quickly.
             Treaty of Ghent
► The  peace talks actually started before the
  war broke out, & were well on the way to an
  armistice. Then Sec. of State James Monroe
  added that England had to stop the practice
  of Impressment (Press Gangs).
► Tzar Alexander agreed to mediate between
  the US & England, but he was too involved
  with a war in Russia.
► By 1813, the US & England met in Ghent, The
  Netherlands to work on a peace treaty.
     US Goals:
 British had to stop Impressment
 British had to stop Paper Blockades
 British had to pay for captured US ships


     British Goals:
   wanted parts of NY & Maine
   US had to remove warships from the Great Lakes
   Establish an autonomous Indian Buffer State
   Access to the Miss. River
   US had to give up fishing rights off the coast of
    Labrador & New Foundland.
► US said England wanted too much &
  negotiations would stop if they persisted.
► US victories at Lake Champlain weakened
  England’s stance to the point that a war
  with the US was not worth the cost.
► The Treaty of Ghent was signed by both
  parties on Dec. 24, 1814.
          Aftermath of the War
► Increased   Patriotism, war heroes from the
  battles of New Orleans & the Great Lakes,
  made the US feel extremely powerful
► Congress authorized the extermination of the
  Barbary Pirates, who had started attacking US
  ships again.
► March 3, 1815 – Cpt. Stephen Decatur with
  10 ships attacked 2 Algerian ships & sailed
  into the Algiers Harbor.
► June 30, 1815 – Algiers agreed to stop
  attacking US ships, Tunis & Tripoli followed
  suit & this time they paid the US.