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ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (OCTOBER 2011 UPDATE)
The Scottish Government Economic Strategy (GES) illustrates how sustainable economic
growth can be achieved and highlights three key components of increased growth, the three
P’s: productivity, participation and population. The output of an economy is dependent on
how many people are working and how productive they are. Increasing labour productivity,
the employment rate and the population will support long-term economic growth.
Source: Scottish Government
Scottish Enterprise monitoring the progress of the Scottish economy over time through the
performance of a small number of indicators. Most of these indicators are drawn from the
National Performance Framework1 set out in the GES, supplemented by those that help
provide a broader assessment of economic performance and those that are more directly
related to Scottish Enterprise activity. The indicators selected are:
.
1 Growth in GDP*
2 GDP per head
3 Employment rate*
4 Productivity*
5 Entrepreneurial activity (business starts)*
6 Research and development:
- Total R&D as % GDP*
- Business R&D as % GDP
7 Innovation activity
8 Graduates as % of the population
9 Population dynamics:
- Population growth*
- Net migration as a % of the population
10 Export sales growth*
* National Performance Framework indicator
1
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/scotPerforms
SCOTLAND’S RECENT HEADLINE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
Growth in GDP between 1999 and 2009 averaged 1.9% a year, placing Scotland 18th out of
31 OECD countries (3rd quartile). Scotland’s GDP grew at a steady pace up until 2008,
when growth slowed, before declining decline in 2009 due to the global recession. Scotland
was ranked 17th in terms of GDP per head, a measure of wealth and prosperity, in 2009 (t3rd
quartile)
DRIVERS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
GDP growth is driven by productivity, participation and population. The output of the
economy is dependent on the size of its labour force (influenced by population), labour
participation (how many of the labour force are employed) and labour productivity (how
much output labour is able to produce). Increasing labour productivity, the participation
(employment) rate and the population will support long-term economic growth.
Scotland’s relatively low GDP growth rate is caused by below average population
growth, below average productivity levels and only average participation
(employment) rates.
Growth in GDP GDP per head
Productivity Participation Population
% of
Graduates
R&D Exports Entrepreneur- Net
ship Migration
Innovation Activity
Population
Scotland’s population has grown by 2.4% over the last ten years, lower than the UK as a
whole and the majority of OECD countries. Scotland ranks 25th against other OECD
countries and is in the 4th quartile. Population growth has improved over the last few years,
however it is still below UK and average OECD levels.
It is projected that Scotland will see a significant increase in the over-60 age group over the
next twenty years. Scotland’s ageing population could adversely affect economic growth
unless the working age population increases through migration (and higher birth rates over
the longer term), and/or labour market participation rates are increased among older people,
and/or productivity is significantly enhanced.
2
Participation
Scotland’s participation (or employment) rate for Q1 2011 was 71.2%, above the UK level
(70.7%). Scotland has the highest employment rate of UK countries. However, comparing
against the OECD, Scotland ranks 14th out of 31 countries and is at the bottom of the 2nd
quartile. Over the last ten years, Scotland has remained in the 2nd quartile, however the
gap with the OECD top quartile has narrowed. To close the gap Scotland requires an
additional 120,000 people in employment (current employment is 2.4 million)
Productivity
In 2009 Scotland was ranked 17th out of 30 OECD countries for productivity levels (top of the
3rd quartile). For Scotland to reach the top quartile, it needs to increase GDP per hour
worked by £5.20, an 18% increase (equivalent to £20.5 billion additional GDP from a current
level of £114 billion).
DRIVERS OF PRODUCTIVITY
The main drivers of productivity include innovation, enterprise and skills (along with
competition and investment).
Scotland’s below average productivity performance is due to low rates of R&D, low
business innovation activity and low entrepreneurship (investment levels are also
relatively low). Skills levels are just above average and export performance is
relatively strong.
Innovation and R&D
In 2009, gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) in Scotland was £1.9 billion, equivalent to
1.67% of GDP. Scotland is ranked 19th out of 31 OECD countries (3rd quartile). For
Scotland to reach the top quartile GERD would have to be £1.3 billion higher.
Business enterprise R&D (BERD – a component of GERD) was £644 million, equivalent to
0.56% of GDP, placing Scotland in the 4th quartile of OECD countries (25th out of 31). To
reach top quartile BERD would need to be £1.6 billion higher. The gap between Scotland
and top quartile OECD countries has widened over the last ten years.
In terms of innovation, 43% of firms in Scotland are ‘innovation active’ placing Scotland 17 th
out of 21 OECD countries (4th quartile). To reach top quartile performance Scotland would
require an additional 5,000 innovation active firms.
Enterprise
Scotland has low levels of entrepreneurial activity and data suggests that activity been
declining in recent years. In terms of business starts, Scotland had 34 business registrations
per 10,000 adult population in 2009, compared to 47 for the UK as a whole. Scotland’s
performance is in the 3rd quartile of UK regions.
Comparing entrepreneurship internationally, Scotland ranks 15th out of 17 countries and is in
the 4thh quartile for OECD countries for Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA). To reach
OECD top quartile performance Scotland would require an additional 125,000 more adults to
be entrepreneurially active.
3
Export performance can be an indicator of enterprise as businesses look to markets outside
their home economy to grow. Also, exporting businesses tend to be more productive than
non-exporters, and increase productivity further by exporting. Scotland has experienced
good export sales growth over the last few years, outperforming the UK and most OECD
countries. Annual average export sales growth between 2006 and 2009 was 3.5%
(compared to -3.9% for the UK), placing Scotland in the top quartile of OECD countries (5 th
out of 31 countries).
Skills
In 2009 around a fifth (22%) of those aged between 25-64 had a degree level qualification or
above, placing Scotland in the second quartile of OECD countries (14th out of 31 countries).
To reach top OECD top quartile, Scotland requires an additional 95,000 graduates.
Strategy and Economics
October 2011
4
September 2011 Update
Table 1: Scottish Economy/Scottish Enterprise Performance Indicators September 2011 Update
No Measure Latest year Frequency Source Scotland’s To reach OECD top Scotland’s UK Latest trend Latest Trend
full set of of international quartile, Scotland region compared to compared to
data publication quartile would need an quartile International UK Regional
available position additional: Top Quartile Top Quartile
position
1. GDP growth - 10 year 2009 Annual OECD, 3 £2.1 billion GDP 1
annual average ONS (18 out of 31 annual average (3 out of 12
(1999-2009) countries) growth to match Q1 regions)
long term growth rate
of 3.3%
1a. GDP growth inc Oil & 2009 Annual OECD, 2 £1.3 billion GDP 1
Gas – 10 year annual ONS, (13 out of 31 annual average (2 out of 12
average (1999-2009) Scottish countries) growth to match Q1 regions)
Gvt long term growth
rates
2. GDP per head 2009 Annual OECD, 3 £3,000 GDP per 1
-
ONS (17 out of 31) head from £22,000 (3 out of 12)
3. Employment rate (15- 2010 Annual OECD, 2 120,000 more in 2
64 yr olds) (2011 Q1 for Scottish (14 out of 31) employment from (5 out of 12) -
UK regions) Gvt 2.40 to 2.52 million
4. Productivity (GDP per 2009 Annual OECD, 3 £5.20 per hour, a 1
hour worked) ONS (17 out of 30) 18% increase from (3 out of 12)
£29.00 to £34.20 -
(equivalent to £20.5
billion GDP)
5. Entrepreneurial 2009 Annual GEM, 4 125,000 more 3
activity ONS (15 out of 17) entrepreneurially (9 out of 12)
active from 145,000
to 270,000
6a. Total R&D relative to 2009 Annual OECD, 3 £1.3 billion R&D from 2
GDP S Govt (20 out of 31) £1.9 billion to £3.2 (5 out of 12)
billion
5
September 2011 Update
No Measure Latest year Frequency Source Scotland’s To reach OECD top Scotland’s UK Latest trend Latest Trend
full set of of international quartile, Scotland region compared to compared to
data publication quartile would need an quartile International UK Regional
available position additional: Top Quartile Top Quartile
position
6b. Business R&D 2009 Annual OECD, 4 £1.6 billion BERD 4
relative to GDP S Govt (25 out of 31) from £640 million to (10 out of 12)
£2.2 billion
7. Innovation activity 2008 Biennial Eurostat, 4 5,000 innovation 4
BIS (17 out of 21) active firms (from (11 out of 12)
17,000 to 22,000)
8a. Graduates as % of 2008 Annual OECD, 2 95,000 more 2
the population (aged (2011 for UK S Govt (14 out of 31) graduates from (4 out of 12)
25-64) regions) 605,000 to 700,000
8b. Population growth 2009 Annual OECD, 4 430,000 more people 4
(1999-2009) (2010 for UK) GROS (25 out of 31) from 125,000 to (10 out of 12)
550,000
9. Net migration as a % 2008 Annual OECD, 2 14,000 more people 2
of the population (2009 for UK ONS (13 out of 28) from 24,000 to (4 out of 12)
regions) 38,000
10. Export sales growth - 2009 Annual OECD, 1 Scotland in top 1
3 year annual ave S Govt (5 out of 31) quartile (3 out of 12)
(2006-2009)
For each indicator the most up-to-date data available has been used to assess:
Scotland’s performance compared to OECD countries and UK regions in terms of quartile position and ranking;
the size of the gap between Scotland’s performance and that of the top quartile of OECD economies i.e. what Scotland needs to do to
reach Q1;
latest trends in terms of the gap between Scotland’s performance and the top OECD/UK quartile i.e. assessing whether the gap is growing
or narrowing. For most indicators this considers trends since 1999 up to the latest year of data;
for the National Performance Framework indicators, the scale of the challenge to meet the Government targets.
For a small number of indicators, due to data availability, a different dataset has been used to monitor Scotland’s performance with OECD
economies than has been used to compare Scotland with UK regions. For example, data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor has been
used to measure ‘total entrepreneurial activity’ for Scotland and OECD countries whereas Business Birth (VAT/PAYE Registration) data has
6
September 2011 Update
been used as a proxy for entrepreneurial activity for the UK regions. For the innovation measure, the UK regional comparison dataset is based
on the UK Innovation Survey definition of innovation active, which is different to that used in the European-wide Community Innovation Survey.
Also, for a number of indicators, more up-to-date data is available for UK regions than for OECD countries.
Notes:
‘Latest trend’ columns highlights whether the gap has narrowed between Scotland’s performance and the top OECD/UK region quartile (comparing 1999 to
latest year available). For GDP growth, this looks at annual average growth, and whether gaps have been narrowing.
Indicator 1 and 1a: There are two sets of figures for GDP comparisons. One excludes the contribution of offshore oil and gas: one includes the contribution of
offshore oil and gas using the geographical share approach in relation to activities taking place on the UK continental shelf and calculated based on Table 10
of the Scottish National Accounts Project.
For 1a, high oil prices in 1999 and 2000 boosted GDP growth, and falls in prices in 2008 and 2009 reduced GDP growth, and in combination this affected the
performance in terms of closing the GDP growth gap with the OECD and UK regions top quartiles.
Indicator 5: For Scotland and OECD comparisons, Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) is defined as the proportion of individuals in the working age
population who are actively trying to start their own business or running their own business that is less than 3 years old. Figures refer to average TEA scores
for 2007-2009 to reduce the effects of large year-on-year changes that, due to survey sample sizes, may not be statistically significant. VAT/PAYE registration
data is used as a proxy for entrepreneurship in UK regions
Indicator 9: Export sales growth – note Scottish export figures include exports to the rest of the UK. Scotland moved from quartile 3 to the top quartile in 2009
based on three year rolling average figures. This seems to be primarily due to other countries performing less well over the most recent 3-year period.
7
September 2011 Update
Table 2: Scotland’s Performance Gap – To Achieve Government Economic Strategy Target
GES Target Performance Gap From To
£100m extra each year
To raise Scotland's GDP growth rate to the UK level by
(Scotland average growth is 1.6%, £109,400m £109,500m
2011.
UK average growth is 1.7%)
£300m extra each year
To match the GDP growth rate of the small independent
(Scotland average growth is 1.6%, £109,400m £109,700m
EU countries by 2017.
Small EU average growth is 1.8%)
To rank in the top quartile for productivity amongst our
Increase GDP per hour by £5.20 £29.00 £34.20
key trading partners in the OECD by 2017.
To close the employment rate gap with the top five OECD
160,000 more in employment 2.40m 2.56m
economies by 2017.
To maintain labour market participation rate in the UK. Top performing country in 2009 * *
To match average European (EU15) population growth
12,000 more people each year 16,000 28,000
over the period from 2007 to 2017.
To halve the gap in R&D expenditure compared with EU
Extra £130m R&D expenditure £1,920m £2,050m
average by 2011.
To grow exports at a faster average rate than Scottish
Exports growing faster than GDP
GDP in current prices over the term of this Parliament.
Increase the 2006 rate of 36
Increase the business start-up rate. VAT/PAYE registrations per 10,000 34 **
adults
** No specific target
8
September 2011 Update
Table 3: Current OECD quartile rankings overview for Scotland, Arc of Prosperity Countries and other small EU countries
Indicator Year Scotland Austria Denmark Finland Iceland Ireland Lux Norway Portugal Sweden
Avg GDP
growth 1999 -2009 3 3 4 2 2 1 1 3 4 3
Avg GDP
growth inc Oil & 1999-2009 2 3 4 2 2 1 1 3 4 3
Gas
GDP per head
2009 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 2
Employment
rate (15-64 yr 2010 2 2 1 2 1 3 3 1 3 1
olds)
Productivity
2009 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 4 2
Entrepreneurial
activity 2007 -2009 4 - 3 2 1 2 - 1 - -
Total R&D as %
GDP 2009 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 1
Business R&D
as % GDP 2009 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 1
Innovation
activity 2008 4 2 2 2 1 - 1 3 1 4
Graduates as %
of the pop. 2008 2 4 1 3 1 2 3 1 4 2
(aged 25-64)
Population
growth (1999- 1999 -2009 4 4 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 2
2009)
Net migration
as % of the 2008 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 3 2
population
Export sales
growth -3 yr 2007 - 2009 1 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 3 3
annual avg
9
September 2011 Update
Table 4: Scotland’s OECD quartile ranking 1999 - latest
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Growth in GDP
4 4 2 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 3
(10 year annual average % growth)
Growth in GDP inc Oil & Gas
2
(10 year annual average % growth)
GDP per head 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Employment rate 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Productivity - GDP per hour worked 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Entrepreneurial activity (annual % rate) - - - 3 3 3 2 3 3 4 4
Total R&D as % of GDP 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Business R&D as % of GDP 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4
Innovation activity 2 3 4
Graduates as % of population (aged 25
3 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
to 64)
Population growth (annual % growth) - 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4
Net migration as % of population 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
Export growth (annual % growth) - - - - 2 4 4 4 2 4 1
Notes:
Entrepreneurial activity measures annual TEA scores (figures in Tables 1 and 2 refer a three year average)
Population growth measures annual percentage changes (figures in Tables 1 and 2 refer to population growth between 1999 and 2008)
Exports growth measures annual percentage growth (figures in Tables 1 and 2 refer to three year annual average growth)
10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Figure 2
Slovak Republic Slovak Republic
Figure 1
Korea Korea
Source: OECD, ONS
Source: OECD, ONS
Poland Poland
Turkey Turkey
Ireland Ireland
Luxembourg Luxembourg
Czech Republic Czech Republic
Greece Greece
Iceland
Iceland
Australia
Australia
New Zealand
New Zealand
Spain
Spain
Scotland
Hungary
Hungary
Finland
Finland
Canada
11
Canada
Mexico
Mexico
Note – Figures are in constant prices and constant PPPs
Sweden
Sweden
Scotland
Norway
Norway
United States
United States
Switzerland
Switzerland
Austria
Austria
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Netherlands
Annual Average GDP Growth Rate, 1999-2009 (%)
Belgium
Belgium
France
France
Portugal
Portugal
Annual Average GDP Growth Rate inc. Oil & Gas (1999-2009), %
Germany
Germany
Data Chart Appendix (Scotland and small EU countries highlighted)
Denmark
Denmark
Japan
Japan
Italy
Italy
Figure 3
Recent Economic performance - GDP Growth 2008-09,
Scotland and Small European Countries (%)
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
-6.0
-7.0
-8.0
-9.0
Norway Portugal Scotland Luxembourg Austria Denmark Iceland Ireland Finland
Source: OECD, ONS
Figure 4
Recent Economic Performance - GDP Growth inc. Oil & Gas 2008-
09, Scotland and Small European Countries (%)
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
-6.0
-7.0
-8.0
-9.0
Austria
Norway
Iceland
Finland
Luxembourg
Ireland
Scotland
Denmark
Portugal
Source: OECD, ONS
12
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Source: ONS
Figure 6
Figure 5
Source: ONS
London
London
Scotland
East of England
East of England
Scotland
South West
South West
Northern
Ireland Northern Ireland
South East
South East
13
East Midlands
East Midlands
North East
North East
UK Regions 1999-2009
UK Regions 1999 - 2009
Yorkshire and
Yorkshire and
The Humber
The Humber
Annual Average GDP Growth (%),
North West
North West
Wales Annual Average Growth Rate inc. Oil & Gas (%),
Wales
West Midlands
West Midlands
United
Kingdom United Kingdom
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
0
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
Figure 8
Figure 7
Source: ONS
Luxembourg
current prices
London
Norway
Source: OECD, ONS
United States
South East Switzerland
Netherlands
Australia
Scotland
Ireland
Austria
East of England
Canada
Denmark
South West Sweden
Iceland
Germany
East Midlands
Belgium
Finland
14
North West
United Kingdom
Scotland
West Midlands France
Italy
Yorkshire and The Spain
Note: In-commuting to Luxembourg inflates its GDP per head figure
Humber
Japan
Greece
Northern Ireland
New Zealand
Korea
GVA per Head, UK Regions, 1999 and 2009 (£)
North East Czech Republic
GDP per Head US$, OECD Countries 1999 and 2009
Portugal
Slovak Republic
2009
1999
Wales
Hungary
2009
1999
Poland
United Kingdom
Mexico
Turkey
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Iceland
Figure 9
Figure 10
South East Switzerland
Norway
Netherlands
East of England
Denmark
Sweden
Source: OECD, Scottish Government
South West
Australia
New Zealand
East Midlands Austria
Canada
Germany
Scotland
Japan
United Kingdom
North West
Scotland
Finland
Yorkshire and the
15
United States
Humber
Portugal
Source: BIS Regional Economic Performance Indicators, ONS (Data refers to Spring quarters)
Luxembourg
London
Czech Republic
France
Wales
Korea
UK Regions 1999 and 2011 (%)
OECD Countries 1999 and 2010
Belgium
West Midlands Ireland
Mexico
Employment Rates (% of working age people),
Greece
Northern Ireland
Employment Rate (% of Population Aged 15/16-64),
Spain
2011
1999
Poland
North East Slovak Republic
2010
1999
Italy
United Kingdom Hungary
Turkey
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Source: ONS
Luxembourg
London
Figure 12
Figure 11
Source: OECD, ONS
Norway
Ireland
South East
United States
Belgium
Scotland Netherlands
France
Germany
East of England
Austria
Sweden
East Midlands Australia
Denmark
South West Switzerland
Spain
North West &
Finland
16
Merseyside United Kingdom
Scotland
North East Italy
Canada
Yorkshire & Iceland
humberside
Japan
Index USA = 100, 1999 and 2009
Greece
Productivity (GVA per hour worked),
West Midlands
Slovak Republic
UK Regions 1999 and 2009 (Index, UK = 100)
New Zealand
Wales Portugal
Productivity (GDP per hour worked), OECD Countries
Czech Republic
2009
1999
Hungary
Northern Ireland
Korea
2009
1999
Turkey
United Kingdom
Poland
Mexico
Figure 13
Total Entrepreneurial Activity Rates,
OECD Countries 2007-2009 Average (%)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Germany
Hungary
Italy
Greece
Norway
France
Spain
Finland
Netherlands
Japan
Iceland
Ireland
Scotland
Denmark
Belgium
Kingdom
United States
United
Source: GEM
Note - Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) is defined as the proportion of individuals in the working
age population who are actively trying to start their own business or running their own business that is
less than 3 years old.
Figure 14
Business Births per 10,000 Adult Population,
UK Regions 2002 and 2009
90
80
2002
70 2009
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
London
Scotland
South East
East of England
Wales
North East
Northern Ireland
United Kingdom
North West
Yorkshire and the
South West
East Midlands
West Midlands
Humber
Source: ONS
17
Figure 15
Total Gross Expenditure on R&D as a % of GDP,
OECD Countries (1999 and 2009)
4.5
4.0
1999
3.5 2009
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Turkey
Austria
Australia
Germany
Italy
Hungary
Slovak Republic
France
Poland
Greece
Finland
Korea
Japan
Iceland
Mexico
Canada
Netherlands
Norway
Ireland
Scotland
Czech Republic
Spain
Denmark
Luxembourg
United States
Belgium
Portugal
United Kingdom
Sweden
New Zealand
Switzerland
Source: OECD, Scottish Government
Gross expenditure = business, government and higher education
Figure 16
Total (Gross) Expenditure on R&D relative to GDP,
UK Regions 1999 and 2009 (%)
4.5
4.0
1999
3.5 2009
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Scotland
London
East of England
Northern Ireland
North East
South East
Wales
Yorkshire and
North West
South West
East Midlands
West Midlands
United Kingdom
the Humber
Source: Scottish Government
Gross expenditure = business, government and higher education
18
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Finland
Figure 18
Figure 17
East of England Sweden
Korea
Japan
Source: Scottish Government
South East
Switzerland
Source: OECD, Scottish Government
United States
North West
Denmark
Austria
South West Germany
Iceland
East Midlands France
Australia
Belgium
Northern Ireland
Luxembourg
Ireland
19
West Midlands United Kingdom
Canada
North East Czech Republic
Norway
Netherlands
Wales
Portugal
UK Regions 1999 and 2009 (%)
Spain
OECD Countries 1999 and 2009 (%)
Scotland Hungary
Business Enterprise R&D Relative to GDP,
Business Enterprise R&D Relative to GDP,
Italy
Yorkshire and Scotland
the Humber
New Zealand
2009
1999
Turkey
London
2009
1999
Slovak Republic
Poland
United Kingdom Mexico
Greece
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Source: BIS
Germany
Figure 20
Figure 19
South East
Source: Eurostat, BIS
Luxembourg
Yorkshire and
The Humber Belgium
Portugal
North East
Ireland
East of England Austria
Czech Republic
West Midlands
Sweden
Wales Italy
Finland
South West
20
Denmark
North West France
Norway
London
United Kingdom
Netherlands
East Midlands
Spain
Scotland Scotland
Slovakia
Innovation Active Firms, UK Regions 2004 and 2008 (%)
2008
2004
Northern Ireland
Innovation Active Firms, OECD Countries 2004 and 2008 (%)
Romania
2008
2004
UK Hungary
Poland
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Norway
Figure 22
Figure 21
London United States
Netherlands
Iceland
South East
Australia
Source: OECD Scottish Government
Denmark
South West Korea
Canada
New Zealand
Source: Scottish Government/ Labour Force Survey
Scotland
Japan
United Kingdom
Eastern Sweden
Switzerland
Wales Scotland
Ireland
Finland
21
North West
Spain
Luxembourg
Yorkshire & Poland
Humberside
Hungary
Germany
UK Regions 1999 and 2011
East Midlands
Greece
OECD Countries 1999 and 2008
Belgium
Northern Ireland France
Mexico
Czech Republic
West Midlands
Portugal
Graduates as a Proportion of Working Age Population, Italy
Graduates as a Proportion of Population (24-64 age group),
2008
1999
North East
2011
1999
Slovak Republic
Turkey
Austria
United Kingdom
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
Ireland
Source: ONS
Figure 24
Figure 23
Australia
London
Iceland
Source: OECD, GROS
Spain
East
Luxembourg
Turkey
South West New Zealand
Canada
Mexico
East Midlands
United States
Switzerland
Northern Ireland Norway
France
South East Belgium
Sweden
22
Yorkshire and Italy
The Humber Korea
Netherlands
Wales Portugal
United Kingdom
West Midlands Denmark
Greece
Finland
Scotland
Austria
Population Growth, UK Regions 1999-2010 (%)
Scotland
Population Growth, OECD Countries 1999-2009 (%)
North West Czech Republic
Japan
North East Slovak Republic
Germany
Poland
United Kingdom
Hungary
Figure 25
Net Migration as a Proportion of the Population,
OECD Countries 1999 and 2008 (%)
2.0
1999
2008
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
Spain LuxembourgNorway Czech Republic Belgium Austria Iceland United States
Ireland Switzerland Canada ItalySweden
Australia Scotland
Denmark Greece PortugalUnited Kingdom Slovak Republic Japan
Netherlands New ZealandPoland
Finland HungaryFrance Germany
Source: OECD, ONS
Figure 26
Net Migration as a Proportion of the Population,
UK Regions 1999 and 2009 (%)
1.0
0.8 1999
2009
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
East
Scotland
London
North East
South East
Wales
United Kingdom
North West &
South West
East Midlands
Yorkshire and The
West Midlands
Merseryside
Northern Ireland
Humber
Source: ONS
23
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Iceland
Iceland
Figure 28
Figure 27
Korea
Korea
Hungary
Hungary
Australia
Australia
Scotland
Scotland
Czech Republic
Source: OECD, Scottish Government
Source: OECD, Scottish Government
Czech Republic
Poland
Poland
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
United States
United States
Turkey
Turkey
New Zealand
New Zealand
Switzerland
Switzerland
Ireland
Ireland
Slovak Republic
Slovak Republic
Netherlands
Netherlands
24
Norway
Norway
Germany
Germany
Portugal
Portugal
Denmark
Denmark
OECD Countries (%)
Belgium
Belgium
Sweden
Sweden
Spain
Spain
Austria
Austria
Finland
Finland
Mexico
Mexico
Greece
France Annual Average 2007-2009 Growth in Export and GDP, Greece
GDP
France
United Kingdom
Exports
Export Growth, OECD Countries 2007-2009 Annual Average (%)
United Kingdom
Japan
Japan
Canada
Canada
Italy
Italy
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
North East
Figure 30
Figure 29
North East
South East
South East
Scotland Scotland
East of England East of England
Source: BIS Regional Economic Performance Indicators
Northern
Source: BIS Regional Economic Performance Indicators, ONS
Northern Ireland
Ireland
North West North West
25
South West
South West
Wales
Wales
UK Regions 2007- 2009
United Kingdom
Yorkshire and
the Humber
Yorkshire and
The Humber
East Midlands
Annual Average Growth in Exports and GDP (%),
East Midlands
West Midlands
GVA
Annual Average Export Growth, UK Regions 2007-2009 (%)
West Midlands
Exports
London
London
United Kingdom
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