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MMECC
MAINSTREAMING METHODOLOGY
FOR THE ESTIMATION OF THE COSTS OF CRIME
Jacek Czabański, Ph.D.
Institute of Justice, Warsaw, Poland
COSTS OF CRIME IN POLAND –
CASE STUDY Milan, 5 December 2008 th
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability
2. Estimating costs
Data availability
3. Violent crimes (1)
What we have:
4. Violent crimes (2)
• International Crime Victim Survey
5. Victimisation costs
• Police statistics
6. Property crimes (1)
• Conviction statistics
7. Property crimes (2)
• Prison statistics
8. Total victmisation
costs
What we do not have:
9. CJS costs (1)
• Criminal injuries profile
10. CJS costs (2)
• Costs of Criminal Justice System per case
11. Total costs
12. Relative
importance
13. Sensitivity
14. Conclusions
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability
2. Estimating costs
Estimating costs of crime
3. Violent crimes (1) Poland 2003
4. Violent crimes (2)
5. Victimisation costs
2003 – last ICVS sweep in Poland
6. Property crimes (1)
7. Property crimes (2) Estimates cover:
8. Total victmisation - offences included in ICVS (assaults, robbery, sexual
costs
assaults, thefts, burglaries) plus
9. CJS costs (1)
- criminal loss of life (homicide, assaults leading to death,
10. CJS costs (2)
death by dangerous driving)
11. Total costs
12. Relative
Generally, such crimes constitute approx. 25% of all crimes
importance
recorded by the Police.
13. Sensitivity
14. Conclusions
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability
2. Estimating costs
Violent crimes (1)
3. Violent crimes (1)
4. Violent crimes (2)
5. Victimisation costs
Loss of life ((40 years of life lost on average):
6. Property crimes (1) • lost output approach (GDP per capita cost per year)
7. Property crimes (2) • QALY loss (QALY valuation per year, discounted)
8. Total victmisation
costs
Cost of injuries:
9. CJS costs (1)
• no criminal injuries profile available
10. CJS costs (2)
• QALY values for roughly similar types of offences taken
11. Total costs
from the UK
12. Relative
• QALY value taken from the WTP study and the practice of
importance
the Agency for Medical Procedures Assessment/WHO
13. Sensitivity
guidelines (60,000 PLN)
14. Conclusions
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability Violent crimes (2)
2. Estimating costs
3. Violent crimes (1) No. of QALY Cost per Total cost
4. Violent crimes (2) victims loss offence [million]
5. Victimisation costs Loss of life 4,557 40 1,081,022 4,926
6. Property crimes (1)
Assault:
7. Property crimes (2)
8. Total victmisation -serious and medium 397,000 0.191 11,460 4,553
costs
9. CJS costs (1) -simple 638,000 0.031 1,860 1,186
10. CJS costs (2) -no injury 700,000 0.007 420 293
11. Total costs
Robbery 192,000 0.028 2,252 432
12. Relative
importance
Sexual crimes
13. Sensitivity
14. Conclusions -Rape 22,000 0.561 33,660 753
- Sexual assault 347,000 0.160 9,600 3,329
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability
2. Estimating costs
Victimisation costs (loss of life)
3. Violent crimes (1)
70 216 Homicide -
4. Violent crimes (2)
758 262 special cases
5. Victimisation costs
6. Property crimes (1)
7. Property crimes (2)
Assaults
leading to
8. Total victmisation
costs death
9. CJS costs (1) Negligent
10. CJS costs (2) manslaughter
11. Total costs
12. Relative Death by
importance
dangerous
13. Sensitivity driving
14. Conclusions
3 620 Homicide
mln. PLN
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability
2. Estimating costs
Property crimes (1)
3. Violent crimes (1)
4. Violent crimes (2)
5. Victimisation costs
• Only crimes against individuals and households
6. Property crimes (1)
7. Property crimes (2) • ICVS questionnaire modified to include the question about
8. Total victmisation the value of stolen goods
costs
9. CJS costs (1)
• Criminal damage is not covered
10. CJS costs (2)
11. Total costs
• Only succesful crimes included
12. Relative
importance
13. Sensitivity
14. Conclusions
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability Property crimes (2)
2. Estimating costs
3. Violent crimes (1)
4. Violent crimes (2) No. of Cost per Total cost
5. Victimisation costs victims offence [million]
6. Property crimes (1) Car theft 54,000 22,416 1,211
7. Property crimes (2)
Theft from a car 597,000 807 482
8. Total victmisation
costs
Bike theft 356,000 652 232
9. CJS costs (1)
10. CJS costs (2) Personal theft 1,195,000 446 533
11. Total costs Burglary in a 178,000 1,266 226
12. Relative dwelling
importance
13. Sensitivity
Burglary into 259,000 725 188
14. Conclusions
second houses
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability
2. Estimating costs
Total victimisation costs
3. Violent crimes (1)
4. Violent crimes (2)
5. Victimisation costs Assaults
4 926
6. Property crimes (1)
7. Property crimes (2) 6 473
8. Total victmisation
Sexual
costs
9. CJS costs (1)
Property
10. CJS costs (2)
11. Total costs
12. Relative Loss of
importance
2 871 life
13. Sensitivity
14. Conclusions
4 082
mln. PLN
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability
2. Estimating costs
CJS costs
3. Violent crimes (1)
4. Violent crimes (2)
5. Victimisation costs
• No data on CJS costs per case
6. Property crimes (1)
7. Property crimes (2) • Calculated share of ICVS (plus deaths) crimes in total
8. Total victmisation number of crimes/convictions/imprisonment
costs
9. CJS costs (1)
• Approx. 25% of police, prosecution and courts budgets,
10. CJS costs (2)
and 60% of prison budget, are dedicated to ICVS crimes
11. Total costs
12. Relative
• Each crime category is given weight according to its
importance
seriousness by lenght of imprisonment sentence
13. Sensitivity
14. Conclusions
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability CJS costs (per crime/case)
2. Estimating costs
3. Violent crimes (1)
4. Violent crimes (2) Loss of life Assaults Sexual Property
5. Victimisation costs offences crimes
6. Property crimes (1) Police 52,000 7,100 20,700 1,800
7. Property crimes (2)
Prosecution 9,300 1,300 3,700 300
8. Total victmisation
costs
Courts 9,200 2,100 6,200 1,100
9. CJS costs (1)
10. CJS costs (2) Prisons 67,000 15,600 45,500 7,700
11. Total costs Total (per 115,000 15,800 45,800 4,000
12. Relative recorded crime)
importance
13. Sensitivity
Grand TOTAL 565 1,234 109 1,128
14. Conclusions
[mln]
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability Total costs (mln PLN)
2. Estimating costs
3. Violent crimes (1)
4. Violent crimes (2) Victimisation CJS Total % GDP
5. Victimisation costs
6. Property crimes (1)
Loss of life 4,926 565 5,492 0.65 %
7. Property crimes (2) Assaults 6,473 1,234 7,708 0.91 %
8. Total victmisation
costs Sexual offences 4,082 109 4,191 0.50 %
9. CJS costs (1)
Property crimes 2,871 1,128 3,999 0.47 %
10. CJS costs (2)
11. Total costs
All ICVS crimes 18,352 3,037 21,389 2.54 %
12. Relative
importance
13. Sensitivity
14. Conclusions
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability Relative importance
2. Estimating costs
3. Violent crimes (1)
4. Violent crimes (2) % of recorded % of % of victim.
5. Victimisation costs crimes convictions costs
6. Property crimes (1) Loss of life 1.3% 3.6 % 26.8 %
7. Property crimes (2)
Assaults 21.3 % 33.6 % 35.3 %
8. Total victmisation
costs
Sexual offences 0.7 % 1.0 % 22.2 %
9. CJS costs (1)
10. CJS costs (2) Property crimes 77.2 % 61.8 % 15.6 %
11. Total costs
12. Relative
importance
13. Sensitivity
14. Conclusions
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability
2. Estimating costs
Sensitivity
3. Violent crimes (1)
4. Violent crimes (2)
5. Victimisation costs
• Victimisation costs highly dependent on QALY
6. Property crimes (1) assessment and value
7. Property crimes (2)
8. Total victmisation • For their number and consequences, assaults with
costs
injuries and sexual assaults the most influential categories
9. CJS costs (1)
10. CJS costs (2)
11. Total costs
12. Relative
importance
13. Sensitivity
14. Conclusions
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
1. Data availability
2. Estimating costs
Conclusions
3. Violent crimes (1)
4. Violent crimes (2)
5. Victimisation costs
• Violent crimes the most costly/important (84 % of VC but
6. Property crimes (1) just 63 % or CJS C)
7. Property crimes (2)
8. Total victmisation • Property crimes, while numerous, constitute just a small
costs
fraction of VC
9. CJS costs (1)
10. CJS costs (2)
• More research on QALY and CJS costs needed
11. Total costs
12. Relative
• Victimisation costs may be useful as the first assessment
importance
of prevention policy
13. Sensitivity
14. Conclusions
MMECC is funded by the European Commission
under the Sixth Framework Programme
