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Chapter 7-2
Cell Structure and Function
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus Ribosome (free)
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Rough Smooth
endoplasmic endoplasmic
reticulum reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
Section Outline
Section 7-2
7–2 Cell Structure
I. Animal cells
A. Cell Membrane
B. Nucleus
C. Cytoskeleton
D. Centrioles
E. Mitochondria
F. Endoplasmic Reticulum
G. Ribosomes
H. Golgi Apparatus
F. Lysosomes
II. Plant cells
A. Cell wall
B. Vacuoles
C. Chloroplasts
III. Bacteria
Go to
Section:
A CELL is . . .
made of MOLECULES
ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES
_______ ___________ ___________
CELL THEORY CELL SIZE
Cells
1. All living things are made of _____________.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism
life
(= basic unit of __________)
existing
3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells
PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA
___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________
CELL MEMBRANE
(also called plasma membrane)
Cell membranes are made mainly of
________________ & __________________
PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell Protein
(cytoplasm) channel Lipid bilayer
LIPID TAILS ARE
HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC
HYDROPHOBIC
Oil and water don’t mix!
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM
CELL MEMBRANE
integral integral
peripheral
Proteins that stick on the surface = PERIPHERAL
_____________
(either inside or outside of cell)
INTEGRAL
Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________
(can go part way in or all the way through)
GLYCOPROTEINS
Recognize
“self”
GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS
with carbohydrates attached
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Acts as a boundary
Controls what enters and leaves cell
Cell membranes MOVE!
Click here to
See Fluidity
Molecules in cell membranes are
constantly moving and changing
CYTOPLASM
(Between nucleus and cell membrane)
Organelles suspended
in gel-like MATERIAL
ORGANELLE-
small structure with a
specific function (job)
CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)
phospholipids proteins
Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________
HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as
BILAYER out
LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ &
in
NON-POLAR tails facing ________
Peripheral
Proteins attached to surface (inside or outside)= _____________
Integral
Proteins stuck into membrane = ______________
(can go part way in or all the way through)
OTHER MOLECULES:
• GLYCOPROTEINS “recognize
sugars
(proteins with ___________attached) self”
•STEROIDS (lipids)
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
Membranes are ____________________________________
(=Semi-permeable)
Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out
cytoplasm
__________________ = gel-like material + organelles between
nucleus and cell membrane
NUCLEUS
Largest organelle
in animal cells
NUCLEUS
Surrounded by
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
(also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE)
DOUBLE MEMBRANE
NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR PORES
Openings to allow molecules to
move in and out of nucleus
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Contains genetic material (DNA)
DNA is scrunched up
as CHROMOSOMES
in dividing cells
DNA is spread out
as CHROMATIN
in non-dividing cells
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Control center
of cell
Image from:
Genetic code tells the
cell’s parts what to do
NUCLEOLUS
Dark spot in
nucleus =
__________
NUCLEOLUS
Makes RNA for ribosomes
NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS
DOUBLE
Surrounded by ______________ MEMBRANE
ENVELOPE/membrane
called the NUCLEAR _________________
CONTROL
___________ CENTER OF CELL
PORES
Nuclear ___________ allow molecules in & out
DNA
CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL (_______)
Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS
RIBOSOMES
makes ___________________ (RNA)
CHROMOSOMES
DNA is scrunched up as ______________
in dividing cells.
CHROMATIN
DNA is spread out as ________________
in non-dividing cells.
CYTOSKELETON
• Helps cell maintain shape
• Help move organelles around
Made of PROTEINS:
MICROFILAMENTS
&
MICROTUBULES
CYTOSKELETON
Made of PROTEINS called
______________ & _________________
MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS
FUNCTION: Helps cell maintain shape;
_________________________
Support; Helps in movement
___________________________________
CENTRIOLES
Appear during cell
division to pull
chromosomes apart
CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE
Made of MICROTUBULES
CENTRIOLES
MICROTUBULES
Made of __________________________
ANIMAL
Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division
Pull chromosomes apart;
Function:__________________________________
MITOCHONDRION
(plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
Look like “little sausages”
MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a
DOUBLE membrane
Has its own DNA
Folded inner membrane
increases surface area
for more chemical
reactions
WHAT DOES IT DO?
“Powerplant of cell”
Burns glucose to
release energy
Stores energy as ATP
MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA)
DOUBLE
Surrounded by _____________ membrane
Contains its own ___________
DNA
_______HOUSE__ of cell
POWER
GLUCOSE
Burns ____________
ATP
Stores energy released as ______
CRISTAE
Folded inner membrane = _________________
(increases surface area for more chemical reactions)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Network of hollow membrane
tubules
2 KINDS:
SMOOTH or ROUGH
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (Rough ER)
Makes membrane
proteins and proteins
for export out of cell
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (ER)
• Has RIBOSOMES
attached
• Proteins are made on
ribosomes and inserted
into Rough ER to be
modified and
transported
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (smooth ER)
• Has NO
ribosomes
attached
• Has enzymes for
special tasks
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (smooth ER)
•Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
•Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
•Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Internal Network of membranes
Rough ER:
PROTEINS
Attached ribosomes make _________________
which are modified and transported to Golgi
for export
ROUGH ER
(with ribosomes) Smooth ER:
Makes membrane
LIPIDS(__________________)
STEROIDS
CALCIUM
Regulates ________________ in muscles
TOXINS
Breaks down _________________ in liver
SMOOTH ER
NO
RIBOSOMES
RIBOSOMES
• Made of PROTEINS and RNA
• Protein factory for cell
Join amino acids to make proteins
RIBOSOMES
Can be attached to
Rough ER
OR
free in cytoplasm
RIBOSOMES
Can be FREE/Cytoplasm or __________to Rough ER
_________ ATTACHED
PROTEINS RNA
MADE OF ______________ & ________
MAKE PROTEINS
FUNCTION: _____________________
GOLGI APPARATUS
(BODY)
• Pancake like
membrane
stacks
Modify, sort, & package
molecules from ER
for storage OR
transport out of cell
See a Golgi movie
GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
stack of pancakes
Looks like a “______________________”
membranes
Made of ______________________
FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances
storage
from ER for ______________ or
export
_______________ out of cell
It’s ALL connected!
LYSOSOMES
Membrane bound sacs
that contain PROTEINS
called digestive enzymes
Digest food, unwanted molecules,
old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc
LYSOSOMES
See
lysosomes
in action:
LYSOSOMES
LYSOSOMES
Digestive enzymes
Sac containing _________________________
FUNCTION:
food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts;
Digests __________________________________
Found ONLY in Animal cells
FLAGELLA & CILIA
Made of
PROTEINS
called
MICROTUBULES
FLAGELLA
Help in cell
movement
CILIA
Move cell itself
CILIA
Move substances
past cells
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
CILIA
• Many
• short
FLAGELLA
•Few
•Long
CILIA & FLAGELLA
MICROTUBULES
Made of PROTEINS called _______________
that help with ___________________
MOVEMENT
MANY SHORT
CILIA ________ & __________
Move cells; move substances
FUNCTION: ______________________ past cells
FLAGELLA ______ & ________
FEW LONG
FUNCTION: _________________
Move cells
WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT
PLANT CELLS?
• Cell wall
• HUGE vacuoles
• Chloroplasts
• No centrioles
• No Lysosomes
CELL WALL
Supports and
protects cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
Outside of
cell membrane
Made of carbohydrates & proteins
CELLULOSE
Plant cell walls are mainly _____________
CELL WALL
Cell membrane
Found OUTSIDE the ____________________
Provides ____________ & ________________
SUPPORT PROTECTION
CELLULOSE
___________________ makes plant cells sturdy
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________
VACUOLES
Storage space
VACUOLES
• Storage space for
WATER, salts,
proteins (enzymes),
carbohydrates, and
waste
Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS
NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA
Contractile vacuoles control excess
water in cells
(HOMEOSTASIS)
1
VACUOLES
Storage space for: Proteins, carbohydrates,
_______________
water, waste
plant
Huge in __________cells ,
animal
small in _____________ cells,
Not in _________________
bacteria
CHLOROPLASTS
http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif
• Use energy from
sunlight to make
own food (glucose)
CHLOROPLASTS
• Surrounded by
DOUBLE
membrane
•Thylakoid membrane sacs contain
enzymes for photosynthesis
• Contains own DNA
CHLOROPLAST
DOUBLE
Surrounded by ____________ membrane
Has own ________
DNA
THYLAKOIDS
_____________ =membrane sacs inside
Contain CHLOROPHYLL where
_______________________ happens
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PLANT
FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Smooth endoplasmic
Vacuole reticulum
Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Nuclear
Cell wall envelope
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plant Cell
Go to
Section:
WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT
BACTERIAL CELLS?
• Cell wall
• NO NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
• DNA is circular
• No membrane
bound organelles
BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…
IT’S MADE OF
DIFFERENT
MOLECULES than
plant cell walls!
PEPTIDOGLYCAN NOT CELLULOSE!
_______________
WHICH IS BIGGER?
Animal cell
Plant cell > _____________ > ___________
_________ bacteria
DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA
Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane
NO cell wall Cell wall made of Cell wall made of
CELLULOSE PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes
DNA in multiple DNA in multiple DNA is a single
chromosomes chromosomes circular ring
CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON
Small vacuoles Really big vacuole NO vacuoles
Has lysosomes Has lysosomes NO lysosomes
Has centrioles NO centrioles NO centrioles
NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts NO chloroplasts
SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST
No membrane
bound organelles
Organelles with membranes
BACTERIA are PLANTS & ANIMALS
PROKARYOTES are EUKARYOTES
