From Conflict Prevention to Nation Rebuilding The Civilian Role

							From Conflict Prevention
 to Nation Rebuilding -
    The Civilian Role

     Mr. Cornelis (Kees) Steenken
         Senior Advisor DDR
   Swedish National Defence College
      Cornelis.steenken@fhs.se
    PEACE OPERATIONS:
    MULTI-DIMENSIONAL




   Broad spectrum;
       prevention, mitigation, termination
        and recovery phases;
   Multi-organizational;
   Multi-disciplinary;
 Participants, Stakeholders and Sectors

STAKEHOLDERS:

•National Governments           SECTORS:
•Local Community;
•Regional Organizations;        •Security;
•Military;                      •Humanitarian Assistance;
•Police;                        •Human Rights;
• International Organizations   •Law and Order – ROL;
•NGO                            •Governance;
•Politicians and Diplomats;     •Development;
•Financial Institutions;        •Industry & Economy
•Business;
•Transnational Corporations;
•ICRC
                                             National
                          UN Mission        Government
           DDR
                                           IFI
                                                 Human Rights
  SSR                                  NGO´s

                       Post Conflict      IO
   Social and
                         space
Economic Reforms

                   Capacity Building
                                       Humanitarian
 Civil Society
                    Infrastructure     Regional
                    Development
     • Gender                           Issues
            National Actors

   Government (real, representative?)
   Armed Groups,
   Politicians and Diplomats.
   Interlocutors for peace and political processes
   National Ministries and Commissions on DDR
    (NCDDR)
   Civil society
   Communities
     All need capacity building ….
UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES
  IN PEACE OPERATIONS
•OCHA -- Coordination of
         Information
•UNHCR -- Basic human needs and
          protection of refugees
•WFP -- Food
•UNICEF -- Children
•WHO -- Health
•UNHCHR -- Human Rights
           United Nations;
   UN in country Mission
      Multi-Agency

      Civilian, Military and Police



   Integrated Training Section (DPKO)
      Merge of TES and CTS

      Does in Mission training with a mix of
       Military, Police and Civilian trainers.
   REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Organization   for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

Economic   Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

Organization   of American States (OAS)

African   Union (AU)

Association   of South East Asia Nations (ASEAN)

European   Union (EU)
      DEALING WITH DIFFERENT
         NEEDS AFTER WAR

FORMER COMBATANTS
                                        IDPS
                    COMMON
                    GROUND




                                          FOREIGNERS
PEOPLE WHO STAYED
                             REFUGEES
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES




SUCCESSFUL RE/INTEGRATION
            Community
 The key to successful reintegration
 What have they gone through and what
  are their reactions to former combatants,
  refugees and returnees?
 Is forgiveness possible?
    Acceptance, co-existence, tolerance,
     reconciliation?
 Time
Lots of Actors – like Herding Cats
      Peace Building Operations
   These are too delicate, too expensive and
    fraught with many dangers as were again
    made aware of through the tragic loss of
    more civilians and military in Iraq
    yesterday.
Governance & Participation                                           Social & Economic Well-being
   National Constituting Processes                                Refugees & IDPs
   Transitional Governance                                        Food Security / Public Health
   Executive Authority                                            Shelter / Educational System
   Legislative Strengthening                                      Social Safety Net
   Local Governance                                               Economic Strategy and Assistance
   Transparency and Anti-Corruption                               Physical Infrastructure
   Elections                                                      Employment Generation /Markets
   Political Parties                                              Legal and Regulatory Reform
   Civil Society                                                  International Trade / Investment
   Media                                                          Banking and Finance

                                             DDR                                            Adapted by Anton Baaré
                                                                                              and Kees Steenken

     Control of Belligerents
     Territorial Security                                     Transitional Justice /Law Enforcement
     Protection of Populace                                   Judicial System / Laws
     Protection of Key Individuals,                           Human Rights
     Infrastructure, and Institutions                         Corrections
     Reform of Local Security                                 International Courts and Tribunals
     Institutions - SSR                                       Truth Commissions
     Regional Security                                        Community Rebuilding
                                                              Individual Healing and Empowerment
                             Adopted from: Post-Conflict Reconstruction Task
      Security               Framework, Centre for Strategic and International
                             Studies (CSIS) and the Association of the United
                                                                                 Justice & Reconciliation
                             States Army (AUSA, 2002)
             Roles of Civilians
   Very Broad range of roles

   EU focus on four priority areas of Civilian Crisis
    Management: Policing, Rule of Law, Civil
    Administration and Civilian Protection

   They need to have at a minimum some basic,
    culturally appropriate, comprehensive training
    package
Where do they get the knowledge
           and skills
   On the ground or OJT
   Academic Institutions
   Peacekeeping training Centres
      EU Group on Training

      IAPTC

      Eg SWEDINT and Peaceworkers UK

      Specialty Courses – DDR, CIMIC, ROL

   Exercises and scenario based training
   Self Study
    Need for training opportunities
   We need to sustain and even reinforce training
    centres , their courses as well as the pre-mission
    training so as to maximize our effectiveness on the
    ground.
    We should encourage donors to mandate that
    some of the allocated funds be used for training
    and capacity building of new staff and continuing
    education of those who have the hard won
    experiences.
   Civilians should be encouraged and funded to
    attend military training exercises as it improves
    realism and benefits all parties.
              Lesson Learned?
   Need to write and outline what we did
   Need to share this information openly not just
    park it on desks or behind unrealistic security
    constraints
   Clear details of Monitoring and Evaluation so as
    to be self critical and improve capacity,
    interoperability and efficiency in the field
   Needs to be better coordination and cooperation
    between all elements in missions
                Summary
 Civilian roles are varied and multiple
 They are present in every sector of the post
  conflict space and the rebuilding of a
  shattered country
 They like the militaries need to be trained
  educated