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Module 5:
Utilization of Biomass
Objectives
• To be able to identify the woody biomass properties
influencing utilization
• To be able to identify the three main conversion
processes: bio-chemical, thermo-chemical and fiber
composite manufacturing
• To be able to identify and discuss the three general
product types obtained from woody biomass conversion:
energy, transportation fuel, and industrial products
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Outline
• Introduction
• Overview
• Wood processing residue
• Properties influencing utilization
• Conversion processes
• Products
• Energy Content
• Ash Management
Introduction
Research and innovation is showing that the
uses of woody biomass are only limited by
our imagination.
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Utilization Overview
Woody Biomass Feedstock
Logging Residue
Wood Processing Residue
Other
Conversion Processes
Bio-chemical
Thermochemical
Fiber Composite Manufacturing
Uses and Products
Transportation Fuel
Energy
Bio-based Products
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Logging Residue
• Unconsolidated
• Comminuted
• Bundled
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Wood Processing Residue
• Black Liquor
• Sawdust
• Bark
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Other Sources of Woody Biomass
• Energy plantations
• Construction waste
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Properties Influencing Utilization
• Wood composition
• Moisture content
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Wood composition
• Cellulose
• Hemicellulose
• Lignin
• Minerals
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Cellulose
• Nearly half woody
biomass
• Abundant
• Processed into
products
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Hemicellulose
• 25%-35%
• Abundant
• Limited Use
• Expensive
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Lignin
• Glue like substance
• 15%-25%
• Chemically complex
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Principal Elements
• Principal elements
– Carbon
– Hydrogen
– Oxygen
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Other Mineral Elements
• Nitrogen
• Sulfur
• Chlorine
• Heavy metals
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Moisture Content
• Wet vs dry biomass
• Impacts conversion
process
• Drier = Higher Energy
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Conversion Processes
• Bio-chemical
• Thermochemical
• Fiber Composite Manufacturing
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Biorefinery Concept
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Bio-chemical
• Aerobic digestion
• Anaerobic digestion
• Fermentation
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Aerobic Digestion
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Anaerobic Digestion
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Fermentation
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Thermochemical
• Combustion
• Gasification
• Pyrolysis
• Liquefaction
• Hydrothermal Upgrading Process
• Fischer-Tropsch
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Combustion
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Gasification
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Pyrolysis
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Liquefaction
• Minutes vs Eons
• High pressure
• High Temperature
• Increases H to C ratio
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Hydrothermal Upgrading Process
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Fischer-Tropsch
• Germany
• Early 20th Century
• Complex Process
• Multiple products
• Multiple conversion processes
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Fiber Composite
Manufacturing
• Strength
• Density
• Cost effective
• Ex. OSB, Glulam,
Ceramicrete
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Products
• Energy
• Transportation Fuels
• Industrial Products
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
US Energy Supply
(data for 2003)
Solar <1%
Source: AEO 2004 tables (released in December 2003) based on US energy consumption. Overall
breakdown Table A1 (Total Energy Supply and Disposition), and Renewable breakdown Table A18
(Renewable Energy, Consumption by Section and Source). Slide courtesy Mile Pacheco, NREL, US-DOE. Geothermal 5%
Nuclear 8%
Natural Gas 24% Biomass 46%
Petroleum 39% Renewable 6% Wind 2%
Coal 23% Hydroelectric 46%
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Liquid Transportation Fuel
• Ethanol
• Methanol
• Biodiesel
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Ethanol
• In 2005, ethanol displaced 170 million barrels of oil.
• In 2005, ethanol lowered consumer gas prices by 8 cents
per gallon.
• In 2005, industry produced 4 billion gallons of ethanol.
• In 2005, ethanol reduced green house gases by 8 million
tons.
• Beginning in 2007, Indy 500 cars will run on ethanol.
• By 2012, ethanol may displace more than 2 billion barrels
of oil.
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Industrial Products
• Chemicals
• Bio-based products
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Chemicals
• Bio-based Acids
• Bio-based Oils
• Specialty Chemicals
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Biobased Acids
• Acetic acid
• Fatty acids
• Lactic acids
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Biobased Oils
• Raw liquefaction oil
• Pyrolytic bio-oil
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Specialty Chemicals
• Enzymes
• 3-HP
• Syngas
• Butanol
• Glycerin
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Biobased Products
• Pellets
• Char
• Glass Aggregates
• Polymers
• Anaerobic Digestion Effluent
• Bioplastics
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Pellets
• Uniform
• Easy to handle
• Easy to transport
• Burn efficiently
• Large market
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Char
• Solid
• Usable byproduct
– Energy
– Filtration
– Fertilizer
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Ash Content
• Origin • Properties
– Minerals in the woody – Species
biomass – Part of tree
– Soil contamination – Type of waste
– Combination with
other fuels
– Soil and climate
– Conditions of
combustion
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Ash Management
• Improves physical and
chemical properties
• Improves growing
conditions for vegetation
• Raises pH in acidic soils
• Corrects nutrient
deficiencies
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Ash Recycling
• Customize Product
– Add select elements
– Change physical
properties
• Spread by ground or
air
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Credits: Photo and Graphics
Slide 5: Bob Rummer, USDA FS; Rien Visser, VT; John Deere
Slide 6: Corbis Corporation; Department of Energy
Slide 7: M.Ostry, Oregon State University; D. Moorehead, Forestry Images,
www.forestryimages.net
Slide 10: Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University
Slide 11: Hasan Jameel, North Carolina State University
Slide 12: Thorsten Dittmar, Florida State University
Slide 15: Corbis Corporation
Slide 16: Daniel Cassidy, USDA CSREES
Slide 17: US Department of Energy
Slide 26: www.walkinginla.com
Slide 29: J.P. Bond, University of Georgia
Slide 31: US Department of Energy
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
Credits: Photo and Graphics
Slide 36: Dr. David Gingrich
Slide 37: Colgin, www.colgin.com
Slide 38: Advanced Energy Research Corporation
Slide 40: North Energy Associates, LTD.
Slide 41: Corbis Corporation
Slide 43: W.D. Weiprecht
Module 5: Utilization of Biomass
