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[1] "Fourth annual ieee applied power electronics conference and exposition - apec 89," in Proceedings of
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 453.
This conference proceedings contains 50 papers. The following topics are dealt
with: motion control; power systems and circuits; motor drives and inverters; converter control techniques;
converter control integrated circuits; resonant conversion techniques; surface mount power circuits; hybrid
thick-film power integrated circuits; power processing components; computer-aided engineering for power
electronics; power IC simulation; distributed power processing; and chaos in power electronics.
[2] A. A. Arkadan, V. Rossillo-Johnson, and N. A. Demerdash, "Dc-ac inverter-induction motor system
network model compatible with commonly known network analysis software packages," in Proceedings of
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 195.
A method is presented for modeling electronically commutated inverter-fed
induction motor systems. The machine equivalent network model was derived from the application of
Park's dq0 transformation to the differential equations governing the dynamics of the induction motor. This
method resulted in an equivalent system network model which is compatible with most commonly known
network analysis software packages. The method was used in the simulation of the dynamic steady-state
performance of a 204 V, 3-phase, 60-Hz, 1/3-hp, 4-pole induction motor-inverter system. The system was
tested in the laboratory under various load conditions. A comparison between a SPICE simulation and
experimentaly derived test results revealed good agreement between the two sets of data. The model was
used in the evaluation of the effects of 180° and 120° electrical inverter conduction periods on
the performance of such inverter-machine systems.
[3] I. Batarseh, R. Liu, C. Q. Lee, and A. K. Upadhyay, "150 watts and 140 khz multi-output lcc-type parallel
resonant converter," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989,
pp. 221.
By using the state-plane approach, the steady state analysis and design of a
high-frequency LCC-type parallel resonant converter (PRC-LCC) operating in the continuous conduction
mode is presented. In this topology a capacitor is added in series to the inductor of a conventional PRC.
Based on this analysis, a set of steady-state characteristic curves for component value selections and device
ratings is also presented. A simple design procedure is given and a design example for a 150-W, 140-KHz
multioutput PRC-LCC power supply is given. Results from a prototype unit built to verify the theoretical
results are shown to be in reasonable agreement with predicted results.
[4] A. K. S. Bhat, "Resonant converter suitable for 650 v dc bus operation," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied
Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 231.
A high-frequency resonant converter configuration suitable for operation on a
650-V (nominal value) DC bus is described. Selection of the high-frequency switch and an appropriate
resonant converter configuration are discussed. A series-parallel resonant converter using insulated-gate
bipolar transistor-gated bipolar/MOSFET (BiMOS) cascode switches and operating above resonance is
chosen for the application. A simplified analysis, a simple design procedure, and detailed experimental
results are presented.
[5] L. Bui, M. Petit, and C. M. Val, "High density surface mounting power supply," in Proceedings of IEEE
Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 265.
The various stages in the design of a high-density surface-mounted power supply
are described, including the development of the passive power components, power chip carrier package,
and interconnection substrate. Emphasis is on the design and minimization of the power ceramic capacitor,
quadrupole capacitor, and transformer components. The construction of a 16-60 V/5 V-20 A DC-DC
converter using this technology has demonstrated that performance improvement and additional
miniaturization requires the optimization of the pulse-width modulator of the power converter.
[6] D. Burks and G. Shirn, "Mlc capacitors for switch mode power supply and related large signal
applications," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp.
365.
The construction and characteristics of a multilayer ceramic (MLC) capacitor are
reported. Results are presented from studies of MLC capacitors used in several power supply (large-signal)
applications. These are described along with measurement techniques suited to large-signal devices. A
variety of device ratings have been attained for both X7R and COG dielectrics. Capacitance values up to
several hundred microfarads have been oCTained in ratings from 25 to over 500 V.
[7] A. Dubhashi and B. R. Pelly, "Comparison of igcts and power mosfets for variable frequency motor
drives," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 67.
Insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGCTs) and power MOSFETs are compared for
efficiency as well as system costs for a range of three-phase pulse-width-modulated motor drives. Losses
are calculated for two different carrier frequencies; system costs include the heat sink. The aluminum
versus silicon tradeoff is discussed and relevant examples are given. Results are presented in graphical
format.
[8] P. R. Emerald, "Combining new, high-power packages with high-power ics answers need for hermetic,
military motor control electronics," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and
Exposition, 1989, pp. 188.
Two high-power hermetic packages have been tooled that offer the combination of
increased lead-count and thermal ratings needed to provide military-grade power ICs. This work concerns
the two package styles, and the initial high-power motor ICs that utilize them. The first is a 15-lead TO-204
style (formerly called the TO-3), that uses conventional materials, form factor, and manufacturing
techniques. The second involves a high-power dual in line pin (DIP) configuration with enhanced heat
dissipation (and therefore power handling) capabilities.
[9] R. A. Fisher, C. S. Korman, G. A. Franz, G. W. Ludwig, J. P. Walden, S. A. El-Hamamsy, K. Shenai, and
M. Kuo, "Performance of low loss synchronous rectifiers in a series-parallel resonant dc-dc converter," in
Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 240.
The functionality of efficient synchronous rectifier components, specially
developed for resonant DC-DC converter topologies designed to operate at high frequency, has been
demonstrated in a series-parallel converter circuit operating at 420 kHz and 85 W. Conduction losses for
these components are three times lower than for Schottky diodes. Switching conditions for efficient
operation have been identified both experimentally and using accurate multilevel modeling.
[10] W. J. Hazen, "Utility power requirements for electronic data processing equipment," in Proceedings of
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 23.
A description is given of the effects of nonlinear loads on utility power along with
the power quality needs of modern electronic data processing (EDP) equipment. Topics covered include the
quality of utility power, power line disturbances (PLDs) and their types and frequencies of occurrence, and
expectations for the future. Also discussed are the utility power needs of modern EDP equipment, and such
equipment's resiliency to PLDs. A system overview and design implementations and trade-offs to enhance
resiliency to PLDs are considered.
[11] D. C. Hopkins, "Thick-film power hybridization of switchmode power circuits," in Proceedings of IEEE
Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 249.
To help the electrical circuit designer better understand what is involved in a
hybrid circuit design and to aid the designer in designing hybrid-compatible circuits, the author presents a
tutorial on the design of a power hybrid circuit. The structure of a power hybrid circuit is given along with
the device's material properties and dimensions. Thick film and copper-on-ceramic techniques are
presented. The designer can use the information to understand both the electrical and thermal limitations of
such circuits. An example of a 2-MHz, off-line, thick-film-hybrid DC-DC converter is provided.
[12] P. Imbertson and N. Mohan, "Method for estimating switch-mode power supply size," in Proceedings of
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 344.
A method of estimating the physical size and layout of switch-mode power
supplies is presented. This method includes analytical expressions for determining the physical size of
inductors, capacitors, and transformers. The calculations are based on the black box input-output
requirements of the power supply, and can be used to evaluate and compare competing design approaches
or topologies. The technique is based on fundamental power supply parameters--power, energy, and
electric charge-and avoids needless calculations during the initial estimation stage of a power supply
design. Calculations using this estimation technique are presented for buck, forward flyback, and boost
regulators.
[13] B. Jacobson, J. McGinty, and Z. Salameh, "Two-stage two-phase double-forward converter for pulsed-load
applications," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 46.
Design of the two-stage two-phase double-forward converter for pulsed-load radar
applications is presented. This topology provides an optimum combination of fast output-current buildup
time and low RMS current in the switching transistors. An equivalent small-signal circuit of this multiphase
converter based on the single-stage model is developed. Results of the converter simulation under dynamic
load conditions are shown along with experimental results.
[14] T. M. Jahns, R. C. Becerra, and M. Ehsani, "Integrated current regulation for a brushless ecm drive," in
Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 81.
A method is described for regulating phase currents in a brushless electronically
commutated motor (ECM) without the use of any discrete current sensors such as shunts or current
transformers. Current feedback information is provided by current sensors integrated into MOS-gated
power switches (i.e., MOSFETs and IGFETs), and the current regulation is performed by smart-power gate
drive integrated circuits. The scheme provides protection against dangerous fault currents not sensed by
conventional bus-shunt configurations. Available power devices and smart-power components make this
technique applicable to ECM drives operating at bus supply voltages up to 500 VDC with power ratings
from fractional to +22 10 hp.
[15] M. Jaroudi and R. H. Brown, "Torque prediction and optimal control strategies of bifilar hybrid step
motors," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 204.
A method to predict torque-speed characteristics of the bifilar hybrid step motor
with an inverse-diode-clamp drive circuit is presented. The phase energization control strategies that
maximize and minimize average torque production are found. A closed-form expression for average torque
produced by the motor is found by representing the flux linkages and model parameters as Fourier series.
[16] D. Johnson and S. Quinn, "Applied power board testing," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power
Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 34.
A description is given of some approaches implemented in both hardware and
software to reduce production test and test development costs. Opportunities for cost savings during
production power board testing are emphasized. Analog testability issues are discussed with a power board
emphasis. Various fixturing methods are presented along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Hardware and software techniques are discussed which enhance testing, increase productivity and reduce
product cost.
[17] M. M. Jovanovic, R. Farrington, and F. C. Lee, "Comparison of half-bridge zcs-qrc and zvs-mrc for off-line
applications," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp.
445.
Performance comparisons of the half-bridge (HB) half-wave
zero-current-switched (ZCS) quasi-resonant converter (QRC) and the zero-voltage-switched (ZVS)
multiresonant converter (MRC) are presented. The two converters were compared with respect to their
efficiency, input voltage range, semiconductor-component stresses, power density, and reliability. A
qualitative loss analysis reveals that the efficiency of the HB ZVS-MRC can be significantly lower at a
nominal operating voltage when the input-voltage range is wide. The maximum efficiency of the HB
ZCS-QRS is almost independent of the input-voltage range. These findings were verified experimentally by
measuring efficiencies of 100-W offline HB ZCS-QRCs and ZVS-MRCs designed for various
input-voltage ranges.
[18] A. M. Kamel and T. H. Ortmeyer, "Harmonic reduction in single-phase inverter using a parallel operation
technique," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 101.
A technique is presented for harmonic reduction in inverters using sinusoidal
pulse-width modulation (PWM). A modified circuit based on parallel operation of MOS inverter sets using
interphase reactors as harmonic reducing elements and making use of a specific phase shift between the
modulating and carrier waveforms is investigated as a means to economically and efficiently reduce the
harmonic contents in the output waveform. The output waveform of a single-phase PWM inverter is
investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Detailed analysis shows that the harmonics lower than
the 15th are all less than 1% of the fundamental component when the frequency ratio is relatively low, ie
about 9 and similarly for the 29th harmonic when the ratio is about 15. This is done without noticeable
reduction in the fundamental component. The results show the feasibility of oCTaining practically
sinusoidal output waveforms.
[19] S. Kelkar, R. W. Wunderlich, and L. Hitchcock, "General computer aided tool to assess the impact of
component value tolerance on power supply performance," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power
Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 295.
A computer-based tool for checking the effects of component value variation
within a specified tolerance range is discussed. A model-building process is described for handling the
single nonlinear equation that describes the investigated system over one complete cycle. Perturbation and
subsequent linearization of the equation are used to oCTain a linear continuous system for an 'averaged'
system model. This procedure is used for the analysis of a full-bridge converter circuit.
[20] S. Kelkar, R. W. Wunderlich, and L. Hitchcock, "Device level simulation for power converters," in
Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 335.
The objective of device-level simulation of power converters is to oCTain detailed
performance information such as device voltage and current waveforms and power dissipations. The
resulting model can also be used in the course of design to help optimize component choices. Issues
involved in device-level simulation such as applications, problems, limitations and advantages are
discussed. An example full-bridge converter is simulated and used for illustration.
[21] A. W. Kelley and W. F. Yadusky, "Rectifier design for minimum line current harmonics and maximum
power factor," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp.
13.
A current quantitative computer-simulation-based analysis is presented of single-
and three-phase rectifier line-current harmonics and power factor as a function of the output filter inductor.
A finite-output filter inductor is shown to produce minimum single-phase rectifier line-current harmonics
and, if used with an input displacement power factor correction capacitor, to produce maximum overall
power factor. A filter inductor with near-infinite output is shown to produce minimum three-phase rectifier
line-current harmonics and maximum overall power factor; the smallest inductor that approximates a
near-infinite inductor is determined.
[22] G. Knoedl, Jr., S. A. Rawls, L. J. Turgeon, and J. W. Bess, "Monolithic signal isolator," in Proceedings of
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 165.
The design and construction are described of a monolithic isolator, a two-port
device designed to pass information across an isolated boundary. Among its features are: high-voltage
galvanic isolation blocking; passive sensing capability; wide dynamic range; large signal linearity; 1%
precision; a large-signal 3-dB bandwidth from DC to 1.0 MHz; excellent common-mode rejection; small
isolation bridging capacitance; industrial operating temperature range; low power consumption; and the
capability of being monolithically integrated with other circuit functions.
[23] P. T. Krein and R. M. Bass, "Multiple limit cycle phenomena in switching power converters," in
Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 143.
The operation of switching power supplies is characterized by limit cycles. For a
particular class of converters the limit cycle is not unique, and the converter output can jump almost at
random among possible cycles. Converters subject to this behavior and methods for eliminating
multiple-limit-cycle phenomena are presented. Experimental results on a hysteretic DC-DC converter are
included.
[24] D. S. Lo and C. P. Henze, "Development of a dc-to-dc power converter for distributed power processing,"
in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 413.
A 2-in × 1-in × 0.18-in planar transformer (consisting of two main
tansformers and four auxiliary transformers made of a low-profile magnetic structure and multilayer PWB
windings) was fabricated and used in an interleaved flyback power converter. Power-train efficiencies
greater than 80% were oCTained at various input voltages, loads and temperatures using a 1-MHz,
constant-frequency, pulse-width-modulated, zero-voltage resonant-transition switching technique. The
highest efficiency observed was 85%. The results indicate that the planar transformer functions
satisfactorily in an interleaved flyback power converter. However, power loss calculations result in 2 W
unidentified losses when compared with the actual circuit performance. When a discrete capacitors were
replaced by a capacitor array substrate and the discrete MOSFET switches were replaced by MOSFET dies
mounted on the capacitor substrate, the power conversion efficiency degraded 8%. This was attributed
primarily to the extra lead resistance introduced by mounting the dies on the substrate. This loss could be
reduced by improving the capacitor substrate metallization design.
[25] G. W. Ludwig and G. A. Franz, "Control study of a 500 khz, 250 w dc-dc converter," in Proceedings of
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 433.
Circuit waveforms and control strategies for a multiple-output pseudoresonant
DC-DC converter described by R. A. Fisher et al. (1988) have been studied through multilevel simulation
using a mix of behavioral and device models. Circuit waveforms show the expected pseudoresonant
switching. Voltage-mode and current-mode control are both found to be feasible. Current-mode control,
when properly implemented, has the advantage of reducing the inherent second-order system response to a
first-order one. The converter's potential instability can be eliminated with the addition of a stabilizing
ramp on the control current. Regulating the current in the transformer primary gives behavior similar to
voltage-mode control.
[26] R. Mammano, J. Radovsky, and G. Harlan, "New linear regulator features switch mode overcurrent
protection," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 159.
A linear regulator control circuit is presented which, in addition to offering
benefits such as low input-output differential and a precise reference voltage, features a unique and
innovative approach to overload protection. By using duty-ratio, switch-mode protection, this circuit
eliminates both the high internal dissipation of constant current limiting and the latch-up tendencies of
limiting with current foldback. It is argued that while the power supply designer needs to incorporate
foldback current limiting to reduce power dissipation, the customer needs constant-current limiting to
insure reliable sharing. It is the contention of this work that what they both really need is duty-ratio
protection.
[27] R. A. Mammano and J. J. Galvin, "Driving three-phase brushless dc motors - a new low loss linear
solution," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 75.
A linear driver for small brushless DC motors has been developed that has the
capability of maximizing the voltage delivered to the motor while providing commutation logic and full
control. By using discrete pnp high-side transistor switches in conjunction with integrated saturable npn
low-side drivers, a total loss of under 1 V can be achieved at currents up to 2 A and complete motor control
can be oCTained from a 5-V power source.
[28] R. W. Michelet and W. D. Roehr, "Evaluating power supply designs with cae models," in Proceedings of
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 323.
Advanced simulation tools and analog computer-aided engineering (CAE)
modeling are considered. Techniques for evaluating CAE models are presented and the advantages of using
CAE models over breadboard models are explained. To demonstrate the power and advantages of the
modeling approach a 1-kW, half-bridge, off-line converter is described. The design of the secondary, the
input filter, and the transistor drives is traced, the control circuit evaluation steps for these critical sections
are outlined, and simulation results for a few key items are shown and discussed. During this process,
state-space models for the control, drive and transformer sections are also used to help study transient
responses and compensation networks.
[29] B. A. Miwa, L. F. Casey, and M. F. Schlecht, "Copper-based hybrid fabrication of a 50 w, 5 mhz 40v-5v
dc/dc converter," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp.
256.
A prototype 50 W, 40 V-5 V DC/DC converter is presented that operates at 5
MHz and was constructed using chip and wire hybrid techniques on a ceramic substrate with copper-based
thick film conductors. The use of copper thick film and the design of very-low-inductance transformers and
interconnects are also discussed. Direct connection of a flexible-insulator transformer winding directly to a
rectifier die and a surface mount capacitor made it possible to achieve a net 2 nH of leakage inductance.
[30] L. H. Mweene, C. A. Wright, and M. F. Schlecht, "1 kw, 500 khz front-end converter for a distributed
power supply system," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,
1989, pp. 423.
The analysis, design, and performance are discussed of a prototype high
power-density converter suitable for use in the front-end of a distributed power supply system. The system
delivers 1 kW to a regulated 40 V distribution bus from the rectified utility line. Its switching frequency is
500 kHz, and it uses a phase-shifted pulse-width modulation technique to avoid primary-side switching
losses. The converter's topology is a standard power MOSFET H-bridge that drives a transformer. The
output of this transformer is rectified by a full bridge of Schottky diodes. The switches of this forward
converter are operated in a fixed-frequency PWM mode. The dominant parasitic elements are the
transformer's leakage inductor, the MOSFETs' output capacitors, and the rectifiers' junction capacitors. Of
these three groups of parasitic elements, only the leakage inductors do not result in a direct switching loss.
To avoid MOSFET switching losses, the converter is controlled with a special gate-drive pattern that
permits full recovery of the MOSFETs' capacitive energy. At the same time this drive scheme gives
zero-voltage switching for the MOSFETs. The converter's efficiency at full load approaches 90%.
[31] M. K. Nalbant and W. R. Davis, "Fb3480 new high speed current mode control ic master chip," in
Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 151.
A reconfigurable high-speed switching regulator controller integrated circuit is
introduced. The integrated circuit, designated as the FB3480, is an analog array chip with several
preoptimized functional blocks usually found in high-performance controllers. In addition the chip has
several large sections that can be reconfigured to meet specific design needs. The FB3480 contains a
high-speed error amplifier with a bandwidth gt;4 MHz, a precision bandgap voltage reference (1%), a
precision high-speed oscillator of frequency f gt; 1 MHz, dual totem-pole output stages with an ouput gt;1.5
A, undervoltage lockout, high-speed ECL/EFL logic, and many uncommitted components for circuit
customization. The discussion covers the FB3480 along with two of its derivatives, the ML4825 and the
LM4809.
[32] M. J. Nave, "Effect of duty cycle on smps common mode emissions: Theory and experiment," in
Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 3.
The theoretical time- and frequency-domain waveform of common-mode
conducted emissions for an arbitrary duty cycle is derived. It is shown that the magnitude of common-mode
emissions is independent of collector voltage rise time. Experimental data is presented for model
validation. Common mode emissions are shown to be independent of switching transistor rise time. The
model predicts the variation of emissions with duty cycle, using Fourier analysis of the common-mode
wave form with duty cycle as a parameter.
[33] D. Y. Ohm, Y. Khersonsky, and J. R. Kimzey, "Operating characteristics of indirect field oriented
induction motor," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989,
pp. 91.
Operating characteristics of an indirect field-oriented induction servo system fed
by a current regulator are analyzed theoretically and supported by test results. The effect of two critical
parameters, rotor time constant and flux current component, on steady-state and dynamic characteristics are
analyzed and their tuning procedures are discussed. Parameter variations with operating temperature are
also studied and several compensation techniques are discussed from a practical point of view.
[34] D. A. Pike, "500 v monolithic power mosfet switching 100 a at greater than 10 mhz," in Proceedings of
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 386.
A family of power transistors consisting of monolithic n-channel power
MOSFETs is described. The totally self-aligned, called Power MOS IV, has been used to produce devices
that can switch 100 A at gt; 10 MHz while blocking 500 V. With this technology, much larger and more
powerful MOSFETs are being produced such as the APT 107 die at 388 × 588 mil or 228,000
mil<sup>2</sup>, and the APT 108 die at 585 × 738 mil or 432,000 mil<sup>2</sup>. The
characteristics of the APT 108 die are presented.
[35] M. K. S. Rao and A. M. Trzynadlowski, "Novel magnetic-attraction positioning actuator," in Proceedings
of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 109.
A positioning actuator based on the principle of magnetic attraction and elastic
repulsion is presented. The principle of operation of the actuator is simple and resembles that of a
caterpillar. Three electromagnets are arranged in line and placed on a ferromagnetic surface. When
energized, the two outer electromagnets, E1 and E2, adhere to the surface, anchoring the assembly. The
central electromagnet, E2, affixed to E1 and called a motion electromagnet, attracts, when energized, a
yoke affixed to E3, overcoming the resilience of an elastic link that joints E2 and the yoke in such a manner
that the gap between them can be completely closed. To stop the assembly, either both the outer
electromagnets (open-gap standstill) or all three electromagnets (closed-gap standstill) are energized
simultaneously. In both cases, the assembly holds on to the ferromagnetic surface. Functional models of a
one-degree-of-freedom and three-degree-of-freedom motion actuators have been built and investigated
experimentally.
[36] J. A. Sabate and F. C. Lee, "Off-line application of the fixed frequency clamped mode series-resonant
converter," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 213.
The performance of the clamped-mode series-resonant converter is studied for
various applications. Prototypes designed for operation below and above resonant frequency and
zero-current turn-off or zero-voltage turn-on switching conditions are described. Theoretical characteristics
were used for the circuit's design in each operating mode; the corresponding region of operation is defined
and verified experimentally. Main sources of loss are identified.
[37] C. P. Schultz and R. A. Gilinson, "Use of current injected control in solenoid focusing coil power supplies,"
in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 125.
The use of current-injected control in the design of solenoid power supplies is
discussed. Such a supply is required to provide a constant current to a large inductive load. The control to
output (power stage) transfer characteristics are worked out for a generalized load. The location of the poles
and zeros and the effect of load inductance on the inner current loop are investigated. This control
technique is seen to have inherent feedforward capability, and therefore to have better line rejection than
the standard voltage-mode converter. This is also investigated for a solenoid converter using current-mode
control. The results are verified and compared using a SPICE computer simulation.
[38] B. Sharifipour, P. Cacciola, and J. Maddox, "Designing a 1200 watt multiple output modular power system
with high power utilization for the workstation environment," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power
Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 439.
The design of a 1200-W multiple-output modular power system for the
workstation environment is described. High power utilization (78% efficiency with 80% power factor) is
achieved through the use of Vicor modules and a passive power factor correction. Emphasis is on the
design of the AC- to-DC unit and DC-to-DC converter board (Power System Eurocard) with its controller
for use in the Apollo DN 10000 workstation. System considerations, design tradeoffs, and problems
encountered are described. Future considerations for further enhancements to performance are proposed.
[39] D. J. Shortt, "Effect of capacitor equivalent series inductance on dc-dc converter performance and
stability," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 136.
The filter capacitor equivalent series inductance (ESL) depends on the foil length,
the anode/cathode tab lengths, and the symmetry of the structure. The author discusses the effect of the
filter capacitor ESL on DC-DC converter stability, derives the open-loop transfer function in closed form,
and compares and verifies previous efforts to model the ESL with experimental data.
[40] T. H. Sloane, "Computer-based design of optimal efficiency series-resonant converters above resonance,"
in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 315.
Power losses in series-resonant converters (SRCs) operated above resonance are
examined to develop design guidelines for producing SRCs with high operating efficiencies. Expressions
are developed as functions of the design variables for losses in the transistor switches, antiparallel diodes,
and the resonant capacitor. Using these independent design variables as arguments, performance functions
(such as operating efficiency and component stress) are found. Based on predictions of the performance
functions, suggested design strategies are presented for maximizing operating efficiency, minimizing
component stress, or satisfying some combination of these two performance functions.
[41] N. O. Sokal and R. Redl, "Computer program for fast simulation and optimization of single-ended
inductor-fed zero-voltage-switching series-resonant dc/dc converters and dc/ac inverters with any loading
topology," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 303.
An application-specific program, RESOCAD (RESonant converter CAD), is
described that computes more than 250 times as fast as do general-purpose simulation programs, for
single-ended, inductor-fed, zero-voltage-switching, series-resonant DC/DC converters and DC/AC
inverters and for resonant rectifiers. The program computes steady-state periodic waveforms, input and
output powers, all power dissipations, efficiency and inefficiency values, and control functions. It can
adjust user-designated circuit parameters to optimize a design on the basis of efficiency and output power,
voltage, or current.
[42] R. R. Stoltenburg, "Boundary of power-mosfet, unclamped inductive-switching (uis), avalanche-current
capability," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 359.
The avalanche-current capability of a new class of power MOSFETs called
MegaFETs is characterized under UIS (unclamped inductive switching) conditions. These devices are
shown to be limited in avalanche current only when the junction temperature exceeds the intrinsic
temperature of 425° C. Second breakdown is shown to occur independent of the parasitic bipolar
transistor. The devices tested exhibit a cubic relationship between the maximum avalanche current and
inductance, which represents a nonconstant energy capability. This maximum current decreases linearly
with initial junction temperature, indicating a thermally initiated failure mechanism. The maximum
junction temperature at failure was found to be 400-450° C. The power-supply voltage reduces the
maximum avalanche current by increasing the time in avalanche. The current capability is also proportional
to total die area when the avalanche time is constant. The avalanche-current capability of a planar diode
was found to verify that parasitic bipolar turn-on is not necessary to cause second breakdown. Second
breakdown due to the thermal generation of carriers represents the limiting boundary of power-MOSFET
avalanche-current capability.
[43] R. M. Tedder, "Effects of converter type, reset method, and core material on magamp regulator
performance," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp.
391.
The magnetic amplifier (magamp) regulator's inherent line rejection and loop
performance are examined. Specifically, it is shown how the line to output rejection is affected by reset
method, core material and the driving converter topology. Equations describing magamp performance are
derived and verified by measurements. Most of the tests were conducted with the magamp control loop
open in order to isolate the magamp modulator rejection.
[44] J. Tomasek, "Structural and performance fundamentals of sinewave-controlled brushless servo drives," in
Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 173.
The fundamental design concepts, functional analysis, structural description and
performance characteristics are discussed of three-phase, high-performance brushless servo drives using a
sinusoidal control scheme. A comprehensive summary is provided of the fundamental data and principles
needed for successful design and applications of sinewave-controlled brushless servo drives.
[45] A. M. Urling, V. A. Niemela, G. R. Skutt, and T. G. Wilson, "Characterizing high-frequency effects in
transformer windings - a guide to several significant articles," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power
Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 373.
Several papers pertaining to the design and modeling of high-frequency
transformer windings are reviewed. Each paper is summarized, stressing its significant contributions and its
relationship to the others. The emphases and relative merits of each are discussed, and the understandability
and applicability are evaluated.
[46] L. D. Varga and N. A. Losic, "Novel lossless snubber circuit," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power
Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 40.
A simple lossless snubber circuit for use with a switch mode power converter is
presented. The circuit uses a capacitor connected between the primary and tertiary winding of a transformer
in such a way as to relieve the stress from the power semiconductor switch at both turn-on and turn-off.
The energy stored in the leakage inductance of the transformer is recovered via the capacitor and the
tertiary winding/diode connection back to the input source. Therefore, both the efficiency of the system and
transient working conditions of the switch are improved. An additional diode appropriately connected in
the tertiary winding further improves the circuit performance.
[47] H. D. Venable, "Using cae/cat tools to evaluate power supply parasitics," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied
Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 56.
Techniques are developed for determining the values of the parasitic components
which influence the transfer function of most power processing circuits. The techniques are straightforward
and numerical examples are given. While a magamp post-regulator is used as an example, the general
function is similar for most types of converters, and the techniques developed for determining the values of
the parasitic components can be used for any type of converter topology. The model can also be used for
evaluating other parameters of the design such as transient load response or output impedance.
[48] R. S. Vogelsong and C. Brzezinski, "Simulation of thermal effects in electrical systems," in Proceedings of
IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 353.
Simulators based on the SPICE program have one major limitation in that every
device in a system must operate at the same temperature. A discussion is presented of modifications
implemented in SPICE such that each device's operating temperature can be set independently by
operating-point power dissipation and/or user input, and can vary during a transient analysis controlled by a
user-defined parallel thermal network. The method used to describe the thermal system is an electrical
analog. The temperature is characterized as voltage and the power as current. The thermal resistances and
capacitances are represented with resistors and capacitors. The thermal network is then solved
simultaneously with the electrical network using the same algorithms.
[49] M. M. Walters and W. M. Polivka, "High-density modular power processor for distributed military power
systems," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 403.
A high-density power processor in a SEM (Standard Electronic Module) Format-E
package is described. The power converter features a full-bridge PWM (pulse-width modulated) topology
that uses transition resonance to achieve zero-voltage switching. The switching sequence of the
phase-shifted topology simplifies the MOSFET drive circuitry. The converter's tolerance to low
magnetizing inductance reduces the volume required for the power transformer. A low-bandwidth control
loop regulates the output currents of parallel units, providing excellent DC load-sharing characteristics
while allowing each unit to respond to dynamic loads with its own high-bandwidth loop. The parallel
modules are self-synchronizing in frequency and can be synchronized to an external clock. A high-density
packaging approach is used.
[50] J. R. Wood, "Chaos: A real phenomenon in power electronics," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power
Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp. 115.
An introductory tutorial on chaotic behavior in DC-DC converters is presented.
Chaos is characterized by an emipirical spectrum which has a continuous component, and may even have
no discrete components. Chaotic behavior frequently occurs when a power converter operates in a
protective mode such as in a short-circuit or overload condition. Chaotic behavior in power converters is
described in terms of phase-plane (state-space) trajectories. A description is given of a particular form of
buck regulator circuit without PWM (pulse-width modulation) drive and without current sensing, i.e. a
form of ripple-regulator. Simulation and experimental data for the circuit are presented and discussed. Two
other similar circuits exhibiting chaotic behavior are also considered.
[51] C.-H. Yang, S. A. Nasar, and W. R. Yount, "Novel high force-density pm linear oscillating motors and
their controllers," in Proceedings of IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1989, pp.
183.
A DC permanent-magnet (PM) linear oscillating motor/controller system is
discussed. The device described uses a novel manufacturing technique that results in a high-force-density
device. The mechanism of static force production and the effects of airgap leakage flux on the force are
treated theoretically. Emphasis is on the exact determination of electromagnetic fields and forces for the
resulting magnetic circuit. The analysis leads to these parameters and ultimately to the dynamic
performance of these devices. The construction and initial tests for a PM linear oscillator motor and its
controller have been carried out. The motor and its design and power electronics are discussed.
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