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The Human Body
Chapter 30
Ms Unger
How is the human body organized and
regulated?
The Circulatory System
Circulatory System
The human
circulatory system
consists of the heart,
a series of blood
vessels and the
blood that flows
through them
The Heart (size of your clinched fist)
Pericardium – protective sac the heart is enclosed in
Myocardium - thick middle muscle layer of the heart; pumps
blood through the circulatory system
Atrium - upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds
blood that is about to enter the ventricle
Ventricle - thick-walled, muscular, lower chamber of the heart
that pumps blood out of the heart
Pulmonary Circulation - pathway in which the right side of the
heart pumps blood to the lungs
Systemic Circulation - pathway in which the left side of the
heart pumps blood to all of the body except the lungs
Valves - flap of connective tissue between an atrium and a
ventricle, or in a vein, that prevents backflow of blood
Circulation of Blood Through the Heart
1. Vena Cava
2. Right Atrium
3. Right atrioventricular
(AV) tricuspid valve
4. Right Ventricle
5. Pulmonary Semilunar
Valve
6. Pulmonary Artery
7. Lungs
8. Pulmonary veins
9. Left Atrium
10. Left Atrioventricular
(AV) bicuspid valve
11. Left Ventricle
12. Aortic Semilunar
Valve
13. Aorta
14. To all the cells of the
body
Circulation
4 chambered heart
3 loop circulatory
system
Heartbeat
Pacemaker- small
group of cardiac muscle
cells in the right atrium
that “set the pace” for
the heart as a whole;
also known as the
sinoatrial node
Circulation System
Aorta - large blood vessel in mammals through which
blood travels from the left ventricle to all parts of the
body except the lungs
Artery - large blood vessel that carries blood from the
heart to the tissues of the body.
High Pressure, can contract and expand
Capillary - smallest blood vessel; brings nutrients and
oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and
waste products
Thin so nutrients can be passed to cells or waste
material absorbed
Vein - a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart.
Low pressure, no muscles in walls
Blood Pressure
Systolic- first number, measures the pressure
on the arteries when the ventricles are
contracted
Diastolic- second number, measures the
pressure on the arteries when the ventricles
are relaxed
Normal Blood Pressure: 120/80
Blood Composition
Component Scientific Name Properties
Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes -Carry hemoglobin and oxygen
-No nucleus
-Avg. Life 120 days
-Formed in bone marrow
-Recycled by liver
White Blood Leukocytes -Fight infection
-Formed in bone marrow
Cells -Die fighting infection (pus)
Plasma None -Liquid part of blood (90% H20)
-Clotting factors -Nutrients
-Hormones - Wastes
-Antibodies
-Dissolved gasses
Platelets Thrombocytes -Clot blood
-Formed in bone marrow
Blood Composition
White Blood Cells
Produce in Red Bone Marrow
No hemoglobin; contains nucleus
The Respiratory System
Consists of nose,
pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi and
lungs
The Respiratory System Consists of:
Pharynx - muscular tube at the end of the
gastrovascular cavity, or throat, that connects the
mouth with the rest of the digestive tract and serves as
a passageway for air and food
Larynx - structure in the throat containing the vocal
cords
Trachea - windpipe; tube through which air moves
Bronchi - passageway leading from the trachea to a
lung
Lungs: bronchiole and alveoli
Alveolus - tiny air sac at the end of a bronchiole in the
lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to
occur
Lymphatic and Endocrine Systems
The Lymphatic System
Consists of organs, lymphs and nodes
It transports a watery clear liquid known as lymph
This fluid distributes immune cells throughout the
body
Functions:
To collect and return interstitial fluid, including plasma
protein to the blood and thus help maintain fluid balance
To defend the body against disease by producing
lymphocytes
To absorb lipids from the intestine and transport them to
the blood
The Endocrine System
Regulatory System
Separate, but works
together with the
Nervous System to:
Maintain Homeostasis
Concept Map (Section 39.2)
Section 39-2
The
Endocrine
System
regulates
Calcium
Water Response
Growth Reproduction Metabolism and glucose
balance to stress
levels
by means by means by means by means by means by means
of the of the of the of the of the of the
Pituitary Testes Thyroid Pancreas Adrenals
Ovaries Parathyroids
The Endocrine and Nervous System
Endocrine
Secretes Hormones
Nervous
Secretes Neurotransmitters
In one case:
Epinephrine (adrenaline) – works for both systems
Endocrine – Fight or Flight hormone released by
adrenal gland
Nervous – neurotransmitter which relays messages
from one neuron another neuron
Hormones (chemicals)
Can produce either:
Chemicals that travel Immediate, short lived
through the response
bloodstream and affect Epinephrine
the activities of other Dramatic, long-term
cells development or an entire
organism
Travel through blood Metamorphosis
target cell, tissue, organ
Hypothalamus
Bridge between the
Endocrine and Nervous
Systems
Nervous System
Fight or Flight: Sends
electrical signals
(impulses) adrenal
gland epinephrine
Endocrine
Produces oxytocin and
antidiuretic hormone
stores in pituitary gland
Hormones Produced by Endocrine System
Hormones Produced by Endocrine System
Male
Reproductive
System
Male Reproductive System
Testis – male gonads
Epididymis - structure in the male reproductive system in
which sperm fully mature and are stored – Sperm is
produced in the seminiferous tubules
vas deferens - tube that carries sperm from the
epididymis to the urethra
Prostate gland – large gland that secretes semen
directly into the urethra
Urethra - tube through which urine and semen are
released from the body
Penis - external male reproductive organ that
connects the urethra to the outside of the body
Spermatogenesis – the meiotic process of sperm
production
Female
Reproductive
System
Female Reproductive System
The main structures of the female reproductive
system are the
Ovaries – where meiosis occurs
Fallopian tubes (oviduct) – where fertilization occurs;
after ovulation the egg moves through the oviduct to the
uterus
Uterus – where the blastula stage of the embryo will
implant and develop during the 9 month gestation
Vagina – birth canal
Cervix – mouth of the uterus
Endometrium – lining of the uterus
In addition to producing eggs, the female reproductive
system prepares the female’s body to nourish a developing
embryo
Female Reproductive System
Menstrual Cycle
Human females release a gamete (egg)
about every 28 days from puberty to
menopause
The Menstrual Cycle includes 4 phases:
1. Follicular Phase
2. Ovulation
3. Luteal Phase
4. Menstruation
Menstrual Cycle
Follicular Phase
follicles in ovaries grow in
response to FSH release from
pituitary gland
Increasing amount of estrogen
released
Ovulation
Secondary oocyte ruptures out of
the ovaries in response to an
increase of luteinizing hormone
(LH) from anterior pituitary gland.
(about 14 days after menstruation)
Luteal Phase
After ovulation the Corpus Luteum
secretes estrogen and
progesterone that thicken the
endometrium
Menstruation
If implantation of the embryo does
not occur the buildup of the lining is
shed. This is commonly called the
period
Excretory System
Removal of Wastes
Excretory System
Aids in the removal of
waste materials
Skin
Lungs
Kidneys
Liver
The
Skeletal
System
The Skeletal System
The skeletal system:
Supports the body
Protects internal organs
Provides movement
Stores mineral reserves
Provides a site for blood cell formation
Bone Structure
Periosteum: Tough layer of connective tissue
surrounding a bone
Haversian Canal: One of a network of tubes
running through compact bone that contains
blood vessels and nerves
Bone marrow: Soft tissue inside cavities
within bones; two types are yellow and red
marrow
Bone Structure
Bone Formation
Cartilage- Strong connective tissue that
supports the body and is softer and more
flexible than bone
Ossification- process of bone formation,
during which cartilage is replaced by bone
Osteoblast: Helps form bone
Osteocyte: Helps to maintain bone
Osteoclast: Helps to breakdown bone
The
Muscular
System
The Muscular System
There are three
different types of
muscle tissue:
1. Skeletal: striated
muscle (dark and light
banding)
2. Smooth: spindle
shaped, one nucleus &
not striated
3. Cardiac: smaller
cells, striated
Skeletal Muscle Structure
The
Integumentary
System
Integumentary System
The integumentary
system:
Serves as a barrier
against infection and
injury
Helps regulate body
temperature
Removes waste
products from body
Provides protection
against ultraviolet
radiation from the sun
Skin Formation
Epidermis: outer layer of the skin, formed by
epithelial cells
The outer layer of the epidermis is formed of
dead, flattened cells that have been toughened by
keratin
The inner layer of the epidermis forms new cells
and those cells are pushed up to the surface of
the epidermis
Keratin: tough, fibrous protein found in skin
Melanin: dark-brown pigment found in skin
Skin
Epidermis: the outer layer of skin
Dermis: innermost layer of the skin
Collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings,
glands, sense organs, smooth muscles and hair
follicles
Sweat gland, sebaceous glands
Subcutaneous Layer: formed by a loose
connective tissue called adipose (fat)
Skin
Hair and Nails
Hair- dead keratin filled cells
Functions: protection from UV rays, insulation,
protection
Hair follicle- tube like pocket of epidermal
cells that extends into the dermis
Cells at base of hair follicles produce hair
Nails- form in a similar process as skin
Keratin helps harden nails
