BIOLOGY EOI STANDARDS / WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW FOR SURE

							              BIOLOGY EOI STANDARDS / WHAT YOU NEED TO 100% KNOW FOR SURE!

Process Standard 1: Observe & Measure
   1. Qualitative vs. Quantitative data = written descriptions vs. numerical
   2. Appropriate lab tools (see lab tools attachment on website)
   3. SI Units & Prefixes = kilo(k), hecto(h), deka(da), BASE (m, L, g), deci(d), centi(c), milli (m)…micro(u)
                             King Henry Died             BY            Drinking Chocolate Milk

Process Standard 2: Classify
   1. Taxonomy = groups & names organisms based on characteristics
   2. Aristotle = developed 1st system
   3. Linnaeus = developed system based on physical & structural similarities.
   4. Binomial nomenclature = 2-word naming. Genus species
   5. Taxonomic rankings = domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
                             Dear King         Philip Came Over For Good Soup
   6. Dichotomous key = key made up of numbered statements used to classify
   7. Cladogram = branching diagram that models phylogeny (evolutionary history)
   8. Kingdoms = Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
   9. Prokaryotes = (Pro = No) No nuclei, unicellular, eubacteria & archaebacteria
   10. Eukaryotes = (EU have a nucleus)

Process Standard 3: Experiment
   1. Scientific Method = Observations, identify a problem, hypothesis, experiment, data/results, conclusion
   2. Independent variable = What “I” already know/set at the beginning of the experiment (x axis)
   3. Dependent variable = What you measure/count throughout the experiment (y axis)
   4. DRY MIX = Dependent on Y axis, Independent on X axis
   5. Controlled variables = stuff that doesn’t change between the control & experimental group. What I keep the
       same
   6. Control group = the group left untreated/ unexposed in order to validate the results
   7. Experimental group = a set of items or people under study to determine the effect of an event, a substance, or a
       technique
   8. Example: variable-blood pressure medication
                 independent-dosage of medication
                 dependent-blood pressure
                 experimental group-group given medication
                 control group-group given placebo…nothing in the medication
   9. Hypothesis = If ___, then ___.
   10. Use math to solve problems in: population studies, biomass, probabilities in Punnett Squares
   11. Hazards/Safety (see attachment on website)

Process Standard 4: Interpret & Communicate
   1. Interpret data tables, line, bar, trend, and/or circle graphs
   2. Accept or reject hypotheses
   3. Evaluate experimental data to draw the most logical conclusion
   4. Identify appropriate graph or chart from collected data, tables, or written description (examples: population
       studies, plant growth, heart rate).

Process Standard 5: Models
   1. Pedigrees = genetic inheritance. Circle = female; Square = male. Whatever trait is being shown will be shaded
       in. If a person is homozygous, the whole shape will be one color. If a person is heterozygous (carrier), then the
       shape will be half of one color and half of the other. Most sex-linked traits are recessive!
   2. Water cycle = condensation, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration
   3. Carbon cycle = Carbon is the building block of life! To atmosphere = open burning, respiration from plants &
       animals, fuel combustion. From atmosphere = photosynthesis

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    4. Nitrogen cycle = Animals consume nitrogen when they eat plants or animals, urine/dead plants/decomposing
       organisms are converted to other nitrogen compounds by soil bacteria
    5. Energy pyramids = with each step up, only 10% of the energy is available for the next trophic level. (pyramid
       of numbers & pyramid of biomass also decrease with each step up)

Content Standard 1: Cell
   1. Organelles & function
           A. plasma/cell membrane = maintains homeostasis / selective permeability
           B. cell wall = supports & protects plants
           C. ribosomes = makes proteins (free floating & on rough ER)
           D. chloroplast = produces food for plant
           E. cytoskeleton = structure (microfilaments & microtubules)
           F. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) = transports substances & chemical reactions
           G. golgi apparatus = sorts, packages, and transports
           H. lysosome = digests materials
           I. mitochondria = transforms energy (ATP)
           J. nucleus = control center, contains genetic info
           K. vacuole = storage
           L. nucleolus = makes ribosomes
           M. cilia / flagella = locomotion & feeding
   2. Cells – tissues – organs – organ systems – organism
   3. Plasma membrane = fluid mosaic model, phospholipid bilayer, polar heads & nonpolar fatty acid chains
   4. Dynamic equilibrium = continuous movement but no overall concentration change
   5. Isotonic / hypertonic / hypotonic solutions = into & out of cell at the same rate / water goes out and cell
       shrinks / water goes in and cell swells
   6. Osmosis = diffusion of water only across a membrane
   7. Diffusion = movement of particles from an area of higher to lower concentration (perfume)
   8. Passive transport = movement of particles using no energy. (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion using
       transport proteins)
   9. Active transport = movement of particles that requires energy! (carrier proteins against concentration gradient,
       endocytosis, exocytosis)
   10. Substances dissolved in a liquid are called solutes, while the liquid itself is called the solvent. The term
       solution refers to the final product when solutes dissolve in a solvent.
   11. pH is a measure of the acidity or how basic a solution is. Ranges from 0 to 14, low numbers are acidic, 7 is
       neutral, post 7 is basic.
   12. Organic molecules contain carbon (4 bonds!)
   13. Carbohydrates = sugar
   14. Lipids = fats
   15. Proteins (meat, muscle, enzymes!) are very large molecules made up of amino acids. There are 20 amino
       acids.
   16. Nucleic acids store, transmit and express genetic information. Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.

Content Standard 2: Heredity
   1. Cell cycle = sequence of growth & division (interphase – longest phase, PMAT, cytokinesis)
   2. DNA replication = A – T and C – G. Enzyme unzips hydrogen bonds. New Bases attach.
   3. Making protein = Transcription (RNA copy of DNA in nucleus). Translation (mRNA to amino acid sequence)
   4. Punnett squares = monohybrids & dihybrids
   5. Pedigrees = genetic inheritance
   6. Allele = alternative form of a gene ( T or t)
   7. Dominant trait = T
   8. Recessive trait = t
   9. Phenotype = physical appearance (Tall or short)
   10. Genotype = TT, Tt, or tt
   11. Homozygous = TT or tt
   12. Heterozygous = Tt
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    13. Mitosis is how your body makes a new nucleus for its cells. 1 cell becomes 2 daughter nuclei (PMAT)
    14. Meiosis where 4 haploid sex cells are created from their diploid parent cell.
    15. Humans are diploid creatures, meaning that each of the chromosomes in our body are paired up with another
        for a total of 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes.
    16. Haploid cells possess only one set of a chromosome. For example, a diploid human cell has 46 chromosomes
        and a gamete (sex cell) is haploid and has 23 chromosomes.
    17. 1st Division of meiosis:
        A. Prophase I– Homologous chromosomes (chromosomes having the same genes at the same loci but
             possibly different alleles. For example, 2 chromosomes may have genes encoding eye color, but 1 may
             code for brown eyes, the other for blue) in the nucleus begin to pair up with one another and then split into
             chromatids (one half of a chromosome) where crossing over can occur. Crossing over can increase genetic
             variation.
        B. Metaphase I- Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, where the sequence of the chromosomes
             lined up is at random, through chance, increasing genetic variation via independent assortment.
        C. Anaphase I- The homologous chromosomes move to opposing poles from the equator
        D. Telophase I- A new nuclei forms near each pole alongside its new chromosome compliment. At this stage
             2 haploid cells have been created from the original diploid cell of the parent.
    17. 2nd Division of meiosis:
        A. Prophase II - The nuclear membrane disappears and the second meiotic division is initiated.
        B. Metaphase II - Pairs of chromatids line up at the equator
        C. Anaphase II - Each of these chromatid pairs move away from the equator to the poles via spindle fibers
        D. Telophase II - 4 new haploid gametes are created that will fuse with the gametes of the opposite sex to
             create a zygote.
    18. The letter X with a superscript letter involves sex-linked traits for female gametes, and the letter Y should be a
        gamete that hasn't got this sex-linked trait (XY male, XX female).
    19. If a question about a dihybrid cross involves 2 heterozygous parents, the ratio answer is 9:3:3:1

Content Standard 3: Biological Diversity
   1. Homologous structures = any similarity between characteristics that is due to their shared ancestry.
   2. Analogous structures = Structures found in various species that may have the same function, but have
      originated from somewhere different on the evolutionary chain. (Butterfly & hawk wings…used for flight)
   3. Vestigial structures = describes homologous structures have seemingly lost all or most of their original
      function
   4. Adaptations = an anatomical structure, physiological process or behavioral trait of an organism that has
      evolved over a period of time by the process of natural selection such that it increases the expected long-term
      reproductive success of the organism.
   5. Convergent evolution = A kind of evolution wherein organisms evolve structures that have similar (analogous)
      structures or functions in spite of their evolutionary ancestors being very dissimilar or unrelated.
   6. Natural selection = process where heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive long
      enough to reproduce become more common over successive generations of a population.
   7. Evolution = change in the genetic material of a population of organisms from one generation to the next.

Content Standard 4: Interdependence of Organisms
   1. Water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle
   2. Symbiotic relationships: mutualism (both benefit), parasitism(1 benefits & 1 is harmed), commensalism (1
      benefits & 1 doesn’t care)
   3. Competition
   4. Carrying capacity = max number of organism the environment can hold (S-shaped / logistic growth)
   5. Limiting factors = any biotic (living) or abiotic (nonliving) factor that restricts the existence, numbers,
      reproduction, or distribution of organisms. (Ex: not enough food, light, etc)
   6. Organism – Population – Community – Ecosystem
   7. Producers/autotrophs make their own food via the sun (photosynthesis) or chemicals (chemosynthesis)
   8. Consumers/heterotrophs feed on other organisms as a source of food.
   9. On any kind of ecological pyramid producers go on bottom, primary consumers are next, then secondary
      consumers, then tertiary consumers.
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    10. You only get 10% of the energy consumed on each level of an eco pyramid!
    11. Niche is how an organism makes a living. It describes how an organism or population responds to the
        distribution of resources and competitors (e.g., by growing when resources are abundant, and when predators,
        parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (e.g., limiting access to
        resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey.
    12. A density-dependent limiting factor is something that affects a population and how many organisms are
        present in the population matters (the bigger the population, the more affected they are). Ex. disease, parasites,
        food availability, etc
    13. A density-independent limiting factor is something that affects a population and how many organisms are
        present in the population doesn’t matter (population size has no affect on how the population is impacted). Ex.
        Temperature, storms, floods, fire, etc
    14. Decomposers attain their energy by breaking down dead organic material
    15. Scavengers seek out and eat dead matter
    16. Primary succession starts with bare rock, then lichen comes in and build soil, then seeds blow in to created
        grasses, then trees, grow, etc until a climax community is reached. In secondary succession, you begin with
        soil present (after fire, flood, etc,)
    17. Biomes are climatically and geographically defined areas of ecologically similar climatic conditions.
        Temperature and Precipitation are among the most important determinants in biome distribution
    18. Tundra: cold, few trees, permafrost
    19. Taiga/boreal or coniferous forest: pine and cedar trees (conifers), cold, alpine
    20. Grassland: few trees, grass
    21. Deciduous forest: trees loose leaves in the fall
    22. Rainforest: warm, rainy, usually near the equator
    23. Desert: can be hot or cold (usually known for hot), little precipitation
    24. Wetlands: swamps, bogs, marshes, estuaries (where river meets the sea)
    25. Marine: ocean, coral reefs, has photic and aphotic zones
    26. Freshwater: rivers, lakes, streams, ponds
    27. J shaped curve show exponential growth. S shaped curve shows gradual growth/logistic growth reaching
        carrying capacity.
    28. Biodiversity is the variety of different species of organisms in an area. Rainforest has the most; deserts and
        tundra have the least.

Content Standard 5: Matter, Energy, Organization in Living Systems
   1. Photosynthesis = autotrophs trap energy from the sunlight with chlorophyll & use the energy to convert carbon
      dioxide and water into simple sugars. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (carbon dioxide + water + sunlight
      YILEDS sugar + oxygen gas). Light dependent reaction: converts sunlight into chemical energy. Light
      independent reaction: produces simple sugars in Calvin cycle
   2. Cellular Respiration = mitochondria breaks down food molecules to produce ATP. 3 stages = glycolysis, citric
      acid cycle, electron transport chain. Equation is the opposite of photosynthesis!!
   3. Cycles
   4. Food chain = shows how energy and matter move through an ecosystem. Berries → Mouse → Bear
   5. Food web = shows all possible feeding relationships
   6. Energy pyramids = available energy, numbers, and biomass decrease as you go up each trophic level

Content Standard 6: Behavior of Organisms
   1. Homeostasis = regulation of internal environment; maintaining equilibrium; ex: internal temperature
   2. Plant tropisms (light, gravity, touch) = Growth response to stimulus. Growth toward light: phototropism.
      Upward or downward growth: gravitropism. Growth response to touch: thigmotropism.
   3. Sense organs = can detect light, chemical , mechanical stimulation…can lead to behavior changes
   4. Innate behavior = inherited (reflex, fight-or-flight response, instinct, courtship, territoriality, aggressive,
      dominance hierarchy, circadian rhythm, migration, hibernation, estivation)
   5. Learned behavior = takes place when behavior changes through practice or experience. (habituation,
      imprinting, trial and error, classical conditioning, insight)
   6. Behavior adaptations

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