Information Quality Issues

							Information Technology

 Kranthi Kiran Kotla
 Muralidhara Reddy Janga
 Rakesh Kumar Chindam
 Suresh Kumar Velamuri
Outline
 Introduction
 Computers and the Quality Issues
 Internet and other electronic communication
 Information Quality Issues
 Technologies of the future
 Conclusion
Definition:
Information technology (IT) is defined as computer
technology (either hardware or software) for processing
and storing information, as well as communications
technology for transmitting information.
Information technology (IT), as defined by the
Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is
"the study, design, development, implementation, support
or management of computer-based information systems,
particularly software applications and computer
hardware.
It has three levels of information technology:
1. Data
2. Information
3. Knowledge
History of computers:
ENIAC:
Mainframe
Midrange computers
Personal computer
Wireless technology
Computers and Quality Functions
The Quality Functions needs
served by the computer are
 Data Collection
 Data Analysis and Reporting
 Statistical Analysis
 Process Control
 Test and Inspection
 System Design
Data Collection
 IT systems best accomplish the collection, utilization,
  and dissemination of quality control information.
 Computers are best possible solution to collect data,
  since they provide:
   Faster data Transmission
   Fewer Errors
   Lower Collection Cost
Cont.
  Data transmission to computers is performed by:
     Paper or magnetic tape, Optical character
      Recognition (OCR), Wireless Transmission,
      Keyboard, Voice, Facial, Direct interface with a
      process.
  Since Computers have limited storage so Quality
   control data are periodically analyzed to determine
   the data to retain, or send to another method, or
   destroyed.
Data Analysis, Reduction and
Reporting
 Information is Analyzed, reduced to a meaningful
  amount, and disseminated in the form of a report.
 Reports generated by the computers help in
  controlling the quality of the systems e.g. Fraud
  Management System (FMS). Such analyzed and
  refined data in the form of reports can continuously
  improve processes.
Cont.
 Data can also be analyzed while being accumulated.
 Corrective measures can be taken in real time.
 A New York team developed fraud detection system.
 Saved about $5 to $8 millions per year by reducing the
 time to detect the fraud.
Cont.
 Business Intelligence (BI) works on the principle data
  analysis and reporting.
 These systems help organizations in future decision
  making and quality control process.
 Data analysis and reporting from MS Excel to large
  data ware houses improves the quality of processes.
Statistical Analysis
  Most of the statistical techniques can be easily
   programmed providing error free calculations and
   saving considerable calculation time.
  MS Excel uses very sophisticated statistical analysis
   technique “ANOVA”.
  Software packages encapsulate the statistical
   methods thus improving the quality of data
   analysis.
Cont.
 Advantages of Programmed statistical software
 packages are:
   Saving time spent on manual calculations.
   Accurate analysis can be performed to maintain process
    control
   People with limited knowledge of Advanced statistics
    can perform their own statistical analysis.
Process Control
  Digital Computers can perform automated process
   control by operating through interfaces with other
   machines. Robots are designed and programmed to
   achieve such goals.
  The benefits obtained from automatic process
   control are:
    Constant Product Quality, increased productivity,
     safe process execution.
Test and Inspection
 It is similar to process control.
 It offers improved test quality, lower operating cost,
  better report preparation, improved accuracy,
  malfunctioning diagnostics.
 Automated test systems can be programmed to
  perform a complete quality audit of a product
System Design
 The software packages are providing integrated,
  sophisticated, and user friendly interfaces for the
  quality functions.
 Some of the softwares that provide integrated quality
  functions are:
   MIS (Management Information Systems)
   ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)
   HRIS (Human Resource Information Systems)
Internet and other Electronic
Communication
Internet and other Electronic
Communication
 Intranet
 Instant Messaging
 Video Conferencing
 Virtual Teaming
 E-Learning
 E-Government
 E-Commerce
 Business-to-Business
 Business-to-Customer
 Website Designing
Intranet
 An intranet is a private network that is contained
  within an enterprise.
 Uses Internet protocol and network connectivity.
 Information is shared with in the organization using
  Local Area Network.
Instant Messaging
 Allows for "instant" communications between people.
 The text is conveyed via computers connected over a
  network such as internet.
 This can save time and money as you can resolve
  questions or problems immediately.
Video Conferencing
   It is a remote conference
   Video conferencing increase productivity.
   Video Conferencing Saves Money.
   Video Conferencing Saves Time.
Virtual Teaming
 Virtual teams are a great way to enable teamwork in
  situations where people are not sitting in the same
  physical office at the same time.
 Virtual team uses a combination of internet, email
  instant messaging pc to pc connections, shared
  computer screens, and linked databases.
Virtual Team
 The existence of standards for availability and
  acknowledgement
 The reliability of electronic communications
 The existence of performance metrics
 Process definition, maturity, and alignment
 The existence of corporate memory systems
E-Learning
 E-learning is a type of education where the medium of
  instruction is computer technology.
 It is offered in a variety of formats such as CD-ROM-
  based, LAN-based, Web-based.
Some other terms frequently
interchanged with e-Learning
 online learning
 online education
 distance education
 distance learning
 technology-based training
 web-based training computer-based training
  (generally thought of as learning from a CD-ROM)
 e-Learning is a broad term used to describe learning
  done at a computer.
Benefits of E-Learning for
organization
 Reduced overall cost.
 Learning times reduced.
 Increased retention.
 Consistent delivery.
 Expert knowledge.
 Proof of completion and certification.
E-Government
 E-government is the use of information and
  communications technologies. providing greater
  access to government information;
 promoting civic engagement
 making government more accountable by making its
  operations more transparent
 providing development opportunities, especially
  benefiting rural and traditionally underserved
  communities.
E-Commerce
 Electronic commerce or ecommerce is a term for any
 type of business, or commercial transaction, that
 involves the transfer of information across the
 Internet.
Business-to-Business
 B2B applications were proprietary systems
  using private networks, but they were not
  economically feasible for small businesses.
 Wall-mart and Kmart are best examples.
B2B via internet is expected to
grow rapidly because of
   Low cost entry and operational costs.
   Global reach with its large number of trading partners.
   The benefits of reduced cycle time, product cost savings
   and improved B2B coordination.
Business-to-Customer
 It is the electronic transmission of buyer seller
  transactions and related information between
  individual end and customers and one or more
  businesses.
 Both buyers and sellers mutually get benefited.
Website Designing
 Designing a good website is no different than
 designing good product or service.
Leadership
 Knowledgeable and effective leaders are extremely
  important in determining whether technology use will
  improve the organization.
 The major issues are
       Responses to change
       Effective use of technology
Customer Satisfaction
benchmarking
 One way to benchmark is to periodically touch base
 with the competitor’s customers.

 Asking ourselves a question-
  “ How satisfied are my customers”
Employee Involvement
 They must be involved in decisions and actions.
 It is neither a goal nor a tool, it is a management and
  leadership philosophy about how employees are
  enabled to contribute to continuous improvement of
  the organization.
Information Quality Issues
Issues are ..
   Sufficiency
   Accuracy
   Timeliness
   Intellectual Property
   Security
   Cybercrime
   Privacy
   Pollution
   Creativity
   Control & Prevention
Sufficiency
 Date & information is easy to obtain.


 There is a need to find appropriate information.
Accuracy
 Data accuracy is the foundation dimension of data
  quality.
 Accuracy refers to whether the data correctly records
  the business project or event it represents.
 Complete, accurate, and reliable data are essential for
  effective decision-making.
 Employees need to make every effort in
  order to keep the data accurate.
Timeliness
 It is important that information is received in a timely
  manner, so that the organization can compete.
 It is critical to product and service design time.
 Examples of timeliness are
        Instant message
        Video Conferencing
Cont..
 Data delayed is data denied.
 The timeliness of data is extremely important. For
 example,
   Customers service providing up-to date information to
    the customers.
   Credit system checking on the credit card account
    activity.
Intellectual Property
 It is any innovation, commercial, or any unique name,
  symbol, logo or design used commercially.
 It is protected by
   Patents or inventions
   Trademarks on branding devices
   Trade secrets for methods or formulas having economic
    value and used commercially.
Security
 There are two major security issues-
    Access Security
    Transaction Security
   Access Security
      Control of access to a computer that is physically
      connected to the internet.
   • Firewalls can be used as access security.
Cont..
 Transaction Security
  Control of given communication such as business
   transaction to ensure that it is not violated.
  The data is encrypted in various techniques.
Cybercrime
 Auction fraud, Credit card fraud, & Identity theft.


 Law enforcement lacks cybercrime training and has
 jurisdictional problems when parties are in different
 towns, states, or countries; and there aren’t enough
 personnel.
Privacy
 Advances in technology have greatly expanded the
  ability to acquire private and confidential information.
 Major concern for protecting consumers personnel
  information such as SSN, bank account numbers,
  creditors, investments, mortgages, and credit card
  numbers.
Pollution
 There is too much outdated information on the
  Internet. Two million web pages are added per day.
 Plenty of information available on the search engines.
 Competition between the search engines makes the
  information available faster and better.
Creativity
 Take old information and draw insights and
  conclusions to invent, innovate, or conceptualize new
  systems, products, or services.
 New knowledge, which is the highest form of
  information technology.
Control and Prevention
 The control and prevention of quality problems
  associated with information technology will be similar
  to any product or service.
 You can implement principles from TQM, ISO 9000,
  and FMEA to help control and prevent quality
  problems with information technology.
3G
 3G is the third generation of tele standards and
 technology for mobile networking. 3G services include
 wide area voice telephony, video calls and broad band
 wireless data, all in a mobile environment. This shows
 how the technology advances day to day and the
 companies strive to provide good quality to their
 customers and quality service.
Artificial intelligence
 Artificial intelligence has been the subject of breath
  taking optimism.AI has successfully been used in a
  wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock
  trading, robot control, law, scientific discovery, video
  games and toys. A common theme in science fiction,
  AI is often portrayed as a burgeoning force vying for
  power against humanity as in: The Terminator, The
  Matrix, Colossus: the Forbin Project or Eagle Eye
    E-book
 An e book is an electronic book equivalent of a
 conventional printed book. The display will show high
 resolution text, pictures and video. Any document on
 the internet will be accessible and pages will be turned
 on or located by voice command. Many mobile phones
 can also be used to read e-books.
Cont..
 E-books have seen good growth in Japan throughout
 the 2000s and it currently has an e-book market worth
 ¥10 billion. This shows how the customers are satisfied
 with the new technology that is very useful to them.
 Advantages of e-book are
 An e-book can automatically open at the last read
  page.
 It is easier for authors to self-publish e-books.
 Font size and font face can be adjusted.
 Some of the disadvantages of e-book are
 A small book is easier to carry around (less mass and
  volume) than an e-book.
 E-book readers can malfunction due to faults in
  hardware or software, such as hard disk drive failure.
 E-book readers are more likely to be stolen than paper
  books.
Virtual e-commerce
 Virtual e commerce is online shopping on internet.
  The customer will access the shop usually via internet.
 Let customers experience a product before it is
  purchased.
From big screen TV to tiny TV
 Tiny TV is a screen that is no bigger than a half an inch
  wide but which promises to pack a cinematic punch.
 The technology is embedded in a pair of glasses that
  plugs into a smart phone or laptop.
 They are “energy miserly” which means they are not a
  drain on devices that can last for hours.
Cont..
 The technology behind the glasses is called organic
  light emitting diode, a cutting edge technology that
  does not need a black light to work and is very thinner
  than LCD panel.
 This is a fantastic way of carrying a very small piece of
  equipment with you and getting an almost cinema like
  experience.
 The technologies in future makes our lives better and
 happy which leads to growth of unemployment by
 using machines every where.
Conclusion
 Information technology has played an immensely
 powerful role in today’s communicating world. It has
 evolved communication among organizations and has
 improved the overall Quality of products and services.
 History of Internet