Developing Countries

							Chapter 4: Nationalism




         PS130 World Politics
         Michael R. Baysdell
    Nations, Nationalism, and Nation-States:
       Political Divisions in Global Politics

    Most people have more than one political
    identity
    Nationalism–“most powerful political idea,”
    but not as dominant a political orientation as
    it used to be
    Transnational alternative orientations – Ch. 5




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                  NATIONS
    Share demographic and cultural similarities:
    race, culture, language, ethnicity, etc.
    Sense of community: Recognition/belief in
    connectedness
    Want to control themselves politically:
    autonomous self-governance
    Intangible institutions



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            NATIONALISM

    Separatist political impulse of a nation
    An ideology that holds that the nation should
    be the primary political identity of individuals
    A sense of essential political identity that
    dictates action in concert




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Theories About the Origins of the
             State
  Force Theory
  Evolutionary Theory—primitive family
  leads to a clan, clan leads to a tribe,
  tribe gives up nomadic behavior
  Divine Right Theory—rule by the grace
  of God, etc.
  Social Contract Theory
  (Locke/Harrington/Hobbes/Rousseau)
             NATION-STATES

    In theory, the combination of state and
    nation, reflecting a nation’s desire to have its
    own state and to govern itself independently
    Rough definition: unified population that is
    roe than 90% of a state
    EX: Japan, South Korea
    In practice, many states contain multiple
    nations within their own borders and nations
    often overlap one or more state boundaries
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      The Rise and Ascendancy of
             Nationalism:
             Early Developments



    Fall of Rome, Holy Roman Empire
    created groups of people who could
    choose to be separate
    Division of Western Christendom and
    fragmentation of European culture
    Rise of secular monarchs—King Henry
7   VIII
     The Rise and Ascendancy of
            Nationalism:
       Ascendant Modern Nationalism

Creation of a nationalistic popular culture
Implication of the spreading notion of equality
Concept of popular sovereignty, from
Switzerland and England to American and
French revolutions
Changes in the political map–emergence of
nation-states
German, Italian, Austro-Hungarian,
British/French Colonial, and USSR empires fall
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The Rise and Ascendancy of Nationalism: Patterns of Nation-State
                          Formation




    Which comes first, the nation and nationalism
    or the nation-state?
    Examples both ways….
    Unification nationalism: Italy, Germany,
    Japan
    State-building nationalism: Rwanda, Burundi
   Sometimes they evolve together: United
 9  States of America
Nationalism in Practice: Issues and
                 Evaluation
     Nation-states: more myth than reality
     Nationalism has a troubled face as well as a
     beneficent one
     The idea of self-determination may not
     always be a sound goal
     Microstates may not be large enough to
     function

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Nation-States: More Myth Than Reality
Territorial boundaries of nations and states do not always coincide
Lack of “fit” between nations and states is a significant source of
international and domestic tension and conflict.
Lack-of-fit patterns:
  Multinational States (Francophones and Anglophones in Canada, Hutus
    and Tutsis in Rwanda)
  Multistate Nation (Koreans in North and South Korea, Albanians in
    Albania & Kosovo)
  Multiple nations, multiple states: 1 nation dominates more than 1 state
    (Afghanistan—failed state; North and South Vietnam)
  Nation is majority in 1 state and a minority in another (Albanians,
    Macedonians). Leads to Irredentism--any position advocating
    annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of
    common ethnicity or prior historical possession, actual or alleged
  Stateless Nation (Kurds, Palestinians). Whose fault?
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Understanding the Arab-Israeli-Palestinian Conflict


    2200 years ago, Jews lived in Palestine
    Arabs attacked and defeated Jews;
    dispersed throughout world
    Zionist movement leads to 1917 Balfour
    Declaration
    World War II Nazi atrocities
    Homeland sought—where?
    UNSCOP Partitions Palestine, 1947
    State of Israel declared, 1948
Wars of 1948/1956/1967/1973
  1948: Consolidation of Independence
  1956: Suez Crisis
  1967: 6-day war
  1973: “Yom Kippur” or “October” War
 The Beneficial Face of Nationalism
     Promotes democracy (self-determination, popular
     sovereignty), but can be manipulated by
     demagogues.
     Encourages self-determination
     Discourages imperialism: Serves as a powerful
     deterrent to outside rule but can encourage
     expansionist tendencies. (East Timor)
     Promotes economic development
     Protects diversity and experimentation: This
     seems true when considering interactions between
     nation-states, but it can also suppress diversity
14   within a state
 The Troubled Face of Nationalism

Intensity and magnitude of ethnonational conflicts remain high (See Figure
4.2)
Leads to the lack of concern for others, xenophobia, internal oppression,
and external aggression
Reluctance to help others; exclusionism
Negative nationalism –“exceptionalism”–feeling superior to or even hating
others
Internal Oppression: Bosnians over Kosovars, Janjaweed over Black
Africans in Sudan
Can lead to imperialism—Czarist Russia taking over Ukraine
“The de facto role of the US armed forces will be to keep the world safe for
our economy and open to our cultural assault. To those ends, we will do a
fair amount of killing” --Ralph Peters


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      Self-Determination as a Goal
     Positive Aspects:
       Can help end ethnic oppression

     Problems and Concerns:
       Untangling groups

       Dissolution of existing states

       Microstates:

            "Negative sovereignty" invites intervention by more powerful

            Is there a right to secede? Applying self-determination
             principles is difficult in a complex world
            1/3 of countries have populations smaller than Los Angeles

            Leads to questions about diplomatic recognition--legation




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The Predicted Demise of Nationalism:
          The Lessons of World War II

      Experiences of destructive power of
      nationalism (Fascism)
      Development of nuclear weapons
      Emphasis on free trade and economic
      interdependence


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     Nationalism and the Future
Continued strength of nationalism: Between 1940 and
2003, the number of states increased 272%
BUT, nationalism may evolve toward internationalism,
although at a slow pace at best; no immediate
prospects for change
On other hand, nationalism may continue to advance
at a rapid pace with the increasing struggle for
dwindling fossil fuel energy resources
Still the primary source of political identification but
constantly being challenged
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               CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, students should be able to:

   1. Define nationalism.
   2. Identify the elements that make up a nation.
   3. Describe how a nation differs from a state.
   4. Identify and explain the ideal concept of nation-state and its relationship to nationalism.
   5. Explain nationalism as the product of historical development.
   6. Identify the ideal and actual relationships between nation and state.
   7. Define multistate nationalities and explain when they occur.
   8. Discuss why nationalism is said to be both a cohesive and a divisive force.
   9. List and discuss positive and negative aspects of nationalism.
   10. Discuss the origins of microstates and the problems that their existence presents to the
   state-centric system.
   11. Identify arguments predicting the end of nationalism and the demise of the territorial
   state, and note post–World War II trends that have contradicted these predictions.
   12. Explain the place of nationalism and the nation-state in today’s world where transnational
   and other structures and identifications are also increasing in scope and intensity.



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