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Infusing Positive Youth Development into
Juvenile Justice Policy and Practice
Jeffrey A. Butts, Ph.D.
May 4, 2009
www.ppv.org
2
Juvenile Justice Interventions Should be
Comprehensive
A comprehensive approach to youth crime would
address all theoretically relevant causes of youth crime…
… not just causes for which we already have programs.
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3
Theory is Not Just for Class Papers
Cause Effect
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4
Crime is Not a Mental Health Disorder
Some young offenders have mental health problems…
and they must be treated
But mental health treatment is not crime reduction
Even a perfect mental health treatment system would
not end juvenile crime and recidivism
The overlap between crime and mental health is
misunderstood (and often misused)
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5
Prevalence of Mental Health Problems
U.S.
All All U.S. Juvenile Probation Chicago
Adolescents
Adolescents Assessment Intake Detention
Center Population Population
Population
(diversion)
Using the
same broad
69%
standard…
46%
U.S. Department of
U.S. Department of
21%
Health and Human
Health and Human
Services (1999), Mental
Services (1999), Mental
29%
McReynolds et al. Wasserman et al. 21%
Teplin et al. (2002),
Archives of General
(2008), Crime and (2005), American
Health: A Report of the
Health: A Report of the Delinquency Psychiatry
Surgeon General
Surgeon General Journal of Public Health
What Does This Mean?
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Prevalence of Mental Health Problems
Social and
Economic
Disadvantages
Justice System
Contact ? Mental Health
Diagnoses
Offenders with
Mental Health
Problems
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7
Substance Abuse
Drug problems are also more common the
deeper one looks into the juvenile justice
process, from arrest, to referral, adjudication.
Why?
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8
100%
When they first enter the juvenile system,
the prevalence of substance abuse among
young offenders is similar to other teens.
Substance-abusing offenders, however, are
more likely to be retained through to the
more restrictive stages of justice processing.
The preponderance of drug-abusing
youth in the deep end of the justice
system is a function of how case
decisions are made. Drug-abusing
youth are treated more coercively.
Thus, they are a larger
subgroup by the end of the
juvenile justice process.
11% 25% 49%
Youth at a Youth Youth Held in
Juvenile Referred to Secure
Assessment Juvenile Detention
Center Probation
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9
Youth with Drug Issues are Handled More
Coercively in the Juvenile Justice System
This could be an accurate and legitimate use of
resources if drug-using youth are at higher-risk of future
offending and in need of stronger sanctions.
Just what type of drug users are referred to the juvenile
justice system?
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10
Substance Use Disorders
Among Youth Referred to a Among Youth Referred to
Juvenile Assessment Center Juvenile Probation Intake
Abuse Disorders Abuse Disorders
Alcohol 2% Alcohol 7%
Marijuana 4% Marijuana 10%
Other drug 1% Other drug 3%
Dependence Disorders Dependence Disorders
Alcohol 1% Alcohol 3%
Marijuana 5% Marijuana 13%
Other drug 1% Other drug 4%
No Disorder 89% No Disorder 75%
Source: McReynolds et al. (2008) Source: Wasserman et al. (2005)
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11
Substance Use Disorders of Youth Offenders
Approximately 10% to 25% of young offenders have
substance use issues that could be called “problematic”
– either abuse or dependence
Most of these substance use issues involve alcohol and
marijuana (80% to 90%)
Very few youth ( 5% ?) have addiction and dependence
problems involving serious, illegal drugs
What should our response be?
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12
Where are the Programs?
What intervention models do we have for
young offenders not primarily affected by
mental health issues or substance abuse?
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13
Positive Youth Development
Strengths and assets
Attachment, engagement, and socialization
Usefulness and belonging
Broad system of community-based supports
Allow all youth to experience opportunities and activities
that youth in wealthy communities take for granted:
• Supportive relationships • Physical activity and sports
• Rewards for work • Music and the arts
• Skill development • Civic engagement
• Success in learning • Community/political involvement
www.ppv.org
14
Youth Development Approach
Evidence-based? Long-term
Interventions that have been proven by
rigorous evaluations to be effective in
Goal
meeting their stated goals at high levels of
statistical confidence.
Science-based?
Interventions that address specific factors
shown by social science research to be
associated with the extent and severity of
anti-social behavior among youth.
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15
Who “Invented” Youth Development?
Nobody “invented” it
Traces are found in the work of Jane Addams etc.
(empowerment, belonging, arts, civic engagement)
1970s: researchers started to advance particular models
Kenneth Polk and Solomon Kobrin (1972). Delinquency Prevention
Through Youth Development. Washington, DC: Youth Development
and Delinquency Prevention Administration.
1990s: A wide range of models influential in education,
prevention and community-based services
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16
Community Network for Youth Development
San Francisco
National Research Council
40 Developmental Assets
Institute for Applied
Research in Youth
Development
Tufts University
Promising and Effective Practices
National Youth Employment Coalition
National Clearinghouse
and Families & Youth
Youth Development Framework
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Research on Comprehensive Models
Supports the potential of a youth development
approach to juvenile justice interventions
Hawkins and Weis
“The Social Development Model: An Integrated
Approach to Delinquency Prevention.”
Journal of Primary Prevention
1985
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18
Survey of Youth Assets (Univ. of OK)
Supports the potential of a youth development
approach to juvenile justice interventions
Rate of weapon carrying
Youth with particular asset compared to other youth
Positive peer role model 55% as likely
Positive non-parental adult role model 63%
Involved in community activities 48%
Report future aspirations 53%
Able to exercise responsible choices 63%
Report good family communication 59%
* 14% of sample reported some weapon carrying
Aspy et al. (2004), Journal of Counseling and Development
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Change is Never Easy
How Do We Transform the Juvenile
Justice System to Focus Interventions
on Attaching Youth to Assets and
Facilitating Youth Development?
www.ppv.org
20
Very Different Perspectives
Traditional Justice Youth Development
Target Youth deficits Youth strengths
Goal Control Attachment
Strategy Deter and Connect and engage
provide treatment
Tactics Sanctions Re-establish youth
Supervision bonds with community
Services Connect youth and family
with pro-social activities
Build on youth assets
and interests
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21
Youth Development Approach May be an
Evidence-Based Model Some Day
Requires an accumulation of findings
from numerous, high-quality studies.
Depends on sustained investment by
service providers, researchers, and
funding sources.
www.ppv.org
Contact Information
Jeffrey A. Butts, Ph.D.
Executive Vice President for Research
Public / Private Ventures
Philadelphia Office New York Office Oakland Office
2000 Market Street 122 East 42nd Street Lake Merritt Plaza
Suite 600 42nd Floor 1999 Harrison St., Suite 1550
Philadelphia, PA 19103 New York, NY 10168 Oakland, CA 94612
www.ppv.org
www.jeffreybutts.net
jbutts@ppv.org
www.ppv.org
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References
Aarons, Gregory A., Sandra A. Brown, Richard L. Hough, Ann F. McReynolds, Larkin S., Gail A. Wasserman, Robert E. DeComo, Reni
Garland, and Patricia A. Wood (2001). Prevalence of Adolescent John, Joseph M. Keating, and Scott Nolen (2008). Psychiatric
Substance Use Disorders across Five Sectors of Care. Journal of the disorder in a juvenile assessment center. Crime & Delinquency,
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4): 419– 54(2): 313-334.
26.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2007).
Aspy, Cheryl B., Roy F. Oman, Sara Vesely, Kenneth R. McLeroy, National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Substance
Sharon Rodine, and Ladonna Marshall (2004). Adolescent violence: Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
The protective effects of youth assets. Journal of Counseling and
Development 82: 268-276. Teplin, Linda A., Karen M. Abram, Gary M. McClelland, Mina K.
Dulcan, and Amy A. Mericle (2002). Psychiatric disorders in youth in
Bernburg, Jón Gunnar and Marvin D. Krohn (2003). Labeling, Life juvenile detention. Archives of General Psychiatry 59(Dec): 1133-
Chances, and Adult Crime: The Direct and Indirect Effects of Official 1143.
Intervention in Adolescence on Crime in Early Adulthood.”
Criminology 41(4): 1287-1318. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1999). Mental
Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S.
Hawkins, David and Weiss, Joseph G. (1985). The social Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and
development model: An integrated approach to delinquency Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health
prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 6(2),73-97. Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental
Health.
Johnston, Lloyd D., Patrick M. O'Malley, Jerald G. Bachman & John
E. Schulenberg (2007). Monitoring the Future: National Survey Wasserman, Gail A., Larkin S. McReynolds, Susan J. Ko, Laura M.
Results on Drug Use, 1975-2006. Volume I: Secondary school Katz, and Jennifer R. Carpenter (2005). Gender Differences in
students (NIH Publication No. 07-6205). Bethesda, MD: National Psychiatric Disorders at Juvenile Probation Intake. American Journal
Institute on Drug Abuse. of Public Health, 95(1): 131-137.
Jonas, Bruce S., Debra Brody, Margaret Roper and William Narrow
(2006). Mood disorder prevalence among young men and women in
the United States. In Mental Health, United States, 2004, Chapter
17, Figure 4. Manderscheid, Ronald W. and Joyce T. Berry (Editors).
Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS).
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