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UNDP-GEF Adaptation
Climate Change and Land
Degradation - Arusha
Nyawira Muthui
December 2006
• UNDP Approach to Adaptation
• Adaptation Project Portfolio
• Presented on behalf of the UNDP-GEF
Adaptation Team
UNDP-GEF Adaptation
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Further Information
Contact:
Bo Lim – UNDP-GEF Adaptation Unit
Climate Change Adaptation
UNDP-GEF
www.undp.org/gef/adaptation
E-mail: Adaptation@undp.org
UNDP-GEF Adaptation
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Defining Adaptation – Doing Development Differently
“Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual
or expected climatic stimuli or their effect, which moderates
harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.” (IPCC 2001)
“Practical steps to protect countries and communities from the
likely disruption and damage that will result from effects of
climate change.” (UNFCCC website, 2006)
“A process by which strategies to moderate, cope with and take
advantage of the consequences of climatic events are enhanced,
developed, and implemented” (UNDP 2005)
UNDP-GEF Adaptation
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GEF Adaptation Fund
• Pilot or demonstration projects to integrate
adaptation into national policy
• Must meet global environmental objectives and have
development benefits
• Adaptation within climate change, biodiversity,
international waters and land degradation projects
• Operational since July 2004
UNDP-GEF Adaptation
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Adaptation in LD
1. Within Land Degradation Cluster adaptation is seen
achieved through mainstreaming practices to climate
proof Sustainable Land Management
2. Building adaptive capacity to reduce communities,
economies and ecosystem vulnerability to negative
impacts of climate change
• In practice, this means
Changing existing policies and practices
Adopting new policies and practices so as to secure
MDGs in the face of climate change and its associated
impacts
UNDP-GEF Adaptation
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• UNDP-GEF Principles of Adaptation
• Helping developing countries to adapt to climate change
impacts is central to UNDP core mandate for promoting
development and poverty reduction across the globe.
• UNDP provides several services to help programme
countries to access adaptation funds:
– helping them to evaluate adaptation options, identify
promising investment opportunities, and ensure timely
and cost effective delivery of projects.
UNDP-GEF Adaptation
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UNDP-GEF Adaptation Principles
• Adaptation activities must further the achievement of the
MDGs
• Adaptation activities must be development focused
• The starting point for developing national responses is
strengthening adaptive capacity to reduce community
and ecosystem vulnerability to negative impacts of CC
• Stakeholder involvement and public participation are key
• UNDP’s policy and technical guidance should be
leveraged
• Leverage UNDP-GEF programming by building on NCs
and NAPAs
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GEF Adaptation Funds
UNDP-GEF Adaptation
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Types of adaptation funds
• The Strategic Priority on Adaptation
(SPA)
• Financed by the GEF Trust Fund:
• ecosystem/focal area focused fund.
• The goal - to ensure that climate change
concerns are incorporated in the
management o f ecosystems through GEF
focal area projects.
UNDP-GEF Adaptation
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Type of Adaptation Fund
• The Least Developed Countries Fund
(LDCF)
• Financed by additional voluntary contributions
• channelled through GEF
• A development -focused fund designed
specifically for addressing short or long term
adaptation measures to climate change in the
poorest countries.
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 10
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Types of Adaptation Funds
The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF):
• Financed by additional voluntary contributions
channelled through GEF
• a development -focused fund concerned
primarily with long term activities, programmes
and measures in the development sectors that are
most affected by global climate change.
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Adaptation Policy Framework (APF)
• APF has been prepared by the UNDP/GEF
Capacity Development and Adaptation Cluster as
the Cornerstone of UNDP’s Strategy in
Adaptation
• APF will assist in the process of incorporating
adaptation concerns into national strategies
• Four-phased Approach
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Four Phases of the UNDP-GEF Adaptation Strategy
2012
2010
Phase IV:
2008
Implementation
Phase III:
Phase Ib: National
2006 Methodological Phase II: Assessments
Improvement & Regional
Dissemination Assessments
2004
Phase 1a:
2002 Methodological
Development
Activities
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 13
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APF - Key Innovations
• Links current with future climate variations
• If future climate change brings both increased
variability and directional shifts, understanding
current climate-related extreme events and
responses will provide basis for future responses
(and surprises)
• Uses the concept of adaptation or development
baseline to build on current experience to cope with
future climate
• Emphasizes adaptive capacity…….. as the
potential of a system to adjust characteristics or
behaviour, to cope with climate change,
including variability
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 14
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APF Adaptation Approaches
APF Approach Project Outcome Examples
HAZARD-BASED Ameliorated impacts in high-risk areas,
Top-down, scenario-driven, formal risk early warning, response measures
mapping for hazards
VULNERABILITY-BASED Reduced vulnerability of population and
Bottom-up: no mapping or scenarios, high-risk groups: improve access, livelihoods,
vulnerability combined with general security
hazard information
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY Enhanced adaptive capacity - better
Bottom-up: providing options for preparedness, awareness, empowerment,
adapting livelihood options
POLICY-BASED “Adaptation friendly” policies,
Top-down/bottom-up: adaptation via programmes, strategies, that discourage high-
policy intervention risk or maladaptive behavior
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Climate Risks to MDGs
MDGs CLIMATE RISKS
MDG 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and Depleted livelihood assets, reduced
hunger economic growth, and undermined food
security.
MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education Reduced ability of children to participate
in full-time education by loss of
infrastructure, loss of livelihoods (forcing
children to work), and displaced families.
MDG 3: Promote gender equality and Additional burdens on women's health
empower women and limited time to participate in decision-
making and income-generating activities.
MDGs 4, 5 and 6: Reduce child mortality; Greater prevalence of vector- and water-
improve maternal health; combat HIV/AIDS, borne diseases, and heat-related mortality,
malaria and other diseases availability of declining food security, maternal health, and
potable water. availability of potable water
MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Negatively impacted natural resources
and productive ecosystems
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 16
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Lessons - Adaptation Learning Mechanism (ALM)
• Knowledge base for adaptation
established
• Adaptation projects reviewed
• Gaps in knowledge and
PARTNER practice identified
-SHIPS • Gaps in knowledge addressed
• Good practice identified
STRUCTURED • Learning and knowledge
LEARNING shared
• Regional approach taken
INNOVATION - good
practice
INFO SHARING – projects,
methods, measures
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 17
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Phase II: Regional Pilot Projects
Scope: watershed management, disaster risk
management, food security, health
Other Phase II Projects:
Central America, Mexico, and Cuba
Maghreb: Integrated Watershed Mgt water
supply and aquifers
Central America, Mexico, and Cuba: APF
Climate change and Human Health (with
WHO);
Adaptation Learning Mechanism
Community Based Adaptation (with SGP)
Asia and Andean region: Climate Change and
Flood Risk Reduction (under dev’t)
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 18
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NCs and NAPAs
• National Communications • National Adaptation
(NCs) Programmes of Action
(NAPAs)
• Report on programmes to
facilitate adaptation • Respond to vulnerability of LDCs
• Vulnerability and Adaptation • Prioritize adaptation measures
assessment supportive of existing development
• Starting point for formulating plans
projects – V&A priorities and • Identify urgent actions to adapt
climate change rationale
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 19
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Demonstration and Pilot Projects
Ecosystem resilience (SPA) Climate-resilient
development (LDCF,
SCCF)
• Integrate adaptation into the
GEF focal areas • Integrate climate risks
into development
• Where climate change risks sectors.
are evaluated to be significant • Short- and long-term
(e.g. Biodiversity, Land
Degradation, International adaptation to address
Waters) current climate
variability as well as
long-term change
• UNDP’s priority
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 20
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Guiding Approach for Adapting Development
Identify Current National Policy Baselines
Disaster Risk Coastal
Agriculture-related Water-related Health
Management Development
Integrate Future Climate Risks in Development
Approaches: Strategies, policies, measures/practices
Scales: Community, national, regional
Sustainability: Financing instruments
Capacity: Institutions, information, and stakeholder capacity building
Promote Adapted National Policy Frameworks - “Outcomes”
Examples of restructured sector policies:
SP4 Climate disaster
SP1 Agriculture SP2 Water SP3 Health SP5 Coastal Dev.
Demand side
Rural development Monitoring/control of Policies support
management based on EWS and response
policies utilize disease vectors development in
information on future coverage increased
seasonal forecasts improved low-risk areas
water availability
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 21
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UNDP-GEF Adaptation Portfolio
Full- and medium-size projects in 43 countries
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 22
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•UNDP-GEF Adaptation Portfolio - 18 Medium & Full Size Projects
beyond PDF stage: $43.4 million in GEF funding
Adaptation Projects by SP
(among 14 single SP & highly-focused projects)
Clim ate
Coas tal
Dis as ter
Zone
Developm t, Managem t,
1
3
Public
Health, 1
Agriculture
and Food
Security, 4
Water
Res ources
and Quality,
5
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 23
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UNDP-GEF Adaptation Portfolio
Funding by SP
($ millions)
Coas tal Agriculture
Zone & Food
Developm t, Security,
$7.8 $11.8
Clim ate-
related
Dis as ter
Managm t,
$3.2
Public Water
Health, Res ources
$7.0 & Quality,
$13.3
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 24
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Thematic Distribution of UNDP-GEF Projects
Sector/topic Country
Water management Tanzania, Ecuador (SCCF)
Agriculture Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Swaziland,
Namibia (SPA); Pacific Islands (SCCF); India (SCCF)
Health Fiji, Barbados, Jordan, Uzbekistan, China, Bhutan,
Kenya (SCCF)
Coastal zones Cape Verde, Mauritania, Gambia, Guinea Bissau (SPA),
Uruguay (SPA)
Tourism: Maldives (SCCF)
Disaster risk India (SCCF), Pacific Islands (SCCF)
management
Community-based Samoa, Bolivia, Niger, Bangladesh (Morocco,
adaptation Namibia, Vietnam, Guatemala, Kazakhstan and
Jamaica to join in 2006/7) (SPA)
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 25
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Project Example - Coping with Drought and Climate
Change
Countries: Kenya, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe
Fund: SPA, Land Degradation
Amount: $1.0M GEF per country + $1.0M Co-fin per country
Components:
(i) Assist communities to cope with drought through pilot
adaptation measures
(ii) Enhance use of EWS and improve communication of climate
information with agriculturalists
(iii) Promote drought preparedness and mitigation policies
(iv) Replicate successful approaches across the region
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 26
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Coping with Drought and Climate Change
Baseline:
• Rural communities use current coping strategies, which become
inadequate as drought increases in frequency and intensity
Additional:
• Strengthened drought mitigation skills of community development
practitioners
• Alternative livelihoods employed during droughts
• Improved flow and use of early warning information for drought response
• Drought mitigation mainstreamed in development plans
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 27
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Coping with Drought and Climate Change
•Adaptive capacities of local communities, local
and national institutions and the regional
networks will be strengthened through concrete
activities.
•Specific focus is on managing the risks
associated with future climate change and its
impact on land degradation while piloting specific
adaptation measures
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 28
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Namibia - CCA
• Adapting to Climate Change through the Improvement of Traditional
Crops and Livestock Farming
– Fund: SPA, LD
– Amount $1.0M GEF + Co-financing $1.0M Government
Components:
i) Climate change adaptation measures of rural communities in
agricultural production piloted and tested
ii) Improved information flows on climate change, including variability
(such as drought) between providers and key users
iii) Climate change issues integrated into planning processes, e.g.
National Drought Policy
Focus at community-level, equipping small-holder farmers with improved
capacities to adapt to climatic change and increased levels of drought.
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 29
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UNDP-GEF Adaptation Projects – key issues
The problem must be clearly due to climate change
• Impacts must be due to climate change, Climate data must be best available
• The timescale of climate analysis must be clear
• Must differentiate between short and long term and match funds: long
term - SCCF/SPA, short term – LDCF
Must link to National Priorities, Action Plans, Programmes
Proposal must be based on rigorous pipelining approach
Learning component (contribution to ALM) must be clear
Co-financing must be explained to satisfy fund requirements
Must clearly outline Goal, Objective, and Outcomes
Monitoring of outcomes must be explicit
Use of APF should be systematic in project design
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 30
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Further Information
Contact:
Bo Lim
Climate Change Adaptation
UNDP-GEF
www.undp.org/gef/adaptation
E-mail: Adaptation@undp.org
Thank you!
UNDP-GEF Adaptation 31
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