Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary System Diseases

							Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
 Unit 5 Objectives:
   Knowledge of animal diseases associated
    with the reproductive and urinary tracts
   Understanding of causes, symptoms, and
    treatments
   Appreciation for importance of
    preventative measures and economic
    cost of control
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
 Cystic Ovarian Disease
   Cause economic loss due to increased
    calving interval
   Occurs in swine and cattle
     Leading cause of infertility in sows
     Associated w/ periparturient stresses in
      cattle
       RP’s, milk fever, low BCS, etc.
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
  Can be:
    Follicular & Luteal
      Results from failure of an ovulatory egg to
       ovulate
      Normal hormonal cycles are obstructed
    Cystic copora lutea
      Occur after normal ovulation
      Follicle remains fluid filled
      May conceive and maintain pregnancy to term
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
  Clinical Signs
    Cows
       May show:
       Anestrus
         No sign of heat at all
       Nymphomania
         Frequent, irregular, prolonged estrus
    Can be detected via rectal palpation
     >2.5cm
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
  Treatment
    Some may resolve spontaneously
    GnRH can help resolve (>80% success)
    Manual removal by ‘popping’ during
     palpation
      Can form blood clot on the ovary
      Reduce egg production
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
 Retained Fetal Membranes
   Placenta remained attached to uterine
    wall
   Mares
     Afterbirth should be discharged w/in 30 min
   Cows
     Should clean w/in 12 hrs
   Twins
     Fetal membranes must be discharged from
      both uterine horns
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
  Very costly effect
      Lower milk production
      Decreased appetite
      Fever
      DA
      Increased days open
      Increased days to first service
      Reduced first service conception rate
      Increased services per conception
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
  Causes
    Associated w/
        Dystocia
        Twinning
        Abortion
        Vit A, Vit E, Se deficiencies
        Premature birth
        Induced birth
        Milk fever
        Prolonged gestation
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
  Treatment
    Manual removal
      Not recommended
      Traumatizes uterine lining
      Reduces subsequent fertility
    Oxytocin, prostaglandins
      Help induce hormonal ejection
    5-10g warm water at parturition
    Observe for systematic illnesses
    Antibiotic therapy
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
    Sow
      Treat w/ oxytocin therapy
    Mare
      Critical to treat ASAP because of quick
       development of fatal infections
      Call vet if placenta is not expelled within an
       hour of birth
  Prevention
    Proper nutrition balanced for energy,
     protein, and minerals
    Use BCS
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
 Bovine Leptospirosis
   Characterized by abortion, failure to
    secrete milk
   High percentage show no symptoms
   Clinical Signs
       7-10d incubation
       Anorexia
       High fever (105-107)
       Urine may be coffee colored
       Milk yellows (like colostrum)
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
     Cows will usually abort 7-10d following
      fever
     May see 25-40% abortion w/out clinical
      signs
 Porcine Leptospirosis
   May stay subclinical, except for abortion
   May be known as repeat breeder
    syndrome
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
   Clinical Signs
     Also 7d incubation
     Fever 2-4d
     Abortion in sows >59d
        May also abort ~3 wks prior to farrowing
        Pigs may be born alive but die
        Some mummies
 Equine Leptospirosis
   Similar symptomology
   Causes aborted or weak foals
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
 Preventing Lepto
   Purchase tested animals
   Quarantine
   Vaccination
     2x/yr
 Lepto Treatment
   Blood transfusion
   Antibiotics
     Treatment may be long-term to eliminate
       shedders
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
 Pyometra
   Inflammation of uterine mucosa
    (accumulation of pus)
   Somewhat common after postpartum
    infection
   Occurs in all species
   Clinical signs
     Anestrus
       Due to incomplete recession of CL
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
    May be small amounts of pus, or up to 3g
     in a sealed uterus
    Diagnosis by palpation
  Treatment
    Drug therapy
    Siphoning
    Intrauterine antibiotic treatment
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
 Bovine Metritis
   Inflammation of the uterus
   Cause
     Usually due to lack of sanitation when
      assisting w/ dystocia, treatment of RP’s, AI
     Bulls can also spread
   Clinical signs
     Severe uterine discharge
     Can have purulent smell
     Sometimes resulting in fever
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
  Prevention
    Use sanitation when pulling calves, working
     w/ RP’s
    Treat all RP’s w/ intrauterine antibiotic
     boluses
  Treatment
    Intrauterine antibiotics
    IM prostaglandins
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
 Mastitis
   Most costly disease to the dairy industry
     $200/cow/yr
   Inflammation of the mammary
   Decreases/causes:
       Milk production
       Milk secretory cells
       Systemic illness
       Occasional death
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
  Cause
    Bacterial penetration into the udder
    Related to:
      Teat end trauma
      Improper machine function
      Environmental contamination
    Protection against organisms through:
      Teat ends
      Keratin w/ antibacterial qualities
      Immunoglobulins, lymphocytes, neutrophils
        Kills mastitis through phagocytosis (engulf
          harmful bacteria)
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
    Contagious Mastitis
      Transferred during milking from infected
       hands, machine, etc.
      Staph Aureus
        Most common
        Greatly increases SCC
        Udder protects the infection
        Mostly subclinical symptoms
        Poor antibiotic response
        Must prevent only, or cull
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
      Strep Ag
        Also thrives w/in mammary
        More susceptible to treatment
        Can be eliminated through dry cow
          treatment, teat dipping
    Environmental Mastitis
      Inflammation due to poor environment
       sanitation
      Strep Uberis
        Common on the skin
        Multiplies in bedding
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
         Infection most common during the dry
          period
      Coliform
        E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
        Gram negative mastitis
        Contamination during unsanitary milking
        Severe infection, fever, watery to light-
          colored milk
      Mycoplasma bovus
        Thick purulent milk
        Hard, swollen udder
        Sharp drop in production
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
            Can only control through culling
            Prevent spread by proper hygiene
  Clinical Signs
    Clinical mastitis signs
       Off-color, clumpy, curdly, stringy milk
       Red, hot, swollen udder
       Fever
    Subclinical Mastitis signs
       Elevated SCC w/out clinical symptoms
       Most costly
       SCC >500,000 = 10% production loss
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
        SCC >1m = 16% production loss
        Detection through culturing, bulk tank SCC, or
         CMT
        Current limit is 750,000 SCC
        Goal for well-managed dairy = 200,000 SCC w/
         85% of herd <200,000 SCC
  Prevention
      Proper machine operation
      Sanitary milking procedures
      Clean environment
      Dry cow treatment
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
  Treatment
    Varies w/ the severity of the case
    Mild cases may respond to oxytocin
     treatment
    Moderate cases
        Intramammary antibiotics
        Packages in single-use tubes
        Can be over-the-counter, or prescription drugs
        Follow milk withdrawals
    Severe cases
      Must treat systemically
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
       If untreated, or slow to treat, cow may become
        septic
       IV and oral fluids

 Mastitis-Metritis-Agalactia (MMA)
   Major problem w/ sows & gilts at
    farrowing
   Each component may occur alone, or
    together
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
  Cause
    E. coli, Actinobacillus, Clostridia,
     Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, etc.
  Clinical signs
    Loss of appetite, fever, shivering, foul-
     smelling discharge, hot/hard udder, refusal
     to stand, disregard for litter
    Clinical signs may or may not be exhibited,
     depending on disease and extent
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
  Prevention
    Sound management, nutrition, sanitation,
     husbandry
    Manage body condition, reduce stress
  Treatment
      Cross-fostering litter to normal mother
      Antibiotics
      Oxytocin
      Relief of constipation
      Milk replacer
Unit 5: Animal Genitourinary
System Diseases
    Oral antibiotic to the piglet to prevent
     disease transfer