Skeletal System - Get Now PowerPoint

							Skeletal System

  Axial Skeleton
    Chapter 7
   Divisions of the Skeletal System
• The adult human skeleton consists of 206 named
  bones.
• Infants have more bones because not all bones have
  fused.
• Axial skeleton – 80 bones
   – Longitudinal axis (center of the body)
   – Bones arranged along the axis: skull bones, auditory
     ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, breastbone, and backbone
• Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones
   – Upper and lower limbs (extremities), girdles (connect limbs
     to axial skeleton)
                 Axial Skeleton
• Skull
    – Cranium 8
    – Face      14
•   Hyoid        1
•   Auditory Ossicles 6
•   Vertebral Column 26
•   Thorax
    – Sternum        1
    – Ribs      24
• Total         80
            Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral (Shoulder) girdles
   – Clavicle             2
   – Scapula              2
• Upper limbs (extremities)
   –   Humerus            2
   –   Ulna          2
   –   Radius             2
   –   Carpals            16
   –   Metacarpals   10
   –   Phalanges          28
            Appendicular Skeleton
• Pelvic (hip) girdle
   – Hip, pelvic, or coxal bones 2
• Lower limbs (extremities)
   –   Femur             2
   –   Fibula            2
   –   Tibia         2
   –   Patella           2
   –   Tarsals           14
   –   Metatarsals       10
   –   Phalanges         28
• Total              126
               Types of Bones
•   Long Bones
•   Short Bones
•   Flat Bones
•   Irregular Bones
•   Sesamoid Bones
•   Sutural
Types of Bones Based on Shape
        Bone Surface Markings
• Depressions and Openings
  – Sites allowing the passage of soft tissue (nerves,
    blood vessels, ligaments, tendons) or formation of
    joints.
• Processes
  – Projections or outgrowths on bone that form
    joints or attachment points for connective tissue,
    such as ligaments and tendons).
       Depressions and Openings
•   Fissure – narrow slit
•   Foramen – opening (hole)
•   Fossa – shallow depression (trench)
•   Sulcus – furrow (groove)
•   Meatus – tubelike opening (passageway)
                  Processes
• Processes that form joints
  – Condyle – Large, round protuberance at the end
    of a bone (knuckle)
  – Facet – smooth, flat articular surface
  – Head – rounded articular projection supported on
    the neck of a bone
                  Processes
• Processes that form attachment points
  – Crest – prominent ridge or elongated projection
  – Epicondyle – projection above a condyle
  – Line – long narrow ridge or border
  – Spinous process – sharp, slender projection
  – Trochanter – very large projection
  – Tubercle – small, rounded projection
  – Tuberosity – large, rounded projection
                Mastoiditis
• Inflammation of the mastoid air cells
  subsequent to a middle ear infection.
• The infection may spread to the brain.
       Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip
• Failure of the palatine processes of the
  maxillary bone to unite during embryogenesis.
• Cleft lip is a split in the upper lip.
• Speech and swallowing may be affected.
• Children with this may be prone to many
  middle ear infections.
       Temporomandibular Joint
             Syndrome
• TMJ
• Dull pain around the ear
• Tenderness of the jaw
• A clicking or popping noise when opening or closing
  the mouth
• Limited or abnormal opening of the mouth
• Headache
• Tooth sensitivity
                 TMJ Treatment
•   Applying moist heat or ice
•   Chiropractic
•   Eating a soft diet
•   Pain relievers
•   Muscle retraining
•   Adjusting or reshaping the teeth
•   Orthodontic treatment
•   Surgery
     Principle Foramina of the Skull
•   Carotid
•   Hypoglossal
•   Infraorbital
•   Jugular
•   Lacerum
•   Magnum
•   Mandibular
     Principle Foramina of the Skull
•   Mastoid
•   Mental
•   Olfactory
•   Optic
•   Ovale
•   Rotundum
•   Stylomastoid
•   Supraorbital
                 Fontanels
• Membrane-filles spaces between the cranial
  bones
• “soft spots”
• Allow the skull to change shape as it passes
  through the birth canal
                      Fontanels
• Anterior fontanel
   – Between the parietal bones and the frontal bone
• Posterior fontanel
   – Between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
• Anterolateral fontanels
   – Between the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid
     bones
• Posterolateral fontanels
   – Between the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones
           Medical Terminology
• Kyphosis – exaggeration of the thoracic curve
• Lordosis – an exaggeration of the lumbar curve or
  cervical curve
• Lumbar spine stenosis – narrowing of the spinal
  canal
• Scoliosis – lateral bending of the vertebral column