vol1;no1

							VOL. 1, NO. 1
SPRING 1998



The Agroforestry
Advantage
Benefitting by Combining Trees and Shrubs with Agriculture


In This Issue:

   •   What is Agroforestry?
   •   Special pull-out section "Living Snow Fences"
   •   Agroforestry Innovator: Mark Hess
   •   The Minnesota Agroforestry Coalition
   •   Milestones in Agroforestry


CINRAM is a partner-based organization at the University of Minnesota that catalyzes
the development and adoption of integrated land use systems.


Welcome to the Agroforestry Advantage!

This is the first issue of Minnesota's first statewide newsletter dedicated to the exciting
and emerging field of agroforestry. A joint effort of the Minnesota Agroforestry
Coalition, the Center for Integrated Natural Resources and Agricultural Management
(CINRAM), and the University of Minnesota Extension Service (Extension), this
newsletter truly reflects the integrated nature of agroforestry itself.

The Agroforestry Advantage will come to you each season, four times a year. It will keep
you up-to-date on the latest ideas and innovations in agroforestry, and will be filled with
practical information that you can use to implement agroforestry practices on your land
or to promote agroforestry to others. It will publicize agroforestry successes in
Minnesota, provide technical information on planning, designing, and implementing
agroforestry practices, and connect farmers and landowners with agroforestry resources.
If you're interested in improving your land-based income while protecting the
environment, or work with people who are, you will find The Agroforestry Advantage
interesting and useful.

Look for these regular features:
   •   Agroforestry Tools: You can detach this "how-to" section to save for your own
       files. Each issue will highlight a different agroforestry practice, providing nuts-
       and-bolts information you need to implement it on your own land, or to help
       others on their lands. This issue focuses on the benefits of living snow fences and
       what to think about when planning one.
   •   Agroforestry Innovator: This is one of our favorite sections. Each issue will
       profile a landowner who has led the way in testing and using a particular
       agroforestry practice. These innovators' plantings are "living proof" that
       agroforestry is a sensible, smart, and profitable way to manage lands.
   •   Organization Profile: In each issue you'll get an in-depth look at organizations
       that are active in agroforestry education, outreach, or research. This issue takes a
       close look at The Minnesota Agroforestry Coalition.
   •   The Help File: This section will guide you to more help on the issue's topic of
       focus, providing information on government programs and other sources of
       support for agroforestry initiatives and installations. In this issue there's a list of
       resources where you can get more information on living snow fences.
   •   On the Horizon: A listing of upcoming agroforestry-related events, resources,
       websites, and publications.


The Agroforestry Advantage focuses on the advantages inherent in agroforestry --
compared to traditional agriculture or traditional forestry. It will address the many
benefits that agroforestry provides to farmers, landowners, and communities in
Minnesota. Specifically, this newsletter will highlight agroforestry practices that: 1) are
feasible and practical under farming conditions common in Minnesota; 2) are profitable
for the landowner under current economic conditions; and 3) can provide environmental
and social benefits to landowners and communities in the state.

Agroforestry in Minnesota is alive and well. In fact, our state is a "hot spot" for
agroforestry opportunities and initiatives nationwide. We are excited about this new
opportunity to spread the word about agroforestry, and want to make The Agroforestry
Advantage as useful as possible. Your ideas, opinions, and feedback are our most
valuable asset -- so send us your comments, suggestions, and letters. You can reach us at
612-624-4299 or via e-mail at CINRAM@forestry.umn.edu.

Visit us on the Web at http://www.cnr.umn.edu/FR/cinram/



What Is Agroforestry?
by Erik Streed and Scott Josiah

Agroforestry is an approach to land use that incorporates trees and shrubs into
agricultural systems, and allows for the production of trees and/or livestock from the
same piece of land. Many people use the "four I"s" to help define agroforestry. That is, a
land use practice must be Intentional, Intensive, Integrated, and Interactive. These four
key characteristics are the essence of agroforestry and are what distinguish it from other
farming or forestry practices.

Agroforestry combines economic production with environmental protection. Agroforestry
can increase farm profitability in several ways: 1) the total output per unit area of
tree/crop/livestock combinations is greater than any single component alone; 2) crops and
livestock protected from wind are often more productive; and 3) new products add to the
financial diversity and flexibility of the farming enterprise. Agroforestry helps to
conserve and protect natural resources by, for example, mitigating non-point source
pollution, controlling soil erosion, and creating wildlife habitat. These benefits add up to
a substantial improvement of the economic and resource sustainability of agriculture.

In Minnesota, agroforestry usually has been limited to practices such as windbreaks, wild
nut and fruit harvesting, and hybrid poplar and Christmas tree plantations. The
Agroforestry Advantage will include the full breadth of agroforestry practices that
intentionally incorporate trees into a field, a farm, or a community. These practices
include alley cropping, windbreaks, forested riparian buffer strips, silvopasture, forest
farming, and whole farm diversification with woody crops. Here is an overview of
agroforestry practices:

Alley Cropping
This practice combines trees, planted in single or grouped rows, with agricultural or
horticultural crops that are cultivated in the wide alleys between the tree rows. High-
value hardwoods (oak, walnut, ash), fruit trees, or fast-growing species (hybrid poplar)
are potential species for alley cropping. Annual crops (row crops, forages, vegetables)
cultivated between rows of nut or fruit trees provide extra income before the trees come
into bearing and early in the long-term timber rotation. Alley cropping can be a way to
convert marginal cropland to woodland while continuing to earn income from annual
crops during the first few years of the project.

Windbreaks (Field Windbreaks, Farmstead Windbreaks, Community Shelterbelts,
Living Snow Fences, and Timberbelts)
Windbreaks are agroforestry systems that involve planting trees and/or shrubs in widely
spaced rows across fields to minimize negative impacts from excessive wind. Field
windbreaks are used to protect a variety of wind-sensitive crops and to control wind
erosion. They can also function as living snow fences to disperse snow more evenly
across cropland and prevent drifting over roads and driveways. Multiple row windbreaks,
or timberbelts, are planted with the intention of protecting crops from the wind until the
mature trees are harvested for wood products.

Forested Riparian Buffer Strips
Riparian buffers are strips of perennial vegetation (trees/shrubs/grass) planted between
cropland or pastures and streams, lakes, wetlands, ponds, or drainage ditches. They are
managed to reduce runoff and non-point source pollution from agricultural activities on
adjacent lands by trapping sediment, filtering excess nutrients, and degrading pesticides.
They can also stabilize streambanks, protect floodplains, enhance wildlife habitat, and
provide a harvestable product such as pulpwood, fruits or nuts.

Silvopasture
This practice combines trees with forage (pasture or hay) and livestock production. The
overstory trees provide shade and wind shelter for grazing livestock, and yield additional
income when the trees or tree products are harvested. Branches and leaves can also be
pruned from the trees and fed directly to livestock. Some nut and fruit orchards may also
be grazed to produce income before the trees begin bearing. Silvopasture is different from
traditional forest or range management systems because it is intentionally created and
intensively managed.

Forest Farming
Forest farming is producing specialty crops under a tree canopy that can be sold for
medicinal, ornamental, handicraft, or culinary uses. Shade-tolerant crops such as ginseng,
decorative ferns, or shiitake mushrooms are intensively cultivated under a forest cover
that has been modified to provide the correct level of shade. Suitable understory crops are
those that grow naturally under forest conditions or are adaptable to the conditions of the
site. Forest farming can provide annual irregular income either before, or as an alternative
to, harvesting the trees for wood products.

Whole Farm Diversification with Woody Crops
(Short Rotation Woody Crop Plantations, Nut and Fruit Groves, Christmas Tree
Plantations)
Farm diversification with woody crops intentionally incorporates trees or shrubs into a
farming system in a variety of ways. Plantings are designed for the conditions and needs
of a specific piece of land, and are usually in blocks of trees or shrubs. These block
plantings generally do not fall under one of the more common agroforestry systems
above, yet provide a mix of tree-based conservation and production benefits.

Agroforestry is a land use practice that is Intentional, Intensive, Integrated, and
Interactive.


Agroforestry Tools
Living Snow Fences
by Mike Majeski and Scott Josiah

We cannot keep it from snowing, but we can influence the wind that carries tons of
blowing and drifting snow.

Few Minnesotans will forget the enormous snow drifts that piled up during the record
winter of 1996-97. Closed roads and driveways, buried houses and outbuildings, plugged
drainage ditches (and subsequent spring floods), farmsteads without access to emergency
services, stressed and dying livestock, dumped milk, stranded motorists, closed schools
and businesses, and nonstop plowing were everyday challenges. Many of these snow
drifting problems occur in the same place year after year, creating huge costs (and higher
taxes) for snow removal and lost productivity. On federal, state, and county roads in
Minnesota, it is estimated that there are 4,000 sites needing snow drift protection-totaling
1,000 miles. Many more communities, farmsteads, and drainage ditches would benefit
from protection from blowing and drifting snow.

Fortunately, there is a low-cost solution to prevent problems from drifting snow -- living
snow fences. Strategically placed and properly designed, these living barriers trap snow
as it blows across fields, piling it up before it ever reaches a road, waterway, farmstead,
or community.


What Are Living Snow Fences?
Living snow fences are designed plantings of trees and/or shrubs and native grasses
located along roads or ditches, or around communities and farmsteads. These plantings
create a vegetative barrier that traps and controls blowing and drifting snow.


The Value of Living Snow Fences
Living snow fences on roads are effective in preventing snowdrifts, improving visibility,
and reducing slush and ice. Snow fences reduce snow removal costs, accidents, property
damage, road closures, and pavement maintenance costs. A 10-foot-tall living snow fence
can trap 20-30 tons of snow per linear foot, saving $3 a ton for plowing and removal (or
$79,000 to $119,000 along a quarter-mile of living snow fence). An evaluation of 18 sites
in Minnesota determined that reduced snow removal costs alone would generate
benefit/cost ratios ranging from 9:1 to 46:1. These estimates are based on an average
annual snowfall of 32 inches, and do not take land costs into consideration (Source:
Tabler 1997).

Besides trapping snow and reducing removal costs, living snow fences also provide:

   •   greater road visibility and driver safety, reducing vehicle accidents and injuries;
   •   more open, better functioning drainage systems and reduced spring flooding;
   •   improved wildlife habitat;
   •   livestock protection;
   •   reduced soil erosion;
   •   more beautiful farms and rural landscapes;
   •   visual screens; and
   •   19-20% reduction in energy costs.

Living Snow Fence Design
Keys to effective living snow fence designs are height, length, setback distance, and
density. (The density of a snow fence relates to how much wind blows through it. A snow
fence with 50% density will allow half of the wind to blow through it.) Independently
they contribute to the function of the barrier; in combination they make up the design for
the required storage capacity for a specific site. Figure 1 illustrates a variety of snow
fence designs.

Figure 1: Different designs for living snow fences (H=height of snow fence).

Adapted from Windbreaks for Snow Management, (EC 96-1770)
University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension.

Height
Barrier height is measured by the tallest row in a planting. Barrier height affects
snowdrift depth and length. Height depends on the species planted in conjunction with
soils and climate in the planting area.

Snow storage capacity can be manipulated by barrier height. Doubling the snow fence
height quadruples snow storage capacity. (See Figure 2.) Ideally, snow storage capacity
should equal snow transport (the amount of moving snow), which is calculated from
snowfall, fetch, and evaporation. Fetch is the open, unimpeded distance contributing
blowing snow to a downwind location. Some snow will evaporate as it is blown around,
with more than half of the relocated snow evaporating over a transport distance of 1.9
miles.

Benefit/cost ratios are maximized when snow control systems are designed for the
average year. Because of the long fetch distances typical of most of the 18 sites evaluated
in southern Minnesota, Tabler (1997) concluded that a 10-foot (3.0-meter) fence is
needed to provide adequate storage over an average winter. A more conservative plan
would be a 12-foot (3.7-meter) fence, which would provide sufficient capacity 95 years
out of 100 (Tabler 1997).

Density
Drift dimensions vary with the density of the fence. Fences that have 50% density have
the largest snow storage capacity. A barrier averaging 50% density casts an average
leeward snowdrift of 25-30% the height of the barrier. (See Figure 3.) Living snow fence
barrier density is determined by the species, number of and spacing between rows, and
spacing of plants within the row. It is critical to consider winter density of vegetation,
since deciduous material is much less dense in the winter.

Length
Barrier length determines the length of the area that can be protected. However, snow
storage at the ends of a barrier is significantly less than near the center. It is
recommended that the ends of the barrier extend 30 degrees beyond the area to be
protected. This will assure the protection of the target area from end effect, and allow for
varying wind
directions.
Setback Distance
Barrier density and height are most important in determining the placement of the living
snow fence in relation to the road or area being protected. The barrier should be placed as
close to the road or protected area as possible, but far enough away so that the leeward
drift edge does not reach the area to be protected. (See Figure 3.) Improperly designed
snow fences can result in snow being deposited on roads and buildings.


A Living Snow Fence Program
A living snow fence program to protect critical sites that will benefit both landowners and
the public requires a local partnership. The members of the partnership must understand
that together they can take steps to control blowing and drifting snow, and recognize that
their area will benefit economically, environmentally, and aesthetically from living snow
fences. Because living fences need to be placed a significant distance from the road or
area needing protection, private landowners must be active members of the partnership.
Landowners must be adequately compensated for costs and inconveniences caused by a
living snow fence on their property. As each landowner's needs are unique, so is each
living snow fence design.

Successful living snow fence programs in Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming have
depended on local agencies and organizations to work with the landowner. Federal and
state agencies provide assistance, but local leadership is critical.

After the winter of 1996-97, a group of Minnesota agencies and organizations came
together to form the Minnesota Interagency Living Snow Fence Task Force. Their four-
to five-year mission is to promote and assist with establishing living snow fences along
roads, drainage ditches, and communities to prevent the recurrence of the problems that
occurred from blowing and drifting snow during that devastating winter. The key to
success is county level agencies, organizations, and landowners working together to
identify problem areas, and creative approaches to establish living snow fences to solve
problems caused by blowing and drifting snow.

Figure 2: Snow fence height and snow storage capacity. Doubling the snow fence height
quadruples the amount of snow stored.

Figure 3: Snow fence density and height control snow deposition distance. A 50% porous
snow fence will deposit snow a distance of 35 feet for every foot of height.

The text for this article is adapted from the Proceedings of the Living Snow Fence Symposium, and the
Living Snow Fence Fact Sheet, both produced by the Minnesota Interagency Living Snow Fence Task
Force.

Reference
Tabler, R. D. 1997. Recommended Drift Control Measures for Selected Sites in Southern
Minnesota. MN DOT Agreement No. 75966. June 1997. Tabler and Associates, Niwot,
CO.
Agroforestry Innovator
Mark Hess on Living Snow Fences

Mark Hess farms north of Mountain Lake in Cottonwood County in southwestern
Minnesota. This part of the state is well-known for the winds that sweep in from the west
across the prairie. In an effort to provide some shelter for the farmstead and reduce
blowing and drifting snow, Mark began planting living snow fences in 1984. He planted
other snow fences in 1987 and 1995, and now has five throughout his farm, ranging from
one-quarter to one-half mile in length. All but one of the plantings are made up of one
row of alternate trees and shrubs planted roughly 10 feet apart. The snow fence planted in
1995 consists of one row of trees with two rows of shrubs. Tree species include cedar and
ash, and shrub species include honeysuckle and hackberry.

Only minimal maintenance has been required for the snow fences. The seedlings needed
watering during the first year during dry periods, and Mark mowed the weeds down
during the first couple of years until the until the trees were well established.

Mark is amazed at how well the snow fences function. During the memorable winter of
1996-97 the snow fence planted in 1984 along the Hess' quarter-mile driveway allowed
them to reach the county road throughout the entire winter. By the end of the winter there
was a drift 300 feet wide and 15 feet deep behind the snow fence (and not over his
driveway). Mark has also noticed some unexpected advantages from the snow fences. For
example, there has been an increase in crop yields in parts of his fields where the snow
fences provide protection from the wind, and the trees and shrubs attract birds and other
wildlife.

Mark has seen the "agroforestry advantage" first-hand on his farm in windy Cottonwood
County, and he encourages others to think about how trees could make their farms more
livable and efficient.



Organization Profile
The Minnesota Agroforestry Coalition

The Minnesota Agroforestry Coalition is a partnership among public agencies, private
organizations, and individuals. Participation is open to all who have an interest in
advancing agroforestry as a profitable and environmentally friendly option for Minnesota
landowners.

The Coalition is a forum for participants to share ideas and experiences and to catch up
on the latest developments in agroforestry. Coalition participants provide the University
of Minnesota and other organizations with guidance on the most pressing agroforestry
research, education, and extension needs.
CINRAM currently coordinates the Coalition. Contact CINRAM at 612-624-4299, e-mail
CINRAM@forestry.umn.edu.



the help file
Where Can I Find Funds to Help Establish and Maintain Living Snow Fences?

Many agencies have special programs that will share in the costs of establishing living
snow fences.

The USDA Farm Service Agency administers the Conservation Reserve Program
(CRP) Continuous Sign-up. The continuous CRP program allows landowners to sign up
at any time to be compensated for a variety of conservation and agroforestry practices.
The continuous CRP program is:

   •   Open to all landowners on eligible cropland
   •   Provides up to 50% cost- share for establishment
   •   Pays annual land rental payments for up to 15 years for the area occupied by the
       planting and the adjacent snow deposition area.


Minnesota Department of Transportation (MN DOT):

   •   Cost-share on a case-by-case basis.


Reinvest In Minnesota Reserve Program (RIM) (administered by local Soil and Water
Conservation Districts):

   •   Cost-share for establishment costs and payment for permanent easements of
       marginal crop lands planted to at least 6 rows of tree and/or shrub species.


Minnesota ReLeaf, under the Community Tree Planting Program, and administered by
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MN DNR) -Division of Forestry (612-772-
7925) (this program is pending, depending on further funding by the Minnesota
Legislature):

   •   For urban and community-based tree plantings within cities, towns,
       neighborhoods, etc. Living snow fences qualify as they directly affect public
       access and energy use, and may be combined with community shelterbelts for
       comprehensive protection.
   •   Communities can receive up to $10,000, matched 50:50 for tree planting on
       public or private lands.
County Programs

   •   Several counties have specific programs to compensate landowners for land taken
       out of production, and to cover some establishment costs for living snow fences.


Where Can I Get Some Help to Establish a Living Snow Fence?

Help is just a phone call away. To obtain technical assistance or other information on
living snow fences, call the local office nearest to you of any of these organizations:

   •   USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) county offices
   •   Local Soil and Water Conservation Districts
   •   MN DOT (Dan Gullickson 612-779-5084)
   •   Department of Natural Resources area foresters (toll-free 1-888-646-6367)
   •   University of Minnesota, Center for Integrated Natural Resources and
       Agricultural Management (612-624-7418)
   •   Local county extension educators of the University of Minnesota Extension
       Service


Some counties have established a local Living Snow Fence Committee. If your county
does not have one, contact Dan Gullickson, MN DOT, at 612-779-5084 to learn how to
organize one.



on the horizon
CALENDAR

July 20-21, 1998
Vegetation Management Association of MN, 2nd Annual Conference and tour. St.
Johns University, Collegeville, MN. The first day of this conference will be presentations
on such topics as Ecosystem Management, Living Snow Fences, Floodplain Restoration,
Vegetation Management by Fire, and more; the second day will feature tours, including a
walking tour of St. John's Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge, a prairie restoration
project, and other sites. Contact Paul Jackson, MN Native Landscapes 612-389-4554.

Oct. 4-7, 1998
North American Conference on Enterprise Development Through Agroforestry:
Farming the Agroforest for Specialty Forest Products. DoubleTree Park Place Hotel,
Minneapolis, MN. Focus on cultivating (forest farming), processing, and marketing
specialty products such as botanicals and medicinals, decorative and handicraft products,
and forest-based food products. Contact Scott Josiah at CINRAM@ forestry.umn.edu,
phone 612-624-7418, fax 612-625-5212.


Fall 1998
4th Annual Meeting and Field Day of the Minnesota Agroforestry Coalition. Date
and place to be announced.

Oct.-Dec. 1998
Diversifying MN Agriculture Systems through Agroforestry. Five 1-2 day
workshops around Minnesota that will focus on agroforestry practices and systems
relevant to the region in which they are held. Topics will include windbreaks, living snow
fences, timberbelts, forested riparian buffers, and forest farming for speciality forest
products. Information is aimed at natural resources professionals and interested producers
and landowners. Contact Scott Josiah 612-624-7418; josia001@maroon.tc.umn.edu

RESOURCES

WWW sites:
CINRAM's Temperate Agroforestry homepage offers extensive information on a wide
range of agroforestry practices and systems appropriate for Minnesota conditions.
http://www.cnr.umn.edu/FR/cinram/

National Agroforestry Center site; an excellent source of information on temperate
agroforestry systems from the "experts." http://www.unl.edu/nac/index.htm

Association for Temperate Agroforestry site; information of agroforestry around the U.S.,
landowner profiles and agroforestry-related policy documents on-line.
http://www.missouri.edu/~afta/

Organizations:
National Agroforestry Center, an excellent source of publications on agroforestry in the
U.S. Get on the mailing list for their quarterly newsletter "Inside Agroforestry" by
contacting Clover Shelton, NAC, USDA Forest Service/NRCS, East Campus - UNL,
Lincoln, NE 68583-0822.



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Mail or fax to:

CINRAM, University of Minnesota, 115 Green Hall, 1530 N. Cleveland Ave., St. Paul,
MN, 55108-1027
Fax: 612/625-5212



Agroforestry Milestones in Minnesota
Prior to 1990

   •   Windbreaks were the agroforestry emphasis.
   •   Researchers began developing hybrid poplar trees that are now important in
       agroforestry.
   •   Phillip Rutter began developing hybrid hazels adapted to our northern climate.
       They are beginning to be used in agroforestry plantings.

Early 1990s

   •   Hybrid poplar plantations began to be established on farms in northwest
       Minnesota.
   •   Two Resource Conservation and Development Councils (RC&D), WesMin and
       Prairie Country, began agroforestry plantings in their regions.
   •   An Agroforestry Colloquium was instituted at the University of Minnesota
       College of Natural Resources.
   •   The 2nd Annual Conference on Temperate Agroforestry was held in Ames, Iowa.
   •   The Board of Water and Soil Resources, the Natural Resources Conservation
       Service, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, the USDA Forest Service, and
       the Department of Natural Resources stepped up programs and training related to
       agroforestry.
   •   A 1994 meeting at the U of M to share information on agroforestry related
       projects and to discuss the potential for agroforestry in Minnesota led to the
       formation of the Minnesota Agroforestry Coalition in 1995.
Mid 1990s

   •    The Center for Integrated Natural Resources and Agricultural Management
        (CINRAM), a joint initiative of the College of Natural Resources and the College
        of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences, was formed.
   •    The 1995 Farm Bill included incentives for conservation buffers on agricultural
        lands.
   •    Massive snowstorms of 1996-1997 led to the establishment of the Interagency
        Living Snow Fence Task Force.
   •    WesMin RC&D efforts to integrate hybrid poplars onto farmlands led to the
        formation of an Agroforestry Cooperative.
   •    Public awareness led to initatives to protect Minnesota's rivers. The Blue Earth
        River Basin Initiative, the Minnesota River Joint Powers Board, the Minnesota
        Rural Partners Riparian Restoration work, efforts of American Rivers, the Long
        Prairie River Project, and the Chippewa River Basin Initiative, all worked to
        increase the amount of forested riparian buffers planted in the watershed.
   •    CINRAM's partnership with the National Agroforestry Center brought funding to
        assess the potential for using short rotation woody crops in linear agroforestry
        plantings, establish a timberbelt demonstration site, and host/coordinate an
        International Agroforestry Conference on Forest Farming in the fall of 1998.
   •    Extension received legislative funding to develop three new positions that will
        address agricultural and natural resource issues, two of which will focus on
        agroforestry outreach.

Today

   •    CINRAM is implementing a wide array of agroforestry research, education, and
        outreach activities state- and regionwide.
   •    The Agricultural Utilization Research Institute is funding research on hazelnuts
        that will lead to increased adoption of hazels in agricultural and agroforestry
        systems.
   •    The MN DNR is supporting the development of an Agroforestry Resource Guide.
   •    Extension is funding agroforestry educational material development and training
        statewide.


The Agroforestry Advantage
A quarterly newsletter published by the Center for Integrated Natural Resources and
Agricultural Management (CINRAM) and the Minnesota Agroforestry Coalition.
Editors: Erik Streed & Scott Josiah, CINRAM
Design: Lisa Peck
Production Editor: Nancy Goodman

This publication is not copyrighted. Reproduction for educational purposes is
encouraged. Subscriptions are free. Articles, news items and photos are welcome.
Produced with the support of the University of Minnesota Extension Service.

For more information, or to receive future issues of The Agroforestry Advantage, contact
CINRAM at 115 Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N., St. Paul, MN 55108-1027. Phone
612-624-4299; and Fax 612-625-5212.