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Document Sample
Smoke Detection Solutions for
Challenging Environments
Agenda
Trade-offs for Optimum Protection
Challenging Environments
Available Technologies
Open-area Smoke Imaging Detection and Applications
─ Technology overview
─ Field-proven applications
Q&A
Very Early Warning Smoke Detection
─ ASD Overview
─ ASD Design Principles
─ Deploying ASD in industrial environments
─ Field-proven applications
─ ASD requirements matrix
Q & A 2
Optimum Protection Requires a Balance
Fire Triangle Detection Triangle
Challenging environments complicate achieving optimum protection
3
The Detection Triangle
Provides the highest level of detection to ensure protection of…
─ Life
─ Property
─ Business continuity
─ Environment
Without false alarms that
─ Create disruptive false or nuisance alarms
─ De-sensitize personnel and occupants to alarms
─ Ultimately leading to disregarding alarms or disabling safety systems
─ Place an extra burden on local first responders
At an affordable cost
─ Initial installation cost
─ Long term operating, servicing, and testing costs
4
Challenging Environments
A ‘Challenging Environment’ is a space where:
Detection is difficult due to:
─ Environmental conditions that cause false and nuisance alarms
─ Environmental conditions that shorten detector life
─ High and variable airflows
─ High ceilings
Detector sensitivity and longevity are compromised in
‘harsh’ environments due to:
─ Dirt and dust
─ Temperature extremes
─ High EMI
─ Moisture, fog, steam, water condensation
─ Birds and insects
─ Building movement
─ Sunlight
─ Detector location
─ Toxic and corrosive gases
5
Challenging Environments
A ‘Challenging Environment’ is a space where:
Maintenance is difficult
─ Extreme environmental conditions
─ Inaccessible areas
● High ceilings
● Roof or floor spaces
● Within elevator shafts
● Equipment racks
─ Restricted access
● High security areas
● Production areas
● 24/7/365 operation
Unobtrusive detection is required
─ To prevent vandalism or tampering
─ Not disruptive to architectural designs
─ Preservation of historic buildings and artifacts
Evacuation may be challenging
─ High concentration of large number of people
─ Exit paths are restricted
─ Occupants require assistance
6
Prevention of Fire
Total loss
Detect Verify Watch it burn
Local to General damage
Increasing threat
Detect Verify Respond
Detect Verify Respond Activity disruption to Local damage
Minimal to no damage
Detect Verify Respond
No damage
Very early warning Standard sensitivity After flame…
Mission critical structures Large spaces Lost spaces
Detection Technologies Overview in Challenging Environments
Large Open Spaces (Critical Infrastructure/ High Value Content)
Driver ASD OSID Beam VSD Spot Flame L. Heat
Sensitivity to smoke 10 6 4 4 4 0 NA
Prevent damage to structure 10 6 5 5 5 2 NA
Prevent damage to contents (equip,
10 6 5 5 5 2 NA
product, etc.)
Foreign particle/false alarm rejection
10 8 5 5 5 8 NA
(dust, fog, water, etc)
Foreign object rejection 10 10 5 8 10 10 NA
Resistance to building movement 10 9 6 9 10 10 NA
Operation in all lighting conditions 10 8 6 5 10 6 NA
Equipment Cost 6 8 10 5 8 5 NA
Installation costs 6 10 6 7 6 6 NA
Maintenance costs 7 8 8 8 6 9 NA
Total 89 79 60 61 69 58 NA
Relative ranking: 10 = most desirable
8
Detection Technologies Overview in Challenging Environments – Large
Open Spaces
Driver
ASD OSID Beam VSD Spot Flame L. Heat
Sensitivity to smoke
10 9 7 7 6 0 0
Prevent damage to structure
10 9 7 7 7 3 2
Prevent damage to contents (equip,
product, etc.)
10 9 7 7 7 5 1
Foreign particle/false alarm
10 8 5 5 5 8 10
rejection (dust, fog, water, etc)
Foreign object rejection
10 10 5 8 10 10 10
Resistance to building movement
10 9 6 9 10 10 10
Operation in all lighting conditions
10 8 6 5 10 6 10
Equipment Cost
6 8 10 5 8 5 6
Installation costs
6 10 6 7 6 6 4
Maintenance costs
7 8 8 8 6 9 10
Total
89 88 67 68 75 62 63
Relative ranking: 10 = most desirable
9
New Advancements in Open-area Detection
Open-area Smoke Imaging Detection
Technical obstacles overcome
Applications
Very Early Warning Smoke Detection
ASD Overview
ASD Design Principles
Deploying ASD in industrial environments
Field-proven applications
ASD requirements matrix
10
The Challenges of Protecting Large Open
Spaces from Fire
Can be heavily populated and highly
trafficked areas
Many have high ceilings, pocket beams, atria
or other difficult to reach areas
Often have odd-shaped, cavernous spaces
Difficult access above manufacturing areas
Spot detection devices are expensive and
often impossible to install
The Challenges of Protecting Large Open
Spaces from Fire
ASD provide the fastest and Traditional beam detectors Heat and flame detectors do
most reliable detection provide an “acceptable not react to smoke
Very high to low sensitivity compromise” as these are Cable is false-alarm free but
Insensitive to environmental slightly faster than spot only detects in the late stage
conditions, dust- damp- detectors of a flaming fire
insects, with external filtering But these beam detectors are
Unaffected by building prone to false alarms
movement, vibration, sunlight, – Building movement/flex
darkness,… (except motorized ones)
Can be deployed on multiple – Foreign object intrusion
levels – Dust
Installation cost is a – Dirt
consideration – Steam
Challenges with Beam Detectors
False alarms due to…
Dirt Ladders
Dust Banners
Steam Building movement
Insects Building vibration
Banners Sunlight
Fork lift trucks Reflected sunlight
13
What Makes Dual-wavelength Technology
Different?
The improvements over traditional beam detectors stem from four
core design ideas:
Dual-wavelength light frequencies
Digital imaging vs. photodiodes
A unique method for aligning
Smarter algorithms
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Prevention of Fire
Total loss
Detect Verify Watch it burn
Local to General damage
Increasing threat
Detect Verify Respond
Detect Verify Respond Activity disruption to Local damage
Minimal to no damage
Detect Verify Respond
No damage
Very early warning Standard sensitivity After flame…
Mission critical structures Large spaces Lost spaces
More Sensitive Faster Detection
UV is prime detection wavelength
20% obscuration over 490 ft/150 m
UV is 50% more sensitive
than IR to detect flaming fire
Overcoming Conventional Challenges
Large particle obscuration rejection
Use of UV & IR in specific wavelengths assist in evaluating whether
obscuration is caused by small particles in the physical size resembling
smoke or from larger particle (i.e. dust, steam, insects, fork-lift, ladders,
etc.)
Tolerance to building shift and vibration
The multiple pixels of a CMOS imaging chip as opposed to a photodiode
along with the uniquely coded light beam from an emitter provides the
ability to track the position and tolerate movement
Foreign light intrusion
The Imager is fitted with a dyed glass filter, designed to be almost opaque
except to all but two wavelengths of interest
17
Dual-wavelength vs. Single IR Beam
Active emitter LEDs transmit wide beam IR
and UV to the Imager
– IR and UV have differing wavelengths
Emitter Imager
– Respond differently to smoke IR beam Smoke
Relative strengths of the UV & IR are
compared
UV beam
– Detect smoke Dust
– Discriminate against particulates that
cause nuisance alarms on traditional
beams
Software locates illuminated pixels on the Obstruction
CMOS imager
– Each emitter is uniquely coded
Imager software tracks building movement
– No controlled motor drives
18
Powerful Benefits
Actual view from a 45 degree imager with 4
Imager versus photodiode
emitters in a 13,500 sq ft area
One imager equals 100,000’s
of photodiodes
An Imager locates and tracks
the position of an emitter
anywhere in its field of view at
pixel level
Can operate reliably in all
lighting conditions; bright day /
sunlight to total darkness
Emitters
19
Installation & Commissioning
Simple and easy installation using a unique Laser Alignment Tool
─ Requires only rough alignment due to the wide angle of view of the
imager(s)
─ Up to 70% time saving compared to traditional beams
Beam length up to 492 ft
─ Outperforming traditional beams by up to 50%
20
Installation & Commissioning
OR
21
Reliability Benefits
Excellent false alarm immunity to dust, steam, insects,
objects and structural movement
Eliminates false alarms by automatically compensating
for building movement
No moving motor parts eliminates hardware failures
Operates in all ambient lighting conditions
Not affected by nearby reflecting surfaces
No false alignment due to reflecting on fog
Ability to compensate for high air movement
Financial Benefits
Low implementation costs because of simple and fast installation
and alignment
- Only the Imager unit has to be wired (battery powered
Emitters)
- Power can be supplied from panel
- Fast and simple coarse manual alignment
Lower maintenance cost for larger areas
- Test filter at the Imager or Emitter
- No intervention costs for misalignment
What Does Dual-wavelength Bring to the Table?
Faster detection than single wavelength beams
Simple installation, commissioning and maintenance
Long range detection
High tolerance to vibration and structural movement
High resistance to dust, fogging, steam, reflections
and object intrusion
High resistance to reflected sunlight
Aesthetically discreet and 3D coverage
Challenges Overcome by
Open-area Smoke Imaging
Detection
Sunlight and Other Foreign Light Source
Reflected sunlight
– Traditional beams affected by reflected sunlight and
other (industrial) light sources
Direct Sunlight
Disregarding the ‘avoid East – West
direction’ recommendations, dual-
wavelength only generates a
saturation fault when exposed directly
to the sun.
When fully exposed to the
sun.... will only give a fault
5,85 “/15 cm
27
High Resistance to Dust, Fog, and Steam
Comfort zone single
wavelength IR
Potential Comfort zone dual wavelength OSID
Nuisance
Smoke Dust/fog/sprays
1 µm
0.01 µm 6 µm 100 µm
Particle size
OSID’s 2 wavelengths provide a comfort zone of +90% for nuisance rejection
Single wavelength IR beams have a < 1% comfort zone for nuisance rejection
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environment
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minutes to maintain a humid
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Water mist is sprayed every few
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causing false alarms on installed
Carton Printing Facility
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This happens 24/7, the water mist is
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UV Att
IR Att
Series2
Series1
Semi-open Warehouse
Example of the effect of condensation
on the emitter
No differentiation between IR and UV
and hence no alarm nor faults
30
Recycling Plant
Estimated time between
cleaning of lenses 1 month
5,85 “/15 cm
31
High
Tolerance
to
Structural
Movement
and
Vibra7on
Dual beam imaging
detection affords a minimum
of 2°in all directions of
building flex
Dual beam imaging
detection affords no risk of
missing a slow burning fire
because of the rate of
compensation
Industrial Site
End-user was considering
linear heat cable for
6”/15 cm ‘controlled’ burn down…
33
Long Distances
Reliably detecting at 492 ft
Allows for 20% setting at 430 ft
Aligned through metal support
structure of the roof
34
Q&A
35
New Advances in Open-area Detection
Open-area Smoke Imaging Detection and
Applications
Technology overview
Field-proven applications
Very Early Warning Smoke Detection
ASD Overview
ASD Design Principles
Deploying ASD in industrial environments
Field-proven applications
ASD requirements matrix
36
Very Early Warning
Smoke Detection
What is Very Early Warning Smoke Detection?
A detection system that actively draws multiple air samples
from a fire zone, via a pipe network, to a centralized detector
Equivalency
NPFA 72
BS5839-1
AS1670
=
Each sampling port of an Aspirating Smoke type
smoke detector shall be treated as a spot
Cumulative Smoke Detection
ASD exploits the cumulative effect
– All smoke entering a sampling hole contributes to the detector’s smoke
reading
Smoke diffuses throughout a space... the more diffusion, the
more holes it enters...
An alarm can be triggered by:
– A localized high concentration of smoke
– A widespread low concentration of smoke
Simplified Test & Maintenance
ASD enables remote sampling and
test
Verify air flow and smoke transport
time enables testing at last hole
Only smoke
Easy access test point
in last hole
Why Very Early Warning?
1. When business continuity is paramount
2. When smoke is difficult to detect
3. When maintenance access is difficult
4. When unobtrusive detection is required
5. When evacuation is a challenge
6. When environmental conditions are difficult
7. When suppression systems are present
8. When smoke and gas detection is required
Multi-hole Aspirating Smoke & Gas Detection
Air is actively drawn
through a series of pipes
through multiple sampling
holes to the VESDA ECO
gas detector (1) in route
to the VESDA ASD (2).
Leverage ASD Pipe Network to Provide
Enhanced Detection - Smoke + Gas
Enhanced Detection and Protection
Better Detection in Variable Air Flow Conditions
Enhanced Detection Coverage
Eliminate the Guess Work in Detector Placement
Technology Approaches to Very Early Warning
Smoke Detection
Detection Approaches/Technologies
− Absolute
− Adaptive
Impact on Detector Performance
− Fixed thresholds
− Drift compensation/ dynamic thresholds
− Dust rejection
System Integrity
46
Absolute Detection
Clean air barrier protects optical surfaces
Eliminates detector drift
Consistent & predictable alarm thresholds
Field adjustable, fixed detection thresholds
Xtralis detectors use clever patented methods to ensure all optical
surfaces are free from contamination throughout their life
Continued…
Dirty Environments
Establishing Fixed Alarm Thresholds
Fire 2
1. Establish background levels
2. Select alarm thresholds
Fire 1
Action
Alert
Smoke test
Background
48
Adaptive Detection - Drift Compensation
Mathematic algorithms used to compensate for detector drift caused by
non smoke particles entering the smoke chamber or electrical
interference induced into the detection system
Short term events
Long term drift
Drift compensated alarm thresholds
49
Drift Compensation Risks
Drift compensation can result in
significant detection delay
145 min
3
95 min
2
Alert Level
1
Detector output
50
Dust – an Environmental Challenge
Approaches used to compensation for dirty backgrounds
System pipe network design
Background compensation
Filtration
Maintenance
Particle size rejection
Particle Number
Smoke Dust
Particle size
Smoke detector patents for particle size discrimination
US 7564365: Marman & Eggers - GE Security
US 7483139: Powell - Kidde IP Holdings
51
Dust Rejection – an Environmental Challenge
Typically
Smoke 0.1 – 6 µm
Dust 1 – 100+ µm
Mulholland, G.W. , SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection
Engineering 2nd Ed, Ch 15, Section 2.
Particle Number
Lide, D.R. (1994) , Characteristics of Particles and
Particle Dispersoids, Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics, 75th Ed.
Smoke Dust
Particle size
The Question is...
Are you rejecting smoke, dust, or both?
52
Dust Rejection – the Consequences
Adaptive vs Absolute Detection
Adaptive Detection
Absolute Detection
1 ”A comparison of Aspirated Smoke Detectors. Other ASD
Dust rejection may result in reduction in Detectors and Xtralis VESDA VLF LaserFocus”
Conducted by Packer Engineering, Inc and The Fire
Testing Evaluation Center at The University of Maryland,
detector sensitivity College Park, Nov 2010
53
Adaptive vs. Absolute Detection
Response Time (sec)
Return-air Grill
Test ID
Absolute Adaptive
Detection Detection
1 188 sec – Alert NA1
2 220 sec – Alert NA
3 132 sec – Alert NA
Sample Holes
4 178 sec – Alert NA
1 NA: No Alarm within 300sec
Time to Alarm (sec)
Absolute Detection Adaptive Detection
Test Test Fire
ID
Alert Action Fire Alert Action 1 Action 2
5 Timber -smoldering 590 787 NA1 799 NA NA
6 PU foam -smoldering 628 876 NA NA NA NA
7 PU foam -flaming 140 167 198 190 NA NA
8 Heptane - flaming 78 143 266 175 NA NA
Tests witnessed by Centre for Environmental Safety
9 Paper – smoldering 660 NA NA NA
54 NA NA and Risk Engineering (CESARE), Victoria University,
Melbourne, AU
System Integrity – Critical Functions Must be
Monitored
Electrical integrity
Detection chamber
Pipe network flow monitoring
- Ensure that it cannot be by-
passed
Filter life monitoring (currently on
the market)
- No monitoring
The FACP says these detectors are
- Time based fully functional
- Particle counting
- Through filter flow monitoring
55
System Integrity – time based filter monitoring
Sensitivity vs. Filter Loading Cycle
Unsupervised Detection Failure
56
Intelligent Filtration
Air
coming
directly
Reduce contaminates from
sampling
pipe
entering detection chamber (total
airflow)
Pipe
Flow
Splits
into
Innovative flow partitioning x%
and
y%
and HEPA filtration
Smaller
y%
of
flow
Flow
passes
Continuous monitoring of Sensors
unfiltered
filter and airflow
Larger
x%
of
flow
passes
through
HEPA
filter
Optimum detector sensitivity Flows
recombined
over detector life. to
enter
detector
at
lower
obscuraAon
than
original
Very Early Warning Smoke
Detection in Industrial
Environments
Perceptions of ASD
Designed for the cleaner environments
Industrial applications beyond ASD capabilities
Market skepticism still exist
ASD Comfort Zone Uncomfortable Zone
(Roots in Data Center and Telecommunications) (Industrial)
Clean Dirty
Historically ASD system designs in all industrial
environments required system application engineering
59
Industrial Applications Require More from ASD
Improved general protection
− Hardened product enclosure – IP/NEMA rated
− Eliminate need for secondary enclosures
Longer pipe run to accommodate larger facilities
Greater visibility of status LED
Improved filtration
− External filtration can stress system maintenance
− Eliminate need for external filters
Field serviceable modules
− Less down time
− Lower spare part inventory
Lower long term operating costs
Establish standard to quantify contamination resistance
60
Fit for purpose Industrial ASD
IP54 Enclosure
Intelligent filtration
1,200 ft pipe runs
High intensity status LED
Field serviceable – modular
construction
61
New Approach to ASD in Industrial Environments
In-line Filters No In-line Filters
Detectors inside protective enclosures No protective enclosures required
Enhanced filtration & IP-rated enclosure
can reduce Total Cost of Ownership by 40 to 60%
62
Modularity Delivers Lower Total Cost of Ownership
Detection chamber
Aspirator
Filters
Electronics
Fewer spare parts – less down time
63
Industrial Installations
Power Plant – USA Illovo Sugar Mill – South Africa
Steel Mill – USA Cook Colliery – Australia
64
Power Plant
Boiler Feed Pump
ASD Protected from extreme
heat via pipe network
Battery rooms
ASD + hydrogen gas detection
65
Steel Mill – Tunnel Protection
300 foot tunnel under electric reheat
furnace
Furnace utilizes nitrogen protective
atmosphere – risk of oxygen
depletion (asphyxiation)
Cable trays – risk of fire
Solution: Industrial ASD + Oxygen
66
Illovo Sugar Mill – Pipe Network Design &
Installation
ASD Detector in
Protective Enclosure
Industrial ASD
Detector
67
Cook Colliery – Underground Mine
68
Cook Colliery – Pipe Network Design
69
Cook Colliery Installation
70
Evolution of ASD Applications
In-line filters (Optional)
Additional considerations
may be required
Computer / Control / Clean Switch Rooms / Switch / Substation / Warehousing / Factory / Recycling / Processing / Conveyor /
Rooms / Data / Telco Warehousing Manufacturing / Power Gen / Conveyor / Mining , High Dust, Etc. Mining / Other
Semi Conductor / Communication / - Various Manufacturing and Fertilizer / Paper / Steel / Bagasse / Coal/
Control / Data Warehousing Applications - Tunnels / Etc. Underground
In-line filter May require
some
applications
engineering
Clean
Contamination
Dirty High
Contamination
Proposed ASD Criteria Selection Matrix
Detector 1
Detector 2
Detector 3
ASD requirement matrix
1. Consistent Alarm Thresholds over detector life
Yes
No
No
2. Determinate alarm thresholds (% obs/ft or % obs/m)
Yes
Yes
No
3. Ability to compensate for background levels Yes No No
4. Flow system monitoring that cannot be by-passed
Yes
Yes
No
5. Active filter life monitoring
Yes
No
No
6. Quantified contamination resistance (for industrial)
Yes
No
No
Proposed contamination test
Dust type: per ASHRAE 52.2
Dust loading density: 16mg per cubic meter
Test cycle: (dust - clean air - smoke)
Dust duration: 3.5 hours
Clean air: 30 minutes
Smoke test: smouldering cotton - two exposures
Number of test cycles: 10
Allowable sensitivity drift: <15%
72
Q&A
73
Contact Details
Claudio Groppetti
Vice President
cgroppetti@xtralis.com
Steve McGee
Business Development Manager
smcgee@xtralis.com
Inexperience and design compromises impact ASD smoke detection performance
