Modern Latin America

							                   History 230-M




January 17, 2002
                   News of the South




January 17, 2002
January 17, 2002
                   Chile

                      • Bernardo O’Higgins
                      • Conqueror of Santiago
                      • Only ruled from1818
                        – 1823
                      • Rigged the
                        constitutional congress
                        he promised


January 17, 2002
                   Diego Portales

• Classic caudillo
• Controlled from
  behind the scenes
• Situation where
  landowners content to
  have others in control




January 17, 2002
                    Portales

• General Joaquín Prieto was president in the
  1830s
• Constitution of 1833 (in force until 1925)
     – Centralized government
     – State Church
     – Presidential power



January 17, 2002
                   Economics

• Followed the export – import pattern
• Nitrates
     – Growth in 19th century
     – Led to war with Bolivia and Peru
     – http://www.rtpnet.org/~felipe/Documentos/cart
       a.htm
     – Dropped when synthetic nitrates were
       developed
January 17, 2002
                   Mining and Labor

• Copper mining was crucial to economy
• Dominated by U. S. and British companies
• Labor movement native – more able to
  become part of the political process




January 17, 2002
                     Stability

• Conflict between Liberals   • Strong economy
  and Conservatives won by       – Copper and Nitrates
  Conservatives – Legacy of      – Wheat to California &
  Portales                         Australia
• Oligarchy of landowners     • Education
  with blood ties to the         – Manuel Montt – Minister of
  merchants                        Justice and Instruction
                                 – President after a 1848
• Less city-rural conflict         revolution
• Population less polarized      – Enlightened conservatism


January 17, 2002
                   Brazil




January 17, 2002
January 17, 2002
                   Brazil

                      • 1808 Napoleon takes
                        over Portugal
                      • Dom João VI royal
                        authority
                      • Maria I was queen.
                        She was quite mad
                      • Royal family and over
                        1,000 nobles and
                        officials

January 17, 2002
                   New Empire

• Dom João & Charlota
  Joaquina
• Larger and more
  prosperous than
  Portugal
• Still included rich
  colonies in Africa &
  Asia

January 17, 2002
                      Britain

• Sailed on British ships
• Opened ports to Britain
     – Lower tariffs than Portugal
• British citizens tried by British Courts
• Agreement to move to halt slave trade



January 17, 2002
                     Early Strife

• Mild compared to              • Population
  others                          –   .5 mil. Indians
• Co-Empire with                  –   1 mil. Slaves
  Portugal - 1816                 –   1.5 mil. Mixed
     – Didn’t recognize           –   .5 – 1 mil. White
       nascent nationalism
     – Some republican strife
       centered in Bahia
• Portugal weak link
January 17, 2002
                    Politics

• No split over form of republic ala Argentina
• No dominant military (Bolivar or San
  Martin)
• 1824 Constitutional Monarchy
     – Poder moderador
     – Veto
     – Send Parliament home

January 17, 2002
                   Dom João

•   Portugal restless without king
•   British general vitual viceroy
•   Military establish republic
•   Cortes of 200 members only 70 from Brazil
•   King João returns and abdicates crown in
    co-empire Brazil

January 17, 2002
                       Pedro I

• 1824 Portugal – King João consolidates rule
     – Calls Brazil back into the fold
     – Brazilian nationalism
     – Brits negotiate independence
• Loss of popularity
     – The British and pressure to halt slave trade
     – Short tempered
     – Europe – Revolts in France

January 17, 2002
                   Pedro 1

                       • Similar trend of
                         turning on heros
                       • Had been popular
                         monarch
                       • Blamed for death of
                         wife – Leopoldine
                         (Hapsburg)


January 17, 2002
January 17, 2002
                   Dom Pedro II

• Regent at age 5
• Interegnum 1831-1840
     – Liberal-Conservative
       battles
     – 3 person regency
• Eventually Pedro II
  takes reigns at 18
• Strong support for
  monarchy

January 17, 2002
                   Pedro II

•   Brazilian born
•   Intellectually humble but well-educated
•   Wrote verse
•   Scientific experiments
•   Studied 14 languages



January 17, 2002
                       Pedro II

• Adept at playing off liberals and
  conservatives
     – For the most part the liberals are really
       conservative
• Some provincial liberal revolts
     – Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, & Northeast
• 1840-1848: consolidates power which leads
  to 40 years of stability

January 17, 2002
                   Carlota Lucia de Brito

• How does she
  represent 19th century
  Brazil
• What are the issues
  here?
• Who are involved?
• What are the politics?
• What does it say about
  society?

January 17, 2002                    Trajano Chacon
                   Political Support

• Rural aristocracy – Sugar planters,
  Northeast
• Nurtured new aristocracy – Cotton and
  coffee in the south
• Encouraged investors, bankers, merchants,
  and industrialists
• Used power to appoint

January 17, 2002
               Enlightened Despotism

• Supported North in Civil War
     – Still had slavery
     – Southern competition?
• Slave trade continued despite promises to
  Brits
• 1850 ended slave trade


January 17, 2002
                      Slavery

• Slow and gradual evolution.
• British pressure
     – Early got pledge to end trade
     – Competition?
     – 1845 began to intercept ships
• 1850 finally ended trade
• Pedro II worked at it gradually
January 17, 2002
                   Rio Branco Law

• All newborns free
     – Owners had labor until 21
• 1/3 of population slaves
• Then 1885 second law – all 60+ are freed
  with no compensation
• Finally May 13, 1888 “Golden Law”
     – All slaves free
• How did this come about?
January 17, 2002
                     Slavery

•   New industrialism not suited to slavery
•   Slavery tied laborers to land
•   New immigrants courted
•   Abolitionists
     – Urban based
     – Military officers
     – Railway managers

January 17, 2002
                   Santos

• City dwellers had been harboring slaves
• Provincial government sent trainload of
  soldiers to capture slaves
• Women surround the train and jam the
  doors shut
• Railway superintendent convinced military
  to return to capital

January 17, 2002
                   Economics

• End of slave trade had    • Coffee
  cut slave population to      – Demand from industrial
  7% (1860 US 13%)               world
                               – Ease of transport
• Shift of production          – Trade fostered cities
  from sugar, Northeast,
                            • New attitude of
  to coffee south = new
                              “Progress”
  landed power, more
                               – Social mobility
  entrepreneurial.             – Individualism
• Rise of cities – new         – Profit motive – even in
  middle class                   landowners

January 17, 2002
                    Vocabulary

Bernardo           Diego      Nitrates    Atacama
O’Higgins          Portales               Dessert
Dom João           Pedro I    Poder       Rio Branco
                   Pedro II   Moderador   Law

Golden law         Carlota
                   Lucia de
                   Brito




January 17, 2002
                   History 230-M




January 17, 2002