Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Proteins!

							  The Nature of Matter and
  Organic Carbon Compounds
  Day 1

Write down the title of today’s lecture and
       the date in your notebook.
The Nature of Matter (2-1)

 First, turn to your neighbor
      Discuss the question, “What do you know
       about atoms?” (hint: use your learning obj)
           What are they made of? What do they look like?
            What else do you remember about them?
      Be ready to share.
 Copy the diagram we develop on the board
      Modify it so YOU can understand it.
   Atoms and molecules
 What is the difference between atoms and
  molecules?
      Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share
 Volunteers! I need six of you, please
 Atom: simplest unit of matter; cannot easily be
  broken down into electrons, neutrons, protons
 Molecule: At least two atoms chemically joined
  together; function as a single unit, but can be split
  apart into individual atoms
      Some molecules are small (water – only 3 atoms)
      Some molecules are huge (proteins have 1000s of
       atoms!)
Elements and Compounds
 What are elements and compounds?
     Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share
 I need 6 volunteers again
 Element: a type of material that contains only
  ONE type of ATOM
     Ex: oxygen
 Compound: a type of material that contains only
  one type of MOLECULE.
     Ex: water
 Remember: elements contain one type of atom
     Pure compounds contain molecules
Review – at lab benches
 Use about half a page to create the following
  table in your notes
              Atom                 Molecule




       A lot of one type of   A lot of one type of
             element              compound
Review – at lab benches
 Use the ball and stick kits to develop a model
  that shows the differences between:
  Atom       Molecule     Element     Compound
 Show your model to Mr. Welman when you are
  ready (all students must be able to explain it!)
 Record a drawing of the model in the table you
  just created.
     If you are waiting for me, work on the drawing!
 Note: each ball represents a single atom
 Extra credit: Develop an analogy that compares
  atoms, molecules, elements, compounds!
      The Nature of Matter and
      Organic Carbon Compounds
      Day 2
    Today’s and Tomorrow’s learning objective:•
List, define, explain and compare and contrast the four
main types of organic compounds important in biology
       (carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid)
Organic Carbon Compounds (2-3)
 Organic carbon compounds: contain carbon
  and are/were part of a living system
 They are Macromolecules – what does this
  mean?
 Really large compounds
 4 main types – what are they?
 Lipids
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
                                  Protein macromolecule
     We’ll cover DNA/RNA later
Lipids – what are they?
 Contain mostly carbon & hydrogen
 Include “oils” (liquids), “fats” (solids)
 Examples: cholesterol, olive oil, butter, lard
 (“Saturated” lipids - more likely to lead to
  clogged arteries – animation)
Lipids – why are they important?
 Used to store lots of energy (fat)
      Fats more difficult to break down (metabolize),
       but store more energy than carbohydrates
 Question: what would you eat before a long
  run? Lipids or carbohydrates?
 Carbohydrates
 Question: What do cells use to store lots of
  energy: Lipids or carbohydrates?
 Lipids
Lipids – why are they important?
 Functions:
     Form cell membranes (THIS IS A REALLY BIG DEAL!)
     Cell communication
     Hormones
     Waterproof coverings
     Important vitamins
     Energy storage
 Question: are lipids an important part of your
  diet?
 Yes! Without them, none of the above would
  work!
Lipids: what do they look like?
 Each molecule has a “head” with a “tail”
     Tail usually consists of two or three strands
Choice:
 Keep going, or finish off survey questions
  from beginning of year?
      The Nature of Matter and
      Organic Carbon Compounds
      Day 3
               Today’s learning objective:
List, define, explain and compare and contrast the four
main types of organic compounds important in biology
       (carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid)
 Carbohydrates – what are they?
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Monosaccharides
     Single sugar – a simple ring molecule
     Examples:
          Fructose (honey, some fruits)
          Lactose (dairy products)
          Glucose (very common)
 Disaccharides – What does this mean?
 Two monosaccharides combined (ex: sucrose)
 Polysaccharides – What does this mean?
 MANY monosaccharides combined
 Carbohydrates – polysaccharides
 Plants store extra glucose as “starch”
     Many glucose combined = starch (e.g. potatoes)
 Animals eat starch – get quick energy
     (Pasta makes you row fasta!)
 Animals store extra glucose as “glycogen” (or
  convert it to fat)
     Many glucose combined = glycogen
     Stored in our liver & muscle cells
     “Blood sugar” = glucose
 Question: What is the difference
between glycogen and starch?
Carbohydrates – why are they
important?
 Quick energy use
 Energy storage
 Cell structure – especially in plants (cell
  walls)
Proteins – what are they?
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
  nitrogen
 Are macromolecules made of amino acids
  joined together
     What are macromolecules again?
Proteins – why are they important?
 Proteins
     Form muscles, bone, other important
      structures (determine what you look like!)
     Move materials in and out of cells
     Helps with immune responses
     Control the rate of chemical reactions
      (enzymes!)
Proteins – amino acids
 20 amino acids exist in nature
 Humans cannot create 8 of 20 amino acids
   How do we get them?
      Eat plants/animals (“essential amino acids”)

   No essential amino acids – sick/dead

 Your DNA creates proteins by organizing
  amino acids in your body
Proteins – what do they look like?
 Primary structure – the order of the amino
  acids
Proteins – what do they look like?
 Secondary and tertiary structure
     Refer to how the protein is folded
Proteins and chemical reactions
 Chemical reaction:
     Occurs when one or more chemicals
      (reactants) react to form different chemicals
      (products)
 Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in
  living organisms (cells) – often millions of
  time faster!
          Speed up = “catalyze”
          ENZYMES ARE A TYPE OF PROTEIN
Proteins and enzymes
 Enzymes - a site for chemicals to come
  together to react
     Kind of like a lock and key
     Enzymes are specific – only help certain
      chemicals react. (Animation – describe in notes)
What affects enzymes reaction rates?
 Without enzymes, most reactions in cells
  would not happen quick enough for life
 What affects the speed of enzyme reactions?
     pH (the effect varies)
     How much are produced by cells (more
      enzymes = ?)
     Mixing (better mixed enzymes usually = ?)
     Temperature (warmer enzymes usually = ?)
          Too warm = “denatured”
Amylase- time to eat a cracker!
 Amylase is an ENZYME that helps 1 starch
 molecule…


 …get broken down into 3 glucose
 molecules


 Without amylase, your body could not
 break down starch efficiently.
Exit ticket
 Mr. Welman will give you a half-sheet of
  paper. Working with your partner, complete it
  – to be turned in on the way out of class.
Catalase Lab!
 Catalase is an enzyme
     Present in your liver
     Like all enzymes, it speeds up a chemical
      reaction – it breaks down hydrogen peroxide
      (a toxic cell waste product)
          The speed of this reaction is influenced by
           temperature and other factors
          2H2O2  2H20 + O2 (broken down into water and
           oxygen bubbles)
Your task: Copy this table into your notebook and
complete fill in the blanks. You may work with your
neighbor. (Carbs and lipids right now, proteins later)

                           Lipids     Carbohydrates   Proteins
Contain mostly:

List three important   1) Energy
functions              storage


List three                          Glucose (mono)
examples
Your task: Copy and complete this table into your
notebook (if you copied if Friday, use that table)

                           Lipids           Carbohydrates              Proteins
Contain mostly:        Carbon,            Carbon, hydrogen,
                       hydrogen           oxygen
What do they look      One “head”, two                or
like?                  or three “tails”               or



List three important   Energy storage,    Energy for cells, cell
functions              cell               structure (cellulose,
                       communication,     chitin), energy storage
                       hormones
List three             Olive oil          Glucose (mono)            Egg white, …
examples               Butter             Sucrose (di)
                       Cholesterol        Starch/glycogen
                                          (polysaccharide)
Your task: Copy and complete this table into your
notebook (if you copied if Friday, use that table)

                           Lipids           Carbohydrates              Proteins
Contain mostly:        Carbon,            Carbon, hydrogen,         Carbon, hydrogen,
                       hydrogen           oxygen                    oxygen, nitrogen

What do they look      One “head”, two                or            Long chain of aa
like?                  or three “tails”               or            (primary); then
                                                                    folded up
                                                                    (secondary,
                                                                    tertiary)
List three important   Energy storage,    Energy for cells, cell    Characteristics
functions              cell               structure (cellulose,     Immune system
                       communication,     chitin), energy storage   Cell transport
                       hormones
                                                                    Enzymes
List three             Olive oil          Glucose (mono)            Egg white
examples               Butter             Sucrose (di)              Amylase
                       Cholesterol        Starch/glycogen           Catalase
                                          (polysaccharide)