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SOL REVIEW
Unit I: Foundations of Civilizations
Type birthplace important person/prophet holy book belief
Hinduism
Judaism
Buddhism
Christianity
Islam
Symbols:
Unit II: When Worlds Collide
location - leader/title - Religion - what did they trade? .
E Aztec
M Inca
P
Songhai
I
R Ottoman
E Safavid
S Mughal
Ming
Tokugawa
Trade Networks:
Silk Road, Saharan, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean
Columbian Exchange=
Colonization-
Triangular Trade-
These trades cause a change in the economies of Europe:
* Mercantilism
* Commercial Revolution
Unit III: Birth of Modern Europe
The printing press
The Renaissance:
Artist:
Ideas:
Authors:
The 30 years War
The Protestant Reformation & Counter Reformation: - in Germany
- ends with the Treaty of
Protestant Reformation- name of church - country - main idea of new church Westphalia
- Martin Luther - brings religious
tolerance and choice
- John Calvin
Religions tension
causes wars
- King Henry VIII
France
King was a Huguenot,
signed Edict of Nantes
to convert and make
Counter Reformation France Catholic, but
offers religious tolerance
The Catholic Church responded to the assault on its authority with the following: to stop fighting
1. Censorship
2. Council of Trent- fix problems, stop selling of indulgences. Reform corrupt practices.
3. Inquisition-
4. Loyola creates the Jesuits-
*** Religious changes/sects/wars were fought over for political reasons… power, not real religious ideology. ***
Absolute Monarchs
Country - legacy they left behind
Tsar/Czar Peter the Great
King Louis XIV
Unit IV: Reason and Revolution
English Revolution:
Parliament vs the divine right Monarchs
Elizabeth I (virgin queen) didn’t have a
Child & thus… many years of religious problems
James I
Charles I (killed, lost civil war)
Oliver Cromwell (says democracy, dictator)
Charles I (restoration)
James I (parliament not happy)
William & Mary (Glorious Revolution)
Sign English Bill of Rights
** Monarch & Parliament Share power England becomes a Constitutional Monarchy! **
Scientific Revolution
Apply scientific method- hypothesis & proof to support ideas. Challenge the foundation of the Catholic Church.
Harvey Copernicus Kepler Galileo Newton
Enlightenment
Applying scientific theory to society… comes up with new forms of governments.
Thinker book - thoughts on government
Thomas Hobbes –
John Locke-
Rousseau-
Montesquieu-
Voltaire-
Thomas Jefferson-
NATIONALISM- pride for one’s
country…
French Revolution:
People: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Robespierre The idea of nationalism, enlightenment,
rd revolution spreads…
Causes: debt, food shortages, unfair tax system on 3 Estate
Democratic Reforms & Reign of Terror:
Create Declaration of the Rights of Men, 3rd Estate declares country a To Europe, the revolutions of 1848
Republic, but to fight counter-revolutionaries they start the Reign of Terror
and kill those who aren’t supporting
To Latin America:
Simon Bolivar -
Napoleon – ends the revolution, brings stability, Napoleonic Codes
However, goal to conquer Europe brings defeat in Russia, exile, return, Toussaint L’Ouvrture-
Defeat at the battle of Waterloo, exile again
Unit V: Nationalism, Industrialization, & Imperialism
Unification Movements: small states of Italy and Germany unified to become a country.
Leaders…. Heart (speeches, inspire nationalism), Military leader of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, lead the
Brain (Prime Minister, fix economic problems) unification movement. He used these policies:
Sword (leads Red Shirt Army in the south) Blood & Iron
Realpolitik
Picks a fight with
France… called
Franco-Prussian war.
Unified Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm the
the papal states were the last to join. Unified Italy with leader.
Rome he capital and Victor Emanuel the King
Industrial Revolution:
Begins in Great Britain, after they had an agricultural revolution- around 1750s… first industry to modernize/industrialize was textiles.
Industrialization caused the need for the British to get raw materials cheaply and have lots of imperial lands in Africa and Asia.
Inventions: Watt (steam engine), Eli Whitney (cotton gin), Henry Bessemer (steal), Edward Jenner (vaccines), Pasteur (bacteria)
Pros & Cons of industrialization on a country: population increases, standard of living increases for most, improved
transportation, urbanization, environmental pollution, increased education/government involvement, working class
upset with labor conditions, child labor, growth of the middle class. Cottage industry (family owned businesses)
replaced by factories, and rise of labor unions and demands for change.
Economic Systems: Imperialism: In the 1800s, European countries conquered many African &
Asian countries, creating new colonies for their empire. What motivated Europe to take
these lands? Nationalism, need for cheap raw materials for industrialization, and markets
Adam Smith
to buy the products that were produced.
Colonies – South Africa, Egypt, India, etc…
Sphere of Influence- China
Karl Marx
However… when the Europeans came, many indigenous people fought for their
freedoms, but were unsuccessful because they had inferior weapons. Examples of
these armed conflicts/resistance movements are:
Boxer Rebellion in China, Sepoy uprising in India, Zulu in south Africa
Unit VI: The World in Crisis
Russian Revolution:
World War I During WWI, in 1917, the Russians pull out of the war to focus on their
Central Powers vs Allied Powers own revolution.
Led by:
The Bolsheviks wanted peace, land, bread…. Equality!
Causes:
The Bolsheviks=proletariats, they wanted Communism.
Starts with what two events:
Civil war between the Communist Reds vs Czar Nicholas supporters.
Fought:
Bolsheviks murder the Royal family, win the civil war, & become USSR
Winner:_____________Outcome:
World War II
Axis Powers vs Allied Powers
Causes:
Starts with what event:
Fought:
Winner:______________ Outcome:
Unit VII: The Cold War
1945-1991
U.S.S.R. U.S.A.
Tension without military action… the war
stayed cold because both sides were too
scared to attack, for fear of retaliation-
deterrence.
Countries that cause tension …. Containment
Economic problems, tearing down the Berlin Wall, and revolts in
satellite countries will make the Soviet Union collapse in 1991.
Russia will lose a lot of land, as countries gain their independence.
Thankfully since the cold war remained cold, we kept the war from
starting and becoming WWIII.
China was able to introduce economic reforms without collapsing
and thus… they remain Communist today, as does Cuba, Vietnam,
and North Korea. Germany reunited, east and west and is a
democratic and capitalist country today.
