Safety Management Identification of Hazardous Locations by Andrzej

							       CE463
      Lecture 1
Transportation Systems


CE463 Highway Transportation Characteristics
              Civil Engineering
              Purdue University
                 Outline
Transportation system
  Definition
  Major modes
  Modal shares
Highway system
Highway transportation engineering
Governmental control
  National regulations
  Funding
         Transportation System
Definition of Transportation Modes
• A transportation system is an infrastructure that
  serves to move people and goods efficiently. The
  transportation system consists of fixed facilities,
  flow entities, and a control component.
• Efficient = safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient,
  economical, environmentally compatible.
       Transportation System
Major transportation subsystems
• Land transportation: highway, rail
• Air transportation: domestic, international
• Water transportation: inland, coastal, ocean
• Pipelines: oil, gas, other
            Transportation Modal Share
                                         U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight (Millions)
Mode                                       1980                 1985                  1990                  1995        2000        2005
Air                                       4,528                 5,156                9,064               12,520       14,983      15,707
Highway                               555,000               610,000               735,000              921,000      1,074,000          U
Rail                                  918,958               876,984            1,033,969            1,305,688       1,465,960   1,696,425
Domestic water                        921,836               892,970               833,544              807,728       645,799     591,277
Pipelines                             588,200               564,300               584,100              601,100       577,300          U
Source: Bureau of Transportation Statistics at http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics




                                              U.S. Passenger-Miles (Millions)
Mode                                      1980                  1985                  1990                  1995        2000        2005
Air                                   219,068               290,136              358,873               414,688       531,329      583,689
Highway                            2,693,364             3,052,534             3,602,352             3,907,878      4,437,742   4,934,237
Rail                                     4,503                 4,825                 6,057                 5,545        5,498       5,381
Source: Bureau of Transportation Statistics at http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics
            Transportation Safety
                           Transportation Fatalities by Mode

Mode                              1980           1985           1990           1995           2000           2005
Air                              1,382          1,595             866            964            764            603
Highway                        51,091         43,825         44,599         41,817          41,945         43,510

Railroad                         1,417          1,036          1,297          1,146             937            887

Water                            1,847          1,377          1,051          1,016             888            777

Pipeline                             19             33               9            21              38                16
Source: Bureau of Transportation Statistics at http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics
             Oil Consumption




Notes: 2002 data are revised from previous editions. 2003 data are preliminary.
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Annual
Energy Review 2003 (Washington, DC: September 2004), tables 5.13a-d.
 Highway Transportation System

• Fixed facilities: roads, intersections,
  interchanges, service stations, etc.
• Flow entities: passenger cars, buses, trucks,
  pedestrians, etc.
• Control component: highway
  administration, local transportation
  agencies, transportation engineering.
Highway Transportation Engineering

 • Definition
   The application of technology and scientific principles to the planning,
   functional design, operation, and management of roads, streets and
   highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships
   with other modes of transportation.

 • Areas of highway transportation engineering:
    – Planning of streets and highways
    – Geometric design of road facilities
    – Traffic operations and control
    – Traffic safety
    – Maintenance of road facilities and controls
         Governmental Impact
• National Regulations
   – National model of a Manual of Uniform Traffic Control
     Devices
   – Speed limits
   – Right turn on red
   – Minimum drinking age of 21
   – National architecture of ITS (standards)
   – Automobile safety standards
   – Air-emission-pollution standards
   – Engine-efficiency standards
              Governmental Impact
• Federal funding of the highway system. Since 1956, 32,300 miles
  of new Interstate highways were built by 1983.
   – Federal-Aid Highway Act
   – Highway Trust Fund
   – Federal funding (TEA-21, SAFETY-LU, 15 billion a year))

  Grants are generally made to State and local governments, with a
  lesser amount going to Indian tribes, universities, and nonprofit
  organizations. These grants are normally used to assist these
  entities in the planning, design, and construction of transportation
  improvements (e.g., highway, transit, and airport improvements).

• Planned budget (40 billion a year on roads, 15 billion on air, 10
  billion on rail, 5 billion on other)