PPS Seminar 2005 Mobile Communications
Damir Pasalic & Hannes Grubinger
Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
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For Your Information
Web Page: • http://www.ifh.ee.ethz.ch/~fieldcom/pps-mobilecomm/mobilfunk.html Assistants: • Damir Pasalic (ETZ G97)
E-mail: dpasalic@ifh.ee.ethz.ch
• Hannes Grubinger (ETZ G95)
E-mail: grubinger@ifh.ee.ethz.ch
Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
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Overview
Motivation and Goal
Cellular Technology: Standards, History, Future Outlook
GSM-R, TETRA: Professional Applications US Market: AMPS, IS-95, PCS1900, TACS,... Satellite Communication: Inmarsat, Iridium, Globalstar, ICO,... Business & Economics: Global Player, Swiss Market, Strategies Developing Countries: Mobile Communications Organizational Details
Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
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Motivation and Goal
Mobile Communications (MC) is a future key technology
• Understand the basic technologies behind MC
• Learn how business and technology work together • See the “Big Picture” and evaluate demand for global MC • Assess technological impacts on society, politics, economics Seminar approach • Become skilled at doing a literature and information search • Train your abilities to cope with a complex topic • Learn how to efficiently prepare a well-structured report • Enhance your presentation techniques
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History (pre-cell era)
First mobile radio link established by Marconi in late 1800’s First mobile radiotelephone service on land was set up by Detroit Police Department in early 1920s (2 MHz) Commercial service started in 1946 in US and early 1950s in Europe
Conventional Mobile Systems (CMS) were operating in 30-40, 150, and 450 MHz
public safety services (e.g. police, ambulance, fire brigade) transport organizations (e.g. taxi) service networks for utilities (gas, water, electrical production) By 1963 number of users exceeded 1.3 million (12 channels)
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History: Cellular System
PSTN
MSC
MSC
BS
BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
MSC
BS
BS
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History: First Generation (1G)
Introduction of analog cellular systems in the late 1970s and 1980s
Year of Introduction
1988 (1979) 1981 1986 1983 1991 1985 1988 1989 1991 1985 1985
System
MCS-L2 NMT 450 NMT 900 AMPS NAMPS TACS ETACS JTACS NTACS C450 RadioCom
Region
Japan Scandinavia Scandinavia North America North America United Kingdom United Kingdom Japan Japan Germany France
Access Mode/ Modulation
FDMA/PM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM
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History: 1G Frequency Bands
820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 Uplink
925
940
950
960
MCS
Downlink
885
NMT 900
Uplink
915 935
Downlink
AMPS/ NAMPS
824
Uplink
849 869
Downlink
894
TACS
Uplink
905
Downlink
935
JTACS/ NTACS
820 830 840 850 860
Downlink
885 925
Uplink
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
MHz
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Second Generation (2G): Introduction
Annual growth rate in 1G systems 30 to 50% 20 million subscribers by 1990 Need to improve: transmission quality system capacity coverage fraud prevention and privacy
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Second Generation (2G): Major Systems
2G cellular systems include: The European Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), introduced in 1992 The North American Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), introduced in 1994 IS-54: FDMA/TDMA access mode
IS-95: CDMA access mode
The Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) system, introduced in 1992 The North American Personal Communication System operating at 1900 MHz (PCS 1900)
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Second Generation (2G): GSM
Created in 1992 as a pan-European network capable of supporting many millions of subscribers
Operates 992 channels in FDMA/TDMA access mode
Frequency bands: GSM900: 880-915 MHz paired with 925-960 MHz
GSM1800: 1710-1785 MHz paired with 1805-1880 MHz
GSM1900: 1850-1910 MHz paired with 1930-1990 MHz GSM is the leading wireless standard in the world covering (2003): 72% of the world’s digital market 60% of the world’s wireless market
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Worldwide GSM Networks in Service
GSM used in 159 countries
Countries with GSM service Countries without GSM service
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Terrestrial Communications: TETRA
Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA)
Standard for professional mobile communications Established in 1995 by ETSI and 21 European countries Suitable for use in “rough” communications environments Designed for security services, emergency units, industry,... GSM-R is a GSM clone built for railways with TETRA features TETRA features Secure encryption, reliable, fast and guaranteed service quality High data rates, packet data optimization, high frequency re-use Group calls, paging, push-to-talk,handsets as repeater stations GSM intra-operability and functionality (e.g. call wait/hold, etc.) Priority, authorization, area selection, monitoring, responsibility
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Terrestrial Communications: TETRA
Typical TETRA applications
Public transportation: Update schedule, client, tariff information Traffic: Control sets of lights, parking and detour routing Police, emergency units: Walkie-talkie mode (TETRAPOL) Trucking: Navigation data, fleet management, scheduling Advertisement: Transmit data to e-boards Railways: Positioning, onboard communication and phone services
TETRA TETRAPOL Car Unit Walkie-Talkie TETRA Navigation Controller
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Satellite Communications: Overview
Satellite systems existing or planned in 2003:
Name Inmarsat Iridium Globalstar ICO Satellites Orbit 4+5 66 48 12 GEO LEO LEO MEO MEO Altitude 35’786 km 765 km 1’389 km 10’390 km 10’354 km Year 1982 1998 1998 Company Inmarsat Ltd. Boeing et. al. Major Telecoms
2003? New ICO Ltd. Project is stopped!
Teledesic288
Odyssey
LEO
12
1’400 km
2005? ICO Teledesic
At the present time, the ONLY reliably operating satellite mobile communications service is the 20 year old Inmarsat system! Nowadays the satellite business is dominated by takeovers, flops, bankruptcy filings, alliances, mergers, technical disasters, etc. (e.g. Inmarsat founds ICO, then New ICO, now owned by Teledesic)
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Satellite Communication I: Inmarsat
Established in 1979 to initially serve the maritime industry
Works anywhere in the world with the exception of the poles In 2001: 150’000 end-user terminals throughout the world Inmarsat-A: Analog system, up to 9.6 kbit/s (2 suitcases, 50 kg) Inmarsat-B: Digital successor, up to 64 kbit/s (laptop-sized, 3 kg) Equipment: 1.5...1.6 GHz, 40 cm dish, 2...20 W
Inmarsat-A System
Inmarsat-A Maritime Antenna
Inmarsat-B System
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Satellite Communication I: Inmarsat
Standard services include Direct-dial telephony, fax, telex, messaging E-mail, data, quality audio, compressed video, slow-scan TV Additional Inmarsat C...I services include Group messaging/calling (similar to TETRA feature) Aircraft satellite communication telephony Encryption devices for secure transmission Position reporting Charges: U$ 3...20.-/minute (depending on service and provider) Equipment cost: Starting from U$ 2’500.- (simple terminal)
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Satellite Communication II: IRIDIUM
Established in 1998 and initially designed and owned by Motorola
Works anywhere in the world using 66 satellites in LEO (which allows to have specifically small signal delays) Services include
Voice, fax, messaging, e-mail, internet, data (approx. 10 kbit/s)
Charges: U$ 3...5.-/minute (depending on service and provider) Mobile handset: 1.6 GHz, integrated antenna, 1-2 W, U$ 3’000.-
IRIDIUM Handsets IRIDIUM Pager
IRIDIUM Satellite
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Satellite Communication II: IRIDIUM
The “not-so-good” news... 3’000 subscribers worldwide (1999) Total revenue of U$ 600’000.- (1999) Marketing cost: U$ 200’000’000. Operating cost of U$ 400’000’000.- (annually!) Prediction for 2002: 5’000’000 end-users... After financial bankruptcy and a loss of U$ 5.5 billion, Motorola decided to shut down Iridium in March 2000 and planned to crash and burn up the satellites in the earth’s atmosphere! Iridium LLC (Boeing) bought the whole system for U$ 25 million New sales/marketing strategies, different targeted user profile Less expensive call charges, improved system performance Better GSM/UMTS connectivity, cheaper and lightweight phones
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Third Generation (3G): Introduction
Cellular and satellite networks provide greater freedom in the communications among people New “information age” with different life-styles and world economy The next goal is development of truly global system providing communication “to everyone, everywhere” Part of the solution of the communication problem in the developing world
Wide range of radio environments have to be integrated
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Third Generation: Environments Integration
Global Suburban & rural
Urban
In-building
Pico-Cell
Satellite
Macro-Cell
Micro-Cell
Pico-Cell
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Third Generation (3G) Standards
International Mobile Telecommunication System (IMT-2000) Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
Basic Properties of a 3G System: Used worldwide Used for all mobile applications Offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps (depending on mobility/velocity) Offer high spectrum efficiency
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Third Generation: Spectrum Availability
1850 1900 1950 2000
2010 MHz
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
ITU “IMT-2000”
1885 MHz
IMT 2000
MSS
2025 MHz
IMT 2000
2110 MHz
MSS
2170 MHz
Europe
GSM 1800 DECT
1880 MHz
UMTS
MSS
1980 MHz
UMTS
MSS
2170 MHz
1919.6 MHz
Japan
PHS
1893.5 MHz
IMT 2000
MSS
IMT 2000
MSS
2160 MHz
USA
PCS
MSS
Reserved
MSS
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
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Global Players
Change from national analog to global digital communication networks is driven by:
digitalization
computerization deregulation Increased competition
New operators starting from “green field” situation use wireless networks to bypass the networks established by national operators
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“Major” Players: Europe
Vodafone (UK) T-Mobile / Deutsche Telekom (Germany) TIM / Telecom Italia (Italy)
Telefonica (Spain)
France Telecom / Orange (France) Swisscom Mobile / Swisscom Group (Switzerland)
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“Local” Players: Switzerland
4
4
3.5
Subscribers [Million]
3.4
3
2.5 2
Revenues [Billion CHF] EBITDA [Billion CHF]
(data refers to mobile business units only, data as of end 2002)
1.9
1.5 1
0.93 0.89
0.5 0 -0.5
0.94 0.01
0.75
-0.02
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Major Cellular Providers in North America
Verizon Wireless (US) joint venture of Verizon Comm. and Vodafone Cingular (US) • recently bought AT&T Wireless Sprint PCS (US)
T-Mobile, formerly Voicestream (US)
Rogers Wireless previously Rogers AT&T Microcell Telecom (Canada)
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
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Global Players: North America
30
25 20 15 10 5 0 Verizon Wireless AT&T Wireless Sprint PCS Rogers / AT&T Microcell Telecom
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Subscribers [Million] Revenues [Billion $US]
(data refers to mobile business units only, data as of mid 2002)
Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger
Business & Economics: General
How much does it cost to... purchase licenses for parts of the future mobile spectrum plan and build a mobile telecommunications system keep the system up and running (maintenance, administration, etc.) introduce new technologies (GPRS, EDGE, HSCSD, etc.) acquire new subscribers
Which services can be introduced to... generate additional revenues pay off debts from UMTS auctions and system installation What are the key facts and figures of the... Swiss/German/French/US cellular phone market global players involved in mobile communications deregulation, liberalization and monopolization issues and strategies
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Communication Sys in Developing Countries
Picture these facts: 4/5 of the world’s population does not have the most basic access to phone services and 1/2 of it has never used a phone
The greater majority of all countries in the world do not have a publicly available, reliable and cheap phone system operating
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) goal in 1995: “By the end of the year 2001, each citizen worldwide should have direct access to telephone services” “Wireless phone networks represent a cheap alternative to wire line plain old telephone systems (POTS)” Can satellite and terrestrial wireless systems meet these expectations in the future?
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Organizational Details I
Group of 2...3 students will work on one project Choose a project from the existing list or define a suitable topic related to Mobile Communications on your own
Make your decision by April 19
Final projects will be communicated via e-mail to students Each group must prepare an initial proposal (1 page) and give a short presentation (5-10 minutes) on April 26 Groups work independently on their project and contact Damir or Hannes as needed Meetings will be arranged upon request on Tuesdays Check the web page regularly! www.ifh.ee.ethz.ch/~fieldcom/pps-mobilecomm/mobilfunk.html
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Organizational Details II
Each group prepares a written report (10-15 pages) and final presentation (20 minutes) in English Drafts are to be handed in prior to the final presentation Presentation/report/draft/progress due dates will be announced individually via e-mail and web page Marking: Proposal presentation: 15% Final presentation: 35% Written report: 50% Each student should comment on the presentation of others Field trip(s) and lecturer visit(s) will be organized
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