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FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER
Creating Energy Independence Since 1975
The Renewable Portfolio
--- Defined & Refined
Florida Public Service Commission
Workshop
July 26, 2007
A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida 1
Definition by Technology
Absolute method
Traditional method
Focus on present or near-term technology
Generally exclusive, Specifically inclusive
366.91(b) "Renewable energy" means electrical energy produced from a method
that uses one or more of the following fuels or energy sources: hydrogen
produced from sources other than fossil fuels, biomass, solar energy, geothermal
energy, wind energy, ocean energy, and hydroelectric power. The term includes
the alternative energy resource, waste heat, from sulfuric acid manufacturing
operations.
377.803(6) "Renewable energy" means electrical, mechanical or thermal energy
produced from a method that uses one or more of the following fuels or energy
sources: hydrogen, biomass, solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy,
ocean energy, waste heat, or hydroelectric power.
2
Definition by Attribute
Flexible method, emphasis on Results
Allows future technologies
Generally inclusive, Specifically exclusive
Special “riders” to include a target method
Specific “set-aside” for favored attributes
For Example:
For purposes of this standard, “Renewable Energy" means electrical energy
produced (or directly and quantifiably displaced) from a method with:
1] No extraneous limits on the prime energy source,
2] No environmental detriments from prime energy source acquisition,
3] No net release of carbon dioxide or other pollutants.
Electric energy derived from “Acoustic Kryptonite Hyperdrive Technology” does not
qualify as renewable energy under this standard.
Reductions (from 2007) by utilities in system operations energy losses also qualify
as renewable energy under this standard.
No less than ten percent (20%) of the energy required by this standard shall be
derived directly from solar energy. 3
Attributes: Electric Energy
Production Technologies
* My opinion
Prime Source Environmental Net Release
Technology Constraint?* Detriment from Pollutant?*
Acquisition?*
Generally no issues
Photovoltaic No No No
Solar (or Waste) Thermal-Electric No No No
Wind No No No
Photochemical, Photothermal (H2) No No No
Open Loop Biomass/gas No No No
Run of River Hydro No No No
Landfill Gas No No No
Comb Heat/ Power – “waste electricity” No No No
Some issues
Hydro No Yes No
Municipal Solid Waste No No ??
Closed Loop Biomass/gas Yes Yes No
IGCC w/ Sequestration Yes Yes No
Ocean Current No ?? No
Nuclear Yes ?? No 4
Attributes: Electric Energy
Displacement Technologies
* My opinion
Prime Source Environmental Net Release
Technology Constraint?* Detriment from Pollutant?*
Acquisition?*
Solar Thermal Domestic No No No
Hot Water (SDHW)
Solar Assist Adsorption No No No
Chilling
Active Solar Thermal No No No
Space Heating
Solar Process Heat No No No
(product drying, etc)
5
Utility Efficiency
Technologies
Prime Source Environmental Net Release
Technology Constraint? Detriment from Pollutant?
Acquisition?
Low-Loss Distr Transf N/A N/A N/A
HPS-LED St Light Conv N/A N/A N/A
Distributed Generation N/A N/A N/A
Attributes not applicable…
6
Renewables Refined
“...with a strong focus on solar and wind
energy...”
--EXECUTIVE ORDER NUMBER 07-127
After initial screen, shades of green…
7
Solar Energy: 2020
Quick Calculations - Reasonable Assumptions
Single-Family Residential
Economic Installations Only – no subsidies
Assumed Net Energy for Load is 340,000 GWH
Solar Thermal (DHW) brings 2% of NEL
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) brings 2% of NEL
4% NEL (20% of RPS) is Feasible and
Economic! 8
Solar Energy: 2020
-- Other Opportunities
PV Parity expected 2010-2012 & No Real Limits on Land
Commercial PV (Big Box, malls, attractions, etc)
State & Local Govt rooftops PV (schools, offices, conv centers)
Parking Canopies PV (Shade asphalt for fee, market advantage)
Linear PV farms: edge-of Transmission RoW
Linear PV farms: edge-of & median-barrier, Interstate Highways
PV Farms: Restricted-use (airports, brownfields, retention ponds)
Rooftop Leasing: the “4&20” Plan-individual & utility joint venture
Natural Gas continues to climb
Solar Thermal- Commercial (hotels, dorms, food processing)
Reconfigure Multi-Family: Common SDHW sys, metered to units
ST Assist for Adsorption Chilling – BIG potential in FL!
More than 10% of NEL is Likely
9
Recommendation
(Our Suggested Definition of the
Definition Process)
Statutory and Regulatory Definition by
Attribute
Technology Approval by Simple, Streamlined
Regulatory Process
Category or Scenario Approval
Appeal & Dispute Resolution, etc.
Monitoring, Verification and Reporting by state agency
20% of RPS as Solar Energy Set-Aside
10
Results-Based Realities
Awareness and
Acceptance of Solar
Thermal Energy as a major
RPS resource for Florida
11
PERCEPTION
BECAUSE
etc, etc…
12
REALITY
1 KWHT = 1 KWHE
BECAUSE
1 KWH = 1 KWH
EVERY DAY, EVERY WAY
13
ENERGY
1 kilowatthour (kWh) is the
Energy needed to raise the
Temperature of 409 gal of
Water by 1o F
14
Given: Result:
Subdivision w/o gas = Electric water heaters
Solar-Thermal WH = Less electric energy
Metered Solar WH = Measured, verified
displacement of
electric energy
or: 1.0 kWhSTEEEC =* 1.0 kWhELEC !
* Actually, 1.0 kWhSTEEEC > 1.0 kWhELEC (Ask me why)
15
Equality !! --
Consider “Normal” PV:
3060 Green
kWh/yr Energy
Solar Energy
PV
D Panel
(AC Module)
Green
M Electric 900
Energy Standby
Display Energy kWh/yr Losses
Water Meter
Heater
Electric
Energy from Thermal
Grid Energy
M M to Tap
2940 6000
Electric Thermal 5100
kWh/yr kWh/yr Energy
Energy kWh/yr
Meter Meter
“Green” Energy
Thermal Energy
Electric Energy
16
Now Place the
“Green Shroud”:
3060 Green
kWh/yr Energy
Solar Energy
PV
D Panel
Green
M Electric 900 Standby
Energy
Display Energy kWh/yr Losses
Water Meter
Heater
Electric
Energy from Thermal
Grid Energy
M M to Tap
2940 6000
Electric Thermal 5100
kWh/yr kWh/yr Energy
Energy kWh/yr
Meter Meter
“Green” Energy
Thermal Energy
Electric Energy
“Pay no attention to the man behind the curtain..”
17
Then Reveal:
3060 Green (Undisputed, 100%,
kWh/yr Energy Grade A, Prime Choice)
Solar Energy
D Thermal
Panel
Green
Energy S 900 Standby
Display - Water+ kWh/yr Losses
Heater
Electric
Energy from
Grid Thermal
M M Energy
2940 to Tap
Electric Thermal
kWh/yr 5100
Energy Energy
Meter kWh/yr
“Green” Energy Meter
Thermal Energy
Electric Energy
18
Submitted for your
consideration:
“If the Inputs & Outputs are
IDENTICAL, any two systems are
EQUIVALENT-- It doesn’t matter
what is in the Black Box…”
How do we know they identical? – We Measure
the All-Important METER:
( Output Displayed in kWh )19
Concept Established–
other direct electric offsets
Solar Thermal assist for Adsorption
Chilling
Solar Thermal space heat
Solar Thermal Process Heat
20
RPS & Solar Water
Heating – now 7 states
DSIRE: www.dsireusa.org June 2007
Renewables Portfolio Standards
ME: 30% by 2000
MN: 25% by 2025 VT: RE meets load 10% b y 2017 go al - new RE
*WA: 15% by 2020 (Xcel: 30% by 2020) growth by 2012
☼ NH: 23.8% in 2025
WI: requirement varies by
MT: 15% by 2015 MA: 4% by 2009 +
utility; 10% by 2015 goal 1% annual in crease
OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)
5% - 10% b y 2025 for smaller utilities RI: 15% by 2020
CT: 23% by 2020
☼ NV: 20% by 2015 IA: 105 MW
☼ NY: 24% by 2013
☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs) IL: 8% by 2013 ☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021
*10% b y 2020 ( co-ops & larg e munis)
CA: 20% by 2010 ☼ PA: 18%¹ by 2020
MO: 11% by 2020
☼ MD: 9.5% in 2022
*NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
☼ AZ: 15% by 2025 10% by 2020 (co-ops) *DE: 10% by 2019
☼ DC: 11% by 2022
*VA: 12% by 2022
TX: 5,880 MW by 2015
HI: 20% by 2020 State RPS
State Goal
☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited RE requirement Solar water heating
* Increased credit for solar or customer-sited RE (SWH) eligible
¹PA: 8% Tier I / 10% Tier II (includes non-renewables); SWH is a Tier II resource
Source: DSIRE, North Carolina Solar Center & Interstate Renewable Energy
Council 21
Florida Solar Energy Center
Creating Energy Independence Since 1975
A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida 22
For Further Information
Bob Reedy, Director – Solar Energy Division
reedy@fsec.ucf.edu
(321) 638-1470
Philip Fairey, Deputy Director
pfairey@fsec.ucf.edu
(321) 638-1005
James M. Fenton, Director
jfenton@fsec.ucf.edu
(321) 638-1002
Main FSEC web site
www.fsec.ucf.edu
23
Appendix A: The Language
Solar Thermal-to-Electric Energy Equivalency Credit
(STEEEC):
“A standard unit of used and useful thermal energy
generated from solar sources, directly displacing
thermal energy otherwise generated from
electric sources, and equal to the amount of
electric energy displaced”
24
When Selling Energy...
The Meter is Critical !!
Feedback to the Host
Detect malfunction
Quantify pollution reduction
Feedback to the Owner (if different)
Detect malfunction
Verify return on investment
Record of generated STEECCs
Feedback to the Green Power Market
Certify Green Power and Green Tags
the All-Important METER:
Important Note: Output Displayed in kWH !!26
Meter Costs are falling
No fuel burned
Allows “no more than” approach
Owner choice: more accurate meters for more credit
Utility Scale Volumes
Solid State In-line flow meters coming available
No maintenance, no decline in registration
Low Cost Temperature Sensors
Read-by-email-digicam method (w/ spot audit)
New FSEC Meter Method
Modeling of Standby Losses
One more Temperature sensor (ambient)
Eliminates electric meter of backup source
27
