Causes of Disability in Thailand - Illinois State University

							   Srinakharinwirot
      University

            LSS 213:
Inclusive Recreation and Leisure
            Services
       Thai Institute, Illinois State University
        Sandra Wolf Klitzing, Ph.D., CTRS
                         Overview
   Background of instructor and class members
   KNR 270
       http://www.cast.ilstu.edu/klitzing/hpr_270_slk/cast.htm
   Dattilo text
   LSS 213
   Definitions
            LSS 213 Perspective
   Assist with provision of leisure services for
    people with disabilities who live in Thailand
     Inclusive
     Specialized
                  LSS 213 Perspective
   Assist with accommodations for tourists who have disabilities
       Tourism is important for economy
       Majority of tourists are from intra-region
       In 2003, US accounted for only 7% of tourists
            Approximately 100,000
       Goal to increase US because of disposable incomes
                       www.thailandoutlook.com: pattara@thailandoutlook.com
       Could be increased tourists with disabilities or age-related limitations
            12-15% temporary or permanent (World Tourism Organization, 1997)
       US citizens are used to & expect accommodations
       Most tourism providers have not recognized importance of taking action
                       Asia-Pacific Conference on Tourism for People with Disability, 2000
               LSS 213 Perspective
   Priority area from Asia-Pacific Conference on
    Tourism for People with Disabilities (2000)
       “Education and training on awareness and sensitivity
        to disability issues is another top priority area in the
        promotion of accessible tourism. The education
        sector should be encouraged to include in their
        training curricula on tourism management and
        related tourism services courses on ‘disabled
        persons’ right to access’ as well as ‘customer services
        to, and relations with, people with disabilities.’”
                   P. 87
                      Definitions
   Therapeutic recreation
   Special recreation
   Inclusive recreation
       Reverse inclusion
   Disability
     United States
     Thailand
          Therapeutic Recreation
   Uses treatment (functional intervention),
    education, and recreation services
   To help people with illnesses, disabilities, and
    other conditions
   To develop and use their leisure
   In ways that enhance their health, functional
    abilities, independence, and quality of life
       NTRS (2000)
    Therapeutic Recreation (Cont.)
   Therapeutic recreation programs are staffed by
    CTRSs
       Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialist
          Graduated from accredited program in TR
          Specific courses

          Internship under supervision of CTRS

          Passed an examination (NCTRC)

          Continuing education

   TR is not the focus of LSS 213
               Special Recreation
   Provision of recreation programs and services
   That are provided for people who require special
    accommodations
   Because of unique needs they have owning to
    some physical, cognitive, or psychological
    disability
       Kennedy, Smith, & Austin (1991)
       Special Recreation (Cont.)
   Programs are usually provided in segregated or
    specialized settings
   Often exclusively for people with disabilities
   Are often staffed by CTRSs or specialists
   Not the primary focus of LSS 213
   Will see examples in class
            Inclusive Recreation
   Provision of recreation programs and services
    (including tourism) for all people
   No one is excluded (including PWD)
   Accommodations are made to facilitate and
    support participation
   Are staffed by general recreation professionals
   May be supported by CTRSs or specialists
   Will be the focus of LSS 213
             Reverse Inclusion
   Programs are designed for PWD
   People who do not have disabilities are allowed
    to participate
   Encourages interaction
         People with Disabilities
   When you think about disabilities…
     What do you see?
     What disability do you think about?
        Definition of Disability (US)
   Physical or mental impairment
   That significantly limits
   One or more major life activities
       Seeing, hearing, speaking, walking, dressing, feeding,
        working, learning, recreating, etc.
               Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990 (ADA)
                               Includes
   Sensory (visual and hearing impairments)
   Communication (speech impairments)
   Cognitive (mental retardation, brain injury)
   Physical (cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis)
   Chronic (cardiac and pulmonary disease)
   Mental health (depression, schizophrenia)
   Chemical dependence (not drug abuse)
   HIV infection
              Dattilo, 2002
       Types of Disabilities in US
   Physical disability                                           58%
   Sensory disability                                             9%
   Mental illness                                                 5%
   Metal retardation or cognitively disabled                      4%
   Health problems                                               24%
   More than 1 condition                                         40%
             National Catholic Partnership on Disability, 2003
    Number of People with Disabilities
                 in US
   When ADA passed in 1990, 43 Americans

   1997, Census Bureau, 53 million Americans

   2000, Harris Survey, 58 million Americans
        20% of population has 1 or more disabilities
        10% of that number has severe disabilities


   Increasing numbers of people with disabilities
    Definition of Disability (Thailand)
   Disabled person means a person with physical,
    intellectual or psychological abnormality or
    impairment as categorized and prescribed in the
    Ministerial Regulations.
               Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons Act A.D. 1991 (B.E. 2534)


       Difficulty performing ADLS, such as eating, bathing,
        cleaning face, brushing teeth, dressing, go to the
        toilet, and cleaning after passing a stool
               Disability Survey, 2002
                                Includes
   Impairment in terms
       Sight
       Hearing or communication
       Physical functioning and locomotion
       Mentality or behavior
       Intellectual or learning ability
                Ministerial Regulations No. 2 A.D. 1994 (B.E. 2537)


   5 grades to classify level of disability (5 most severe)
                Country Profile on Disability, 2002
                 Does Not Include
   Drugs or alcohol addiction
   HIV/AIDS
             Status of Physically and Intellectually Disabled in Thailand
Types of Disabilities in Thailand
   Physical disability                     42.2%
   Hearing impairment                      20.3%
   Intellectual disability                 14.6%
   Visual impairment                       10.8%
   Psychiatric disability                   5.7%
   Others                                   6.5%
                 National Statistical Office, 1996
    Causes of Disability in Thailand
   Congenital anomaly                           33%
   Sickness                                     15%
   Traffic accident                              9%
   Home accident                                 7%
   Farm accident                                 3%
   Factory accident                              3%
   Others & unknown                             30%
            National Statistical Office, 1996
    Number of People with Disabilities
              in Thailand
   Underreported
        Way data is collected
        Existence of PWD may not be acknowledged


   1991 Report of the Health and Welfare Survey
        1,057,000 or 1.8% of population
        Highest number in poor rural areas
        Largest groups were over 60 and teenagers/adolescents
        Numbers based on those admitted to hospitals
                    Status of Physically and Intellectually Disabled in Thailand
    Number of People with Disabilities
              in Thailand
   Registration started in 1994
        200,874 registered by 2000
   National Statistics Office estimate
        1.02 million
   Barriers to registration
      Poor accessibility to offices and hospitals
      Lack of information about registration esp. in rural
       areas
                    County Profile on Disability, 2002
                   United Nations
   More than 500 million people in the world are
    disabled from mental, physical or sensory
    impairment
     In most countries, at least 1/10 have disabilities
     25% of any population is affected by the presence of
      disability
             World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons, 1982