Get documents about "Semester 1 English Study Guide
Shared by: HC120914053549
-
Stats
- views:
- 10
- posted:
- 9/13/2012
- language:
- Unknown
- pages:
- 8
Document Sample
Semester 1 English Study Guide
HOLD ONTO THIS REVIEW GUIDE FOR HSPT STUDYING AND SECOND SEMESTER FINALS!
Noun Review
Common nouns: general name for a person, place, thing, or idea
Examples- dog, cat, bench, house, and street
Proper nouns: name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea
Examples- Kansas, Leawood, Scott, Mission Road, Cheesecake Factory
Concrete nouns: names a thing that can be seen, heard, smelled, touched or tasted
Examples- rainbow, thunder, sapling, feather, and blueberry
Abstract nouns: names an idea, feeling, quality, or characteristic
Examples- happiness, beauty, freedom, humor, and greed
Collective nouns: a word that names a group of people or things
Examples- class, crowd, family, staff, herd, colony, and team
Singular nouns name one person, place, thing or idea and a plural noun names more than one person, place, thing,
or idea.
Remember nouns can have more than one job!
Example- Roe Avenue is a busy street.
In this sentence, Roe Avenue is a singular, concrete and proper noun!!!
Nouns as Complements
Predicate nouns: renames, identifies, or defines the subject after a linking verb
Example- Benjamin Franklin was a Founding Father of our country.
(You can ask yourself …What was he? He was a Founding Father)
Direct Object: names the receiver of the action after an action verb
Example- Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.
(You can ask yourself… What did he write? The Declaration of Independence)
Indirect Object: tells whom or what or for whom or what an action is done
Example- Mom gave my brother a miniature replica of the Liberty Bell.
(You can ask yourself…Mom gave what? Who did she give it to?)
Nouns as Objects of the Preposition
Object of the Preposition: noun or pronoun that follows a preposition
Example- Paul Revere left (on his ride).
(You can ask yourself on his what? On his RIDE)
Pronoun Review
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or another pronoun in a sentence.
Amy wanted a puppy. She wanted a puppy.
Subject Object Possessive
Singular
First Person I Me My, mine
Second Person You You Your, yours
Third Person He, she, it Him, her, it His, her, hers, its
Plural
First Person We Us Our, ours
Second Person You You Your, yours
Third Person they them Their, theirs
Reflexive- has to reflect a subject and has to have an action verb
Example- I made myself a grilled cheese sandwich.
Intensive- repetitive, and needs no commas. If you take out the pronoun it still means the same thing
Example- I myself prefer Christmas.
Antecedent- the word that the pronoun renames
Example- Lisa made cookies. She is a good cook.
(Lisa is the antecedent. She is the pronoun that replaces Lisa.)
Indefinite pronouns- have no antecedent; refer to general things understood by the reader
Example- Everyone loves Christmas.
o Singular indefinite pronouns: anybody, anyone, another, each, either, everybody, everyone,
nobody, no one, neither, one, other, someone, somebody, everything, anything, something
o Plural Indefinite pronouns: many, few, both, several, others.
o Indefinite pronouns that may be either singular or plural: all, any, most, some, none
Interrogative Pronouns- start a question
Example- Who will win this game tonight?
Interrogative pronouns- who, whom, whose, what, which
Demonstrative Pronouns- point out persons or things
This & These point out things close to us
That & Those point out things farther away.
Pronouns must agree in number and gender!
Who/Whom and when to use them
Who- always used as a subject or predicate pronoun
Examples: Who knows the answer to the question? (subject)
Your favorite candidate is who? (predicate pronoun)
Whom- always used as an object
Examples: Whom did you tell? (direct object- change the sentence to be a statement)
You gave whom the answer? (indirect object)
To whom did you give my name? (object of the preposition)
Adjective Review
Adjectives modify or describe nouns or pronouns.
Modify means to make clearer or to change the picture in your head.
Know that many words have adjective and adverb forms.
Example: The happy boy sang. (happy = adj.) The boy sang happily. (happily = adv.)
Compound adjective- when 2 or more adjectives appear together and are separated by commas
Connect the words with a hyphen when they function together before a noun
Example- Brad is a full-time chick magnet. (full-time is before magnet)
Do not hyphenate the words when they come after the noun they modify
Example- Brad worked full time on his tan. (full time in after Brad)
Adverb Review
An adverb is a word that describes an action, telling "how," "when" or "where" the action took place.
-end in –ly most of the time
- most often answer “how?”
They answer the questions:
• How? (patiently, loudly, carefully)
• When? (sometimes, daily, always)
• Where? (inside, there, everywhere)
• To what extent? (extremely, nearly, almost)
Their position:
- After the verb (The rocket launched suddenly.)
- Before the verb (The rocket suddenly ascended.)
- At the beginning of sentence (Suddenly, the rocket launched.)
Intensifiers- These are adverbs that modify adjectives & other adverbs. They are placed DIRECTLY
BEFORE the words that they modify!
Example: The turtle moved too slowly to win the race.
Common intensifiers: Almost, extremely, quite, so, usually, especially, nearly, really, too,
very
Comparative form: Use it when you compare a person or thing with one other person or thing
Example: The Titanic was bigger than the other ship. (most will end in -er)
Superlative form: Compare someone or something with more than one other thing
Example: The Titanic was the largest ship of all. (most will end in –est)
Absolute concept: sometimes something can either be or not be and do not need adverbs:
Example: You cannot be a little bit dead.
Preposition Review
Know the list of prepositions.
Remember that most always there are more than one preposition phrase per sentence.
Conjunction Review
Conjunction- a word used to join words or groups of words
Coordinating Conjunctions- Connects words used in the same way
Example: Motors and software control a robot named Sam. (motors and software both subjects)
Common coordinating conjunctions: and but for or nor so yet
Remember FANBOYS
• Words joined by coordinating conjunctions can be subjects, objects, predicates, or any other kind of
sentence parts
• Use “and” to connect similar ideas
• Use “but” or “yet” to contrast ideas
• Use “or” or “nor” to introduce a choice
Correlative Conjunctions- Pairs of words that connect words used in the same way
Example: Both Sam and Ellen are prepared for the final. (both/ and - connecting subjects)
Common pairs: Both/and Neither/nor Either/or Whether/or
Not only/but also
Subordinate Conjunctions- Words that join a subordinate clause to a principal clause
- It established the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the
sentence
-A subordinate clause is the same as a dependent clause- it does not express a
complete thought
Example- Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream.
Common subordinate conjunctions- If, because, until, when, although, since
Interjection Review
Interjections- Add emotion to the sentence
• They can be separated by punctuation or without punctuation
• As long as they show some sort of emotion, they can be any word.
Examples: Wow! That was a nice catch.
Eww, you smell!
Verb Review
Verb- A word used to express an action, a condition, or a state of being
Action verb: Tells what its subject does; this action can be physical or mental
Linking Verb: Links its subject to a word in the predicate; the most common linking verbs are forms
of “to be”
Helping verbs: help main verbs express deeper meaning
Helping verb + main verb= verb phrase
Common helping verbs:
Forms of Be Be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being
Forms of Do Do, does, did
Forms of Have Have, has, had
Others Could, should, would
May, might, must
Can, shall, will
Verbs of condition: some verbs can be either action or linking verbs depending on if you can put a common form
of to be in place of the verb and have it still make sense
Example: She feels sick. (Replace feels with is and it makes sense)
Common conditional verbs: Appear, Become, Feel, Grow, Look, Remain, Smell,
Sound, Taste, Seem
Transitive verbs- have a direct object (has to have be an action verb)
Intransitive verb- no direct object
Subject complement- the word that the linking verb (form of “to be”) links to subject
Predicate noun or predicate adjective
Principal parts of verbs:
Present Present Participle Past Past Participle
Jump (is) jumping Jumped (has) jumped
Crash (is) crashing Crashed (has) crashed
Regular verb: A verb whose past and past participle are formed by adding –ed or –d to the present.
Example: look, is looking, looked, has looked
Irregular Verb Groups
Group 1- present, past, and past participle are the same
Ex- cost, cost, and has cost
Present- The pen costs ten dollars.
Past- Yesterday, the car cost six thousand dollars more.
Past participle- The house has cost more in the past.
Group 2- Past and past participle are the same
Ex- build, built, and has built
Present- The contractor builds houses.
Past- Yesterday, they built a sand castle.
Past participle- They have built a tree house in the past.
Group 3- The past participle is formed by adding –n or –en to the past
Ex- speak, spoke, has spoken
Present- The mom speaks to the baby.
Past- Yesterday, they spoke on the phone.
Past participle- They have spoken in the past.
Group 4- the past participle is formed from the present, usually adding –n or -en
Ex- fall, fell, has fallen
Present- The tree falls in the woods.
Past- Yesterday, the dog fell in the lake.
Past participle- They have fallen on the wet floor twice before.
Group 5 (my fav.)- last vowel changes from “i” in the present to “a” in the past, to “u” in the past
participle
Ex- begin, began, has begun
Present- The concert will begin soon.
Past- The concert already began.
Past participle- The concert has begun.
Simple tenses
A tense is a verb form that shows the time of an action or condition.
The present tense shows that an action or condition occurs now.
Example- The water rushes swiftly by the raft.
The past tense shows that an action or condition occurred previously.
Example- The raft passed the point of no return earlier.
The future tense shows that an action or condition will occur in the future.
Example- Soon John will fall into the water.
Progressive tenses- Progressive tenses show or express an action or condition in progress.
- all tenses ending in –ing
- only helping verb changes
- common helping verbs (ARE, WERE, WILL BE)
Perfect Tenses- Sets up the sentence to have led up to something
- all tenses ending in –ed
- helping verbs change
- helping verbs (has, had, will have)
Present Perfect Tense- Places an action or condition in a stretch of time leading up to the present
Example- The scientist has created a monster.
Past Perfect Tense- Past perfect tense places a past action or condition before another past action or
condition.
Example- When the scientist had tinkered with him, the monster awakened.
Future Perfect Tense- This places a future action or condition before another future action or condition.
Example- The monster will have escaped before the scientist notices.
Lie- to “rest in a flat position” (does not have an object)
Lay- to” put or place” (does have an object)
Present Past Past Participle
Lie Lay Lain
Al lies down. Al lay down. Al has lain down.
Lay Laid Laid
Al lays the sponge Al laid the sponge Al has laid the
down. down. sponge down.
Sit- “to be seated” (does not have an object)
Set- “to put or place” (does have an object)
Present Past Past Participle
Sit Sat Sat
He sits on the He sat on the He has sat here
ledge. ledge. often.
Set Set Set
Amy sets down Amy set down Amy has set
the screen. the screen. down the screen.
Rise- “to move upward” or “to get out of bed” (does not have an object)
Raise- “to lift” or “to care for or bring up” (has an object)
Present Past Past Participle
Rise Rose Risen
The hot air The hot air rose. The hot air has risen.
rises.
Raise Raised Raised
Irene raises the Irene raised the Irene has raised the
screen. screen. screen.
Let- “to allow” or “to permit”
Leave- “to depart” or “to allow something to remain where it is”
Present Past Past Participle
let Let Let
Anna lets me help. Anna let me help. Anna has let me help.
Leave Left Left
Tom leaves for Tom left for work Tom has left for
work at noon work.
yesterday.
Modifier Review
When building a sentence, avoid needless separation of related parts of the sentence.
A misplaced modifier is positioned in a sentence so that it is unclear which word, phrase, or clause is modified.
7 most commonly misplaces modifiers- almost, only, just, even, hardly, nearly, and merely,
A modifier or modifying phrase needs to go as closely as possibly to the word it modifies in order for it to
be clear.
Squinting modifiers- when a modifier or modifying phrase is places close to the middle of the sentence and you
cannot tell if it is supposed to be modifying the beginning part or the end part.
Example: Students who review researching skills often will benefit.
(will they review skills often or benefit often?)
Dangling modifiers- word, phrase, or clause that does not modify any element in a sentence (the clause and the
subject or action does not match)
Example: Because of going to many parties, my term paper was late.
(a term paper cannot go to parties)
Split infinitives- an infinitive (to + a verb) is separated by another describing word
Example: I got to hardly sleep. (to sleep should not be separated)
Verbal Review
Verbal- a word that looks like a verb but does not function as the verb in a sentence
Gerund- looks like a verb but acts as a noun
It can act as a noun in the form of a subject, predicate noun, direct object, or object of the preposition
Example- Swimming is fun. (subject)
Example- A good hobby is fishing. (pred. noun)
Example- The teacher ended Jim’s disrupting behavior. (direct object)
Example- Many people find they can beat stress by walking. (obj. of prep.)
Gerund Phrase= a gerund + any words that modify that gerund
Participle- looks like a verb but acts as an adjective
It must modify a noun or a pronoun if it is acting as an adjective
Example- The missing sweater was found. (modifying sweater)
Example Working in the lab, the scientist created a robot. (modifying scientist- he is who works in the lab).
Participial Phrase- a participle + any words that modify that participle
Infinitive- to + a verb that is acting as a noun, adverb, or adjective
Example- Jen’s eagerness to learn is very evident. (to learn describing the noun eagerness= adj)
Example- The students were eager to learn. (to learn describing verb eager= adv.)
Example- To persist is a valuable life virtue. (to persist acting as subject= noun)
Infinitive Phrase= an infinitive + any words that modify that infinitive
