Get documents about "Slide 1
Shared by: HC120727162455
-
Stats
- views:
- 0
- posted:
- 7/27/2012
- language:
- pages:
- 49
Document Sample
Unit 5 – The Era of Revolutions, Industry,
and Neo-Imperialism 1750-1900
• Chapters 23, 24 – The West: Political revolutions
and changes; industrial revolution; cultural and
social changes; western settler societies; and
western imperialism
• Chapter 25 – Latin America: Revolutions, political
and economic challenges, social structure
• Chapter 26 – Challenges and decline in the
Islamic world and China
• Chapter 27 – Russia and Japan: Challenges,
reforms, and changes in the industrial age
•The French and Indian War (a.k.a. Seven Years’ War) 1754 –
1763
1. French settlers and various Native American tribes
fought against British settlers and the Iroquois.
2. Fought in North America, Europe, and India
(Remember, British and French East India
Companies were competing for control in the Indian
Ocean trade network)
3. The British won. The Treaty of Paris gave England
control of most of North America, including Canada
and all land east of the Mississippi River. France
maintained control of a few Caribbean Islands,
such as Haiti.
*Some historians say this was really the first world war. It
was fought on three continents, and at sea.
•Although Britain won the French and Indian War, it
drained money and resources. To increase revenue, the
King of England, George III, and English Parliament
began to tax the colonists in America – with the
justification that the war was fought for their security.
•The British government also tried to enforce the
Navigation Acts, regulating trade activities in the
colonies. This angered the colonists, who had enjoyed
a degree of self-government and economic control of
their own.
•Remember the motto: no taxation without
representation!
•As time passed, more and more of the colonists began
to advocate the idea of breaking away from England.
Remember Thomas Paine’s essay “Common Sense.”
The Boston Massacre--1770
The Boston Tea Party - 1773
TAKS Prep - American Revolution: A Quick Review
•Fought from 1775 – 1781, and was inspired by the ideas of John
Locke and the Enlightenment.
•The Treaty of Paris, which officially ended the war, was signed in 1783.
•American forces used guerilla tactics to fight the much more powerful,
professional, well equipped British Red Coats.
•The fact that the colonists were familiar with the land was an
advantage over the British.
•Plus, the British had to send supplies, troops, etc. all the way across
the Atlantic Ocean.
•Plus, the colonists were fighting for something that was meaningful to
them.
•Many early battles were won by the Brits, but the battle of Saratoga, in
New York, proved to be a turning point for the colonists.
•After the Battle of Saratoga, the French sent aid to the American
colonists, including the brilliant French General Lafayette
The U.S. Constitution was created to
replace the Articles of Confederation in 1787
•Created a bicameral legislature
•Created a FEDERAL system, meaning the
states have certain powers but the federal, or
national government has the ultimate authority
and power over state governments.
•Created separation of powers and gave each
of the three branches the power to check and
balance each other.
•Created the Bill of Rights, the first 10
amendments to the Constitution
Bill of Rights: First 10 Amendments
1st: Freedoms: Petition, Assembly, Speech,
Press
2nd: Amendment: Right to bear arms
3rd: Quartering of soldiers
4th: Search and arrest
5th: Rights in criminal cases
6th: Right to a fair trial
7th: Rights in civil cases
8th: bail, fines, punishment
9th: Rights retained by the People
10th: States' rights
The French Revolution
Motivations and Causes
• Inspired by success of American
Revolution (1776 to 1783)
• Ideas of Enlightenment
philosophers such as Locke,
Montesquieu, & Rousseau
• Weak leadership, old feudal
obligations and privileges, and a
series of bad harvests also
contributed to discontent
The Old Regime:
The Three Estates
• 1st – Clergy
• 2nd – Nobility
• Both had most privileges
and paid no taxes.
The Third Estate
3rd- Bourgeoisie, urban
workers, peasants
–Made up about 97% of
population
–Paid taxes
Documentary Questions: The French Revolution
1. Describe a few of the economic and political
problems France was facing in the late 18th century.
2. What led to the storming of the Bastille, and what
happens to the Bastille afterwards?
3. Who was Robespierre, and how did he rise to
prominence during the revolution?
4. Who was Jean-Paul Marat, and what role did he play
in the revolution?
5. Why did the revolution become more and more
radical?
6. What was Robespierre’s rationale or justification for
the Reign of Terror and the violence that marked it?
Stage One (1789-1791)
•Louis XVI calls a meeting of the Estates General.
•At the meeting, the Third Estate separates from the 1st and 2nd Estates, and
proclaim themselves the National Assembly.
•The Tennis Court Oath
•The Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789
•The Great Fear
•Feudal dues, rights, and privileges are abolished.
•The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is written.
The
Storming
of the
Bastille
•Parisian women march to Versailles and “escort”
the royal family back to Paris.
•The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is written.
•Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempt to flee,
but are recognized and caught.
Parisian Women March to Versailles
Stage Two (1792-1794)
•The Constitution of 1791is created,
beginning stage 2, the most radical phase
of the Revolution.
•Tensions increase between the
Revolutionary governments and European
monarchies.
•The Legislative Assembly declares war on
Austria and Prussia in April of 1792.
•The Jacobins take control of Paris.
•The September Massacres take place.
•Radicals take control of the Legislative
Assembly, calling themselves the National
Convention; they declare France to be a
republic.
•Louis XVI is executed in January of 1793.
Louis’s Execution
•War is declared on Britain, Spain, and
Holland.
•The Reign of Terror begins in June of 1793.
•The Committee of Public Safety is Maximilian
Established; Robespierre takes power. Robespierre
•Marie Antoinette is executed.
•The last foreign troops are driven from
France, winter 1793.
•Robespierre is executed; the Reign of Terror
ends, and a period of reaction against
radicalism begins.
Stage Three (1795-1799)
•The Directory is established, and the
Constitution of 1795 is written. Napoleon
Bonaparte
•Catholicism is restored.
•Personal freedoms are restored.
•Napoleon is given command of the French
campaign in Italy.
•Napoleon helps overthrow the Directory
and takes the title “First Consul.”
Napoleon’s Rise to Power and
Empire (Stage 4)
•Rose to power in the army during the
Revolution
•Gained recognition by winning battles
against Austria and capturing territory in
Italy
•Helped overthrow the Directory in 1799; in
1802, Napoleon named himself First Consul;
in 1804, he crowned himself emperor of the
French
•He used plebiscites to establish legitimacy
in the eyes of the French people
•Battles with the European powers
continued, and Napoleon continued to add
territory to his empire
•Around 1810, at it’s height, Napoleon’s
empire included the Netherlands, Spain,
Belgium, parts of Italy, and parts of
Germany
Timeline of Napoleonic Europe
•1800 – Bank of France Established
•1801 – Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church
•1803 – The U.S. makes the Louisiana purchase
•1804 – Napoleonic Code Established
•1804 – Battle of Trafalgar
•1806 – Napoleon dissolves the Holy Roman Empire; the
Continental System begins
•1812 – Russia breaks Continental System; Napoleon invades
Russia
•1814 – Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to the Island of Elba
•1815 – The Hundred Days (Napoleon escapes, re-establishes an
army)
•June 1815 – Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo, and exiled to the
Island of St. Helena
•1821 - Napoleon dies
Napoleon on his Imperial throne (wearing a laurel
leaf crown). Painting by Jean-Auguste-Dominique
Ingres in 1806.
Highlights of Napoleon’s
Downfall
1. As a result of Continental System, Europeans
blamed Napoleon for loss of trade, jobs, shortages
of supplies, etc. Greatest impact was the tide of
resentment against Napoleon.
2. Peninsular (Iberian) War (1808-1814) – Napoleon
was defeated by the British; Spain and Portugal
were lost and no longer under French control.
3. Russia (1812) - invaded it to enforce Continental
System (b/c Russia traded with GB); lost a
massive number of troops. (Invaded with 600,000
troops, retreated with about 120,000)
4. Prussian, Russian, and Austrian troops defeated
him as he retreated out of Russia and back to
France
The Russian Winter,
The retreat from Moscow
Famous paintings of Jacques Louis David
Assassination of Marat Napoleon in His Study
“The Death of Socrates”
Coronation of Empress Josephine
Comparison of the American and French Revolutions
•Inspired by
Enlightenment
•War to overthrow
•War for independence •Began in late
government and form
from colonial 18th century
a new political system
government •Led by
prosperous •Declaration of the
•Declaration of educated class Rights of Man and of
Independence the Citizen
•First of a
•Successful in part due to series of
distance between England •Resulted in civil war,
democratic
and colonies, familiarity revolutions,
violent purges, and
with land and guerilla which last well destruction of the
tactics, popular patriotic into the nobility
support and fervor, and 1800’s
•Major changes to the
internal problems in Britain •Both based social and political
on the idea of fabric of France
•Was NO major, popular
revolutionary change to the sovereignty •Napoleon’s empire
local political or economic spread some
•Political
structure factions enlightenment ideas,
•Lack of nobility, but land- develop especially ideas about
owning class remained •Both equality of classes.
preeminent. contributed to
rise of
nationalism
Write a thesis for the following
comparison prompt.
Compare the goals and outcomes of the
American and French Revolutions.
The Congress of Vienna was an international conference that was
called in order to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon I.
Many territorial decisions had to be made in the conference, which
was held in Vienna, Austria, from September 1814 to June 1815. The
main goal of the conference was to create a balance of power that
would preserve the peace, while stopping the spread of liberal ideas
and restoring rightful monarchies throughout Europe.
The Three Principle Goals:
Led by Austrian
diplomat 1. Compensation
Clemens von 2. Legitimacy
Metternich
3. Balance of power
Political
The Quadruple The Congress of Climate:
Alliance
pledged to Vienna-1815 Reactionaries
create a wanted to
balance of stop the
power The Map was re-drawn: spread of
(Russia, Prussia, liberal ideas
•Austria gained two Italian
Austria, Britain) provinces
•Prussia received French
territory along the Rhine River
•The Netherlands was re-
established
The European map after the 1815
Congress of Vienna
**The decisions and actions of
the European aristocracy at the
Congress of Vienna did create
stability and relative peace for
a short time, but the tide of
liberal and democratic ideas
could not be stopped…By the
1830’s-40’s revolutions were
again erupting in Europe...
Recap: Major Developments and Events in the
West in the Early Modern Era
•16th Century (1500’s) – Beginning of Modern Era; exploration
and global contacts increase
•17th Century (1600’s) – Colonial empires are built; European
monarchies strengthen; Age of Absolutism; English Civil War
challenges absolute monarchy
•18th Century (1700’s) – The Enlightenment; American
Revolution; French Revolution; Beginnings of the Industrial
Revolution
•19th Century (1800’s) – Romanticism emerges; liberal ideas
spread; class conflicts intensify as a result of the Industrial
Revolution; Nationalism increases; major social changes begin
to take place, age of neo-imperialism begins
Print slide for
Ideologies of the Early 19th Century notebook. Use
“handout”
option
Conservativism:
•The prevailing ideology at the Congress of Vienna
•Wanted to re-establish the social and political structure of Europe
before the French Revolution
•Often appealed to rural peasants as well as the aristocracy
•Favored an established, official religion - -
-Catholic in Austria and Southern Europe
-Protestant in Northern Europe
-Orthodoxy in Eastern Europe
•Believed that liberal ideas such as natural rights and popular
sovereignty led to chaos and disorder
•Sought to suppress revolutionary ideas
Print slide for
notebook. Use
“handout”
Liberalism: option
•Usually the educated middle class (bourgeoisie)
favored liberal ideas
•Wanted limited government, separation of government
powers, natural rights, and elected leaders
•Believed the right to vote should be limited to male
land-owners
•Supported laissez-faire economics
Print slide for
notebook. Use
Nationalism: “handout”
option
•As European powers sought to expand
territory and power, they continuously redrew
political boundaries, causing an increase in
nationalist sentiments
•National groups share a common history,
ethnicity, language, and religion
•Nationalism often fostered intolerance,
persecution, and violence
•The earliest nationalist uprisings occurred in
the Ottoman Balkans and parts of Austria’s
empire
Print slide for
notebook. Use
“handout”
option
Revolutions of 1830
•Belgium: Wanted independence from the
Netherlands; by 1831, Belgium was an independent
nation with a liberal constitution. This was the only
successful revolution in 1830.
•Poland: Nationalists revolted but were crushed by
Russian forces. Many Poles immigrated to the U.S.
as a result.
Print slide for
Revolutions of 1848
notebook. Use
“handout”
option
•Austria: A revolt in Vienna caused the fall of
Metternich; uprisings in other parts of the Austrian
empire soon followed. Also, parts of Italy that were
controlled by Austria rose up against the Hapsburgs.
None of these revolts were successful.
•The German States: political clashes in the
German states led to an outbreak of violence in
1848; middle class bourgeoisie clashed with the
working class; the Prussian military killed thousands
of protestors. (Many Germans immigrated to the
U.S.)
Nationalism was the driving force behind
both German and Italian unification
movements in the 19th century.
“To retain respect for sausages
and laws, one must not watch
them in the making.”
-Otto von Bismarck
“People never lie so much as
after a hunt, during a war or
before an election.”
- Otto von Bismarck
“Universal suffrage is the
government of a house by its
nursery.”
- Otto von Bismarck
Franco-Prussian War, 1870
September 1870 - A
shattered Emperor
Napoleon III
surrendered his
sword to William,
King of Prussia (later
proclaimed Kaiser of
German Empire a year
later at Versailles),
after 44 days of
warfare that
devastated France
and confirmed newly-
united Germany as
the most powerful
nation in continental
Europe.
Italy Before Unification
“I have discovered the
art of deceiving
diplomats. I tell them the
Giuseppe Garibaldi truth and they never
believe me.”
-Camillo Di Cavour
Problems facing the newly unified Italy:
•Cultural and economic differences between regions,
especially the north and south:
-the south was mainly agricultural and the north
industrial
-a wide gap in standard of living existed between
the north and south
•Sardinian domination and subsequent resentment from
other regions
•The location of the new nation’s capital (the capital was
eventually moved from Florence to Rome.)
