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Life Cycle Assessment –News Letter
No-1 Inaugural Issue April,2009
Life cycle with a wealth of data and
methods, but these are
assessment made mostly European. PRé has
In this issue:
practical in India been funding a stage one
Life cycle assessment made database development
practical in India: project, and we are now
Mark Goedkoop, MD, Pre Consultants Environmental policies are also looking into how to
bv, Netherlands
more and more based on adjust the typical
Why Life cycle approach? & What life cycle thinking, as European impact
is Life cycle assessment: Dr. V.A. people have come to assessment methods. As
Mhaisalkar, Professor, VNIT, Nagpur
recognize production you can read in this
Development of Life Cycle processes are part of a newsletter, the Indian data
Inventory for India: Krishna Manda value chain. on energy, transport and
Life cycle approach to Waste steel will be made
Lifecycle thinking means
Management : Dr. A. Nema Of IIT available soon to SimaPro
Delhi & Ms. Poonam Ahluwalia of TCE. global thinking, as
users.
lifecycles do not stop at
LCA cases : Courtesy lca-centre,
borders. So it is great to We have also become
Denmark
see many LCA activities aware of the fact we need
Carbon Offsets vs. Renewable starting in India. Why to enhance capacity
energy certificates [ REC] would India not develop its building in India, and the
own skills, why would it most effective way to do
We at Simapro software
wait till Europe or Japan this is to provide access of
Development India Pvt Ltd determine the way life SimaPro software to
[SIPL] are extremely happy and cycles need to be students. PRé and SIPL
feel privileged to present assessed, why wait, and are now providing free
before you the inaugural issue not be more proactive? faculty licenses, to all
of „LCA Newsletter‟. Its our recognized educational
endeavour to keep you One great thing I have
institute. Under this
informed about latest witnessed in the
license each university
developments in the field of development of the
LCA in India. We also urge you may distribute SimaPro to
activities of SIPL is the
to actively take part in sharing its students and staff.
“hands on” mentality. The
your valuable thoughts and With this investment in
focus is on solutions, not
development taking place in the Indian market we want
your organisation in the areas on discussing problems in
to show our commitment
of life cycle assessment. We great detail. Not because
to grow and nurture a
welcome your suggestions to there are no problems, but
healthy and active LCA
improve this news letter. because we need to tackle
community in India.
them. In this newsletter
Sunil Kumar, Head, SIPL.
you will be able to follow We think India can
the pragmatic become a powerhouse in
An advanced two days workshop on
developments you as a LCA, as there are so many
“Effective LCA with SimaPro” is being
company or as a well educated people. We
organized on 11-12th May at Delhi. researcher need in also think this
Please see page no-7 for details or practice. SIPL supplies the powerhouse can do great
contact simaproindia@gmail.com or call most widely used LCA tool things in developing a
91-9911921666 .
in the world, named more sustainable and very
SimaPro. That tool comes competitive India.
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Life Cycle Assessment –News Letter
No-1 Inaugural Issue April,2009
Why A Life Cycle What is Life Cycle Over the period, methods have
been developed for quantifying
Approach? Assessment ? product or service impacts on
8 different categories of
...Awareness that our selections As environmental awareness environmental problems (such as
are not isolated, increases, industries and global warming and resource
but influence a larger system. businesses are assessing how depletion. Conducting LCAs for
Buying office paper is a good their activities affect the alternative products or services
example. If you knew that it takes environment. Society has become allows for improved understanding
24 trees to create 50,000 sheets of concerned about the issues of and comparisons to be made.
office paper and 2.3 cubic meters natural resource depletion and
of landfill space to dispose of it, environmental degradation. The Benefits of LCA
you might choose paper made environmental performance of
from recycled material and elect products and processes has
to support paper producers that become a key issue, which is why LCA can be used by decision-
source from sustainably managed some companies are investigating makers to develop strategic
forests. ways to minimize their effects on policies that can lead to a
… Making choices for the longer the environment. One such tool is minimization of the environmental
term and considering all LCA. This concept considers the
burden resulting from various
environmental and social issues entire life cycle of a product. Life
associated with those. Life cycle Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool stages of product development.
thinking helps us avoid short term for the systematic evaluation of the
decisions that lead to environmental aspects of a By performing an LCA, analysts
environmental degradation – such product or service system through can:
as over-fishing or polluting our air all stages of its life cycle. The • Develop a systematic evaluation
with mercury. assessment begins with the raw of the environmental loads
… Improving entire systems, not materials input, proceeds through associated with a given product.
single parts of systems, by the manufacturing processes, • Analyze the environmental trade-
avoiding decisions that fix one energy use, maintenance, and offs associated with one or more
environmental problem but cause transportation. It considers use, specific products/processes to
another unexpected or costly reuse, and recycling, and help gain stakeholder (state,
environmental problem (like concludes with waste community, etc.) acceptance for a
mitigating air pollution yet management, the environmental planned action.
increasing water pollution). Life impact of packaging, and ultimate • Quantify environmental releases
cycle thinking helps avoid shifting disposal of the product. LCA to air, water, and land in relation to
problems from one life cycle stage provides an adequate instrument each life cycle stage and/or major
to another, from one geographic for environmental decision contributing process.
region to another and from one support. Life cycle assessment • Assist in identifying significant
environmental medium (air, water has proven to be a valuable tool to shifts in environmental impacts
or soil) to another. document the environmental between life cycle stages and
… Informed selections, but not considerations that need to be part environmental media.
necessarily „right‟ or „wrong‟ ones. of decision-making towards • Assess the human and ecological
Life cycle thinking simply helps us sustainability. A reliable LCA effects of material consumption
put our decisions in context with performance is crucial to achieve a and environmental releases to the
facts from all parts of the system life-cycle economy. The key local community, region, and
or life cycle. It means we look for elements of LCA are given below: world.
unintentional impacts of our 1. Identifies and quantifies the • Compare the health and
actions and take some action to environmental loads involved; e.g. ecological impacts between two or
prevent those impacts (such as the energy and raw materials more rival products/processes or
purchasing office paper from consumed, the emissions and identify the impacts of a specific
sustainably managed forests or wastes generated (Life Cycle product or process.
coffee certified “fair trade”). For Inventory Analysis). • Identify impacts to one or more
instance, if the shop around the 2. Evaluates the potential specific environmental areas of
block from your office sells coffee environmental impacts of these concern.
grown by workers who receive a loads (Life Cycle Impact
fair wage on the world market, Assessment).
cultivated without pesticides that 3. Assesses the options available
harm people planting or harvesting for reducing these environmental
the beans and from a plantation impacts
that did not cause an endangered (Interpretation of Life Cycle
forests to be chopped down, you Inventory analysis and Impact
might choose to purchase your Author: Dr. V.A. Mhaisalkar
Assessment).
daily cup from that shop.
Professor ,VNIT, Nagpur
Interest in LCA has increased
manifold in the last two decades.
vasantmhaisalkar@yahoo.com
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Life Cycle Assessment –News Letter
No-1 Inaugural Issue April,2009
Development of What LCI processes have
Life Cycle been developed for India
so far?
Inventory for India:
Indian specific inventory is being
A necessary step to developed with the support of PRe
support LCA activities consultants which has commissioned
LCI projects to promote the use of
in India LCA in India.
Life cycle inventory (LCI) is a crucial
Table 1 show the list of inventory
step in conducting LCAs of products
processes developed for India so far
or services to improve their
and some main reasons for
environmental sustainability. This
differences with EU inventory. Owing
article discusses the status of the Fig1: Phases of an LCA [ISO-1997]
to the reasons mentioned in the
development of India specific LCI.
table, emissions from Indian
wastes and resources change processes significantly differ from
What is Life Cycle according to the employed European processes.
technology.
Inventory (LCI)?
This list of Indian specific LCI would
For example, environmental impacts
In order to analyze any product or increase in the coming months due
associated with electricity use vary to our continuous efforts in making
process by using LCA, we need to according to the supply of electricity
know the inputs and outputs related new inventory for India.
mix (coal, oil, gas, hydro, nuclear
to all the processes involved in etc) to the grid. Differences in the
making that product during various This initiative can be sped up if all
core technologies, use of pollution
phases such as extraction of Indian stakeholders can effectively
control equipment, their efficiencies,
minerals from mines, transport, and participate and help us in making
and properties of fuels used render
manufacturing of the product, use, new sector specific inventory for
varying environmental emissions
disposal of the product and so on. India. So that every industry sector
from each unit process.
of India can make use of LCA to
LCI is the stage where we collect all improve their environmental
This clearly shows that in analyzing
the inputs and outputs of each unit performance by reducing GHG
any product or process to improve its footprints of their products and by
process. Hence LCI forms a very environmental performance
crucial phase of LCA since it decides developing new cost effective green
holistically we need to use LCI of strategies.
the quality of LCA[ Fig1]. In LCI, we that country. This necessitates to
synthesize outputs in terms of make country specific LCI.
elementary flows i.e emissions, These India specific inventories are
wastes from each unit process and available with Simapro LCA software.
inputs i.e material and energy inputs
to each unit process. These Type Inventory processes developed Some reasons for difference
elementary flows from LCI stage are for India with European inventory
used in the next phase, LCIA, where Energy Electricity from Properties of fuel, efficiency and
grouping of various elementary flows i. Coal type of technology and usage of pollution
to corresponding impact categories ii. Lignite control equipment.
iii. Diesel/oil
i.e CO2 to climate change etc takes
iv. Natural gas
place.
Transport Rail: Electric and Diesel Tractions Properties of fuel, emission standards,
Road: Diesel/petrol cars and average speed and load carried by vehicles.
Why LCI is needed for commercial vehicles of different
India? duty
Metals Iron and Steel Mining practices, raw material mix from
domestic and abroad sources, mode
Life cycle inventories are site specific of transport and distances travelled
due to technologies employed during by raw materials, efficiency of processes
extraction, production, distribution such as coking, sintering etc.
and end-of-life phases of products Table 1. List of processes developed for India and some main reasons for their differences with
vary from country to country. This is EU inventory
called local technical uniqueness
which decides the quantities of Author: B. M. Krishna Manda
resources used, emissions generated M. Tech (IITB), M.SC. (Sweden )
and wastes accumulated during the Freelance Environment
transformation of resources in each
Management consultant.
unit process involved in the entire
life cycle of the product or service. bmkrishna@gmail.com
Hence environmental burdens
associated with these emissions,
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Life Cycle Assessment –News Letter
No-1 Inaugural Issue April,2009
Life cycle approach decision aids, the use of multi criteria incorporating economic, institutional,
methods is a more suitable method perceived risk and social issues in
for making decisions in the area of the context of complete life cycle of
to waste management waste management. While multi- waste.
criteria methods can be applied to
any complex decision and can Moreover, when to shift from one
Life Cycle Approach (LCA) can be
consider criteria such as risk, stage of hierarchy to another, is an
broadly stated as assessment over
economics, safety, etc., depending involved decision warranting
the life of a product, i.e., from cradle
on what is considered important, the inclusion of several case specific
to grave. There is now a widespread
application of LCA methods, by their issues. The proposed life cycle based
agreement amongst industry,
very nature, is always in the multi-objective model can help
government and other stakeholders,
environmental area. decision makers in integrated waste
that environmental issue and
management. The proposed model
impacts must be considered from a
LCA based Model for has been applied to a case study of
life cycle perspective. Several
computer waste scenario in Delhi,
researchers have adopted LCA based Computer Waste India. A representative diagram
methodology to characterize
Management: An showing the Flow of waste during its
environmental considerations with
life cycle is shown in Fig 1.
respect to an array of pollutants. LCA Example
is currently being used in several The model has been used to
The accelerating pace of waste
countries to evaluate different evaluate management cost and
generation from used electrical and
strategies for integrated solid waste reuse time span or life cycle of
electronic equipment is of growing
management (ISWM) and to various streams of computer waste
global concern. Within this waste
evaluate treatment options for for different objectives of economy,
stream, computer hardware is quite
specific waste fractions. While most perceived risk and environmental
significant in terms of both volume
life cycle studies have been impact. The model results for
and risk to the environmental
comparative assessments of different scenarios of waste
because of the hazardous materials
substitutable products delivering generation have been analyzed to
within it. The waste management
similar functions (e.g. glass versus understand the trade-offs between
hierarchy of Prevention, Reuse,
plastic for beverage containers), cost, perceived risk and
Recycle, treatment and disposal in
there has been a recent trend environmental impact. The optimum
Landfill is accepted as a universal
towards the use of LCA in comparing life cycle of a computer desktop was
guideline for waste management.
alternative production processes. observed to be shorter by 25% while
The contemporary concept of
optimizing cost than while optimizing
LCA has been stated as one of the integrated solid waste management
impact to the environment or that
tools in the "environmental is very complex comprising of not
perceived by public. The model can
management toolbox", which should only the environmental aspects or
serve as a decision support tool for
not be used in isolation to decide the technical aspects of the waste
determining the optimum life cycle of
issues such as which waste management hierarchy, but also
the waste considering case specific
management option, is to be
issues.
preferred. LCAs have been mostly Product Manufacture
restricted around environmental
impacts issues, although several
studies extend the lifecycle Material
assessment methodology to Recycle
incorporate an economic evaluation
of such issues.
Residue
LCA is a comparative tool that Reuse Reuse Third/ Fourth
reduces data to mass loading based Primary User Second User
Landfill
User
on simplifying assumptions and
subjective judgments and hence it
can add independent effects into an
overall hazard score on a system
wide basis. It requires a risk Life Cycle of Waste
assessment, an environmental
impact assessment or both, to
address these issues in a more Fig. 1 : Flow of Waste during its Life Cycle
detailed way. Models that consider
Authors : 1. Arvind K. Nema
the full life cycle of products in 2. Poonam Ahluwalia
deciding on a waste management Associate Professor
strategy are complex and very Manager (Environment)
detailed. A major difficulty associated Indian Institute of Technology
TCE Consulting Engineers Limited
with LCA is establishing where the aknema@iitd.ac.in
boundary is and the definition of the poonama@tce.co.in
functional unit.
Moreover, though multi-criteria
methods and LCA methods are both
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Life Cycle Assessment –News Letter
No-1 Inaugural Issue April,2009
Some of the applications of ladders to be welded to the tower. among other things developed an
LCA in different companies: "Each time you weld or drill a hole in EcoDesign program which considers
a tower, the tower construction is the life cycle of the whole product in
weakened. To uphold the strength of
Nokia’s effort to fit life cycle the development phase. When a
the tower, the tower is then made
knowledge into practice product meets certain requirements
thicker. Avoiding the welding or
drilling, you can save materials on in the EcoDesign program it might
Nokia has been involved with LCAs reach a status as “Green Flagship”.
the tower construction and thereby
and developing them since mid
minimize the weight", explains Jakob For the time being Philips has more
1990s. This firm uses LCAs as a
Larsen. than 160 “Green Flagships” in the
strategic tool to assess the
environmental impacts of its market.
products and conducts periodic LCAs Vestas has implemented life cycle
whenever there is a major assessments as a tool in their The choice of Philips to focus on
technology shift like from 2G mobile product development. This is done in EcoDesign in connection with the
phones to 3G mobile phones. This order to supplement other decision
development of their products,
organization also has an IPP parameters with the
(Integrated Product Policy) environmental aspects since LCAs on matches with the coming EuP
approach to “reduce the systems can give input which are directive which makes increased
environment impacts from products relevant to the choice of demands to the design of energy–
through their life-cycle, harnessing, technological and material solutions. consuming products. The EuP
where possible, a market-driven directive aims at improving the
approach, within which Vestas operates with a term called environmental performance of the
competitiveness concerns are
"energy-balance". Energy-balance energy-consuming products through
integrated”. The company is tells how long time the mill is
working on developing suitable their whole life cycle by integrating
supposed to be running before it has environmental aspects already in the
methods for environmental produced the amount of energy
assessments of electronic products, design phase.
required for the entire life cycle of
an example of this being the Key the mill - from extraction of raw
Environmental Performance LCA - The best option at
material to final disposal.
Indicators (KEPIs). KEPI consists of a Novozymes
small number of product
environmental performance Vestas' newest windmill (V90-3.0
indicators validated as representative MW offshore) needs 6.8 months to
of the most important environmental pay for itself. That is 2.2 months less By means of gene technology
impacts of an electronic product life than its predecessor (V80-2.0 MW Novozymes produces enzymes,
cycle, and may provide a good and offshore). V90-3.0 MW windmill has which among other things can be
simple assessment tool for use in the a life span of 20 years after which used as replacement of hazardous
electronics industry. Nokia also approx. 80% of the materials from chemicals in the leather industry.
applies other tools such as the the windmill can be recycled.
Novozymes , by means of LCA,
Ecological Footprint Analysis (EFA)
compares different processes such
and MIPS (Material Input per Service Philips uses their life cycle
Unit). as tanning of skin by use of
based EcoDesign to develop chemicals and by use of enzymes.
LCA complements other
decision parameters in the products - "Green Flagships" Instead of asserting that enzymes
development process at - that are less damaging to are better for the environment, they
Vestas. the environment. now get some actual figures they
can relate to and show their
When the Danish windmill Philips produces a number of
customers.
manufacturer Vestas is to develop electrical and electronic products
new products, focus is directed which besides causing environmental
towards one thing - reducing the damage through their energy The used methods for LCA meet the
material consumption of the mill in ISO standards and are internationally
consumption, also have other
relation to the energy it produces. approved. It is no coincidence that it
environmentally inappropriate is LCA, which Novozymes uses to
properties, for instance content of document the environmental
Vestas' vision is wind, oil and gas. inappropriate chemical substances. advantages of the products.
Being a reliable supplier of wind “It is a really good tool. And then it
power plants, the idea is that Vestas' has more strength to use the
Based on the principle, that
customers see wind in the same way approved systems and methods than
as oil and gas. Here the reduction of prevention is better than recovery,
to invent a methodology yourself”,
material consumption and especially Philips has chosen to work on Karen Oxenboll says.
steel is an important parameter. minimizing the environmental impact
of their products, processes and
(LCA cases courtesy lca-centre Denmark)
One example is the design of the services.
towers, in which the use of magnets
has made it unnecessary for the To meet this challenge Philips has
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Life Cycle Assessment –News Letter
No-1 Inaugural Issue April,2009
displaced emissions may be representing different environmental
Carbon Offsets vs. disputable or subject to double attributes and different criteria for
Renewable energy counting. As such, it makes sense to qualification and crediting.
certificates [ REC] use RECs to “neutralize” Scope II
emissions by matching out each The markets for carbon and clean
“dirty” megawatt of electricity a energy credits are new and still in
To understand the difference company uses with a “clean” the process of being defined. As
between offsets and RECs, it‟s megawatt represented by a REC. important decisions are made that
helpful to first take a step back and
have the potential to shape these
understand the three different
“scopes” of emissions that exist in a Offsets approval require that the markets, it‟s important that everyone
company‟s carbon footprint: emission reduction credited be real, -- from policy makers to your
• Scope I emissions come from on- permanent, verifiable, and most average offset purchaser --
site, direct sources: a boiler or a importantly, additional to a business- understand these fundamental
generator at your office building, for as-usual scenario. This “additionality” differences.
example.
requirement is central to ensuring
• Scope II emissions are indirect, Did you know?
energy-based emissions, such as that the ton you use as an “offset” is
fully equivalent to the ton you are
• Some predict the average
those from the electricity your global temperature to rise
company buys to keep the lights on. emitting in its place. If the offset is
1°Celcius by 2030, due in
• Scope III emissions are all other not additional, or is only partially part to the greenhouse
types of indirect emissions sources, additional to what would have gases we have already
including those associated with happened otherwise, then there is emitted into the
company travel, paper use, etc.
the possibility that your emissions atmosphere. Our actions
will not actually be completely today may in fact be
Carbon offsets, also known as VERs determining the climate for
or CRTs (carbon reduction tons), neutralized.
2050.
represent the act of reducing, • The volume of goods and
avoiding, destroying or sequestering In contrast, RECs are not typically services we consume and
the equivalent of a ton of held to „additionality‟ standards, and discard is offsetting any
greenhouse gas (GHG) in one place therefore can be supplied from improvements in
to “offset” an emission taking place renewable resources that are production efficiency that
somewhere else. Offsets generally business as usual, or only partially Europeans and North
additional to business as usual. In Americans made over the
represent direct emission reductions past 20 years.
or sequestration -- for example, the the U.S., for example, wind farms
• Exposure to hazardous
destruction of methane emitted from produce more than 20 million chemicals from the
decaying manure at a dairy farm. So megawatt hours of electricity per manufacture, use, and
they can be used to offset direct year, dwarfing the size of the REC disposal of products has
emissions, like those from Scope I in market. So even if the REC market been linked to birth defects
a company‟s footprint. intends to increase the demand for and cancer in humans, and
renewable energy over time, we can substances like mercury,
supply a lot of RECs from largely chlordane, and DDT are
On the other hand, renewable still accumulating in
energy certificates, or RECs, "business as usual" renewables.
human tissues, in our
represent one megawatt hour (MWh) Therefore, offsets should be used planet’s polar regions and
of energy generated from a clean, rather than RECs to neutralize Scope other sensitive
renewable source, such as wind, III emissions, to ensure that each ecosystems.
ton emitted is wholly • In 1999, the average
solar, hydro, or certain types of
counterbalanced by an additional person used 2.3 hectares
renewable biomass. Since these of productive land and sea
renewable energy resources emission reduction.
– considerably more than
generate little to no carbon as they 1.9 hectares, which is the
produce energy, they represent an To be clear, the question of offsets earth’s carrying capacity?
indirect emission reduction, whereby vs. RECs is not a question of better Our population and our
a “clean” energy source “offsets” the or worse. Offsets and RECs are consumption are growing
demand for “dirty” fossil-fueled simply different players in a similar at such a rate that we’ll
energy. game. Both represent the need 4 planets to sustain
environmental benefits of certain us by the year 2100.
• The diversity of plants
Any emission reductions that are actions that can help mitigate
and animals on our planet
made occur at the utility where the climate change and reduce our is decreasing, as is the
fossil-fueled energy generation is reliance on fossil fuels. RECs and availability of resources
being displaced, however, which carbon offsets, however, are such as timber and fresh
means the ownership rights to the fundamentally different commodities, water.
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Life Cycle Assessment –News Letter
No-1 Inaugural Issue April,2009
Training Programme on Training date : Monday 11th Tutorial (PDF)at our website
‘Effective LCA with SimaPro’ May & Tuesday 12th www.pre.nl
May, 2009 The minimum number of
This comprehensive two participants for seminar is 10
days training seminar has The training will start at 9.30 persons, the maximum
been modelled on the AM and end at 4.30 PM in number is 15 persons.
positive feedback of the evening.
previous seminar and Venue : Conference Room I, Cancellation policy
utmost care has been YWCA of Delhi, Ashoka
taken in selection of Road, ND-1 PRé Consultants reserves the
course module. It is conveniently located at right to make changes in the
Ashoka Road, New Delhi-01 program, date, location and
The Tutors : Mark near Gurudwara Bangla trainers or to cancel the
Goedkoop, MD, PRé Sahib. Telephone: 91-11- training if enrolment criteria
Consultants , Netherlands & 23361043. are not met or when
Dr. Krishna Manda conditions beyond its control
Participation Fees: prevail.
The participation fees for this
Course Module two days training are Rs. Information and
10500.00 [Ten thousand five registration
1. Concepts and application hundred including service
of LCA: How to start and tax] per person to be paid For registration send an e-
conduct LCA's through cheque/ DD in mail confirming your
favour of ‘Simapro Software participation to
2. How to build up Development India Pvt. Ltd.’ sunil@simaproindia.com and
Inventories: Data collection payable at Delhi and it /or simaproindia@gmail.com
strategies and ready includes Demo-software, or send a letter confirming
available databases (such as training materials, Buffet your participation at Simapro
ecoinvent and input-output lunch and tea/ coffee, but Software Development India
data). excluding travel Pvt. Ltd, SRC-15C, SHIPRA
arrangements. RIVIERA, INDIRAPURAM,
3. Structure of SimaPro:
GHAZIABAD-201014. Note
Libraries and Projects.
Conditions that your registration is only
4. Modelling a life cycle in definitive after confirmation
SimaPro: processes and Attendees need a basic by letter / e-mail and receipt
product stages, waste understanding of the of payment (Cheque/DD For
scenarios and life cycles. operation of Windows Rs.10500 only in favour of
software. Every participant Simapro Software
5. Impact assessment: is urged to come with their Development India Pvt. Ltd
Theory behind impact laptop so that SimaPro payable at New Delhi). If you
assessment methods. How to training software could be have any questions regarding
select the most appropriate loaded and training be the seminar, please contact
method and how to use in imparted. Sunil at : 09911921666.
SimaPro. To make sure all participants
have a similar starting level,
6. Analyzing and interpreting we request participants to go
results: Impact assessment in through our SimaPro
practice
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