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Energy and
Agriculture
Gustavo Best
Senior Energy Coordinator
Environment and Natural Resources Service
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations
Rome, Italy
Energy Analysis Forum
Arlington, USA, 11- 12 June, 2003.
Elements of my talk
• what are the functions of agriculture ?
• overview of economic importance of agriculture
• agriculture as an energy user
• agriculture as an energy producer
• a few opportunities for and from the USA
on renewable energy and agriculture
Key Functions of agriculture
• Food production function
• environmental function( +/-)
• energy function
• social function (livelihoods)
Food production function
GDP, US$ Billion
11,000
10,000 9,312
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000 5,508
5,000
4,000
3,000 2,048
2,000 1,154
556 601 834
1,000 471
0
Af rica Latin Near East Asia and
America & the Pacif ic
the
1990 Caribbean
2000
Agricultural GDP, US$ Billion
1,000
900
784
800
700
600
491
500
400
300
200 119
79 83 92 82 88
100
0
Af rica Latin Near East Asia and the
America & Pacif ic
the
1990 Caribbean
2000
Growth Rates, 1990-2000
4.0
3.3 3.3
2.9 3.0
3.0 2.8
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.0
0.0
Af rica Latin Near East Asia and the
America & Pacif ic
the
GDP Caribbean
Agricultural GDP
Agricultural GDP as % of total GDP
2000
World 4.3
Developed countries 1.9
Industrial 1.7
Transition 8.1
Developing countries 15.6
Latin America and the
Caribbean 6.9
Near East and North Africa 11.9
Sub-Saharan Africa 29.8
East and Southeast Asia 19.9
South Asia 25.1
Continental/Other Regional
Africa 17.2
Latin America 6.8
Caribbean 5.0
Oceania 4.3
Australia/New Zealand 4.0
Other Oceania 16.5
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
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Agriculture as % of GDP, 2000
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Energy needs of the food
production function:
agriculture as an energy
USER
• Agriculture is the biggest water consumer.
It uses around 70 percent of all freshwater withdrawals worldwide.
• Only 20 percent of the arable land in developing countries is irrigated,
but it produces around 40 percent of all crops and close to 60 percent
of cereal production.
• The irrigated area in developing countries is expected to increase by
40 million hectares (20 percent) by 2030.
More information at:
http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stm
Other direct energy inputs
mechanical, electrical, thermal
Small amounts can have important
impacts
Renewable energy
for
productive uses
is the priority
Energy production function
Bioenergy Resources
• Agricultural, forest, livestock,
agroprocessing, municipal
residues
• Energy Plantations :
– sugar cane and beetroot
– sorghum
– oil seeds
– pastures/grasses
– trees, shrubs
甜高粱
Sweet
Sorghum
Harvest
1999 in
Huhehaohe
Energy Conversion Forms of
biomass
• combustion
• gasification
• pirolisis
• carbonization
• fermentation to alcohol
• fermentation to biogas
• extraction
Synergies
• farmer can also become energy
producer
• agroindustry can contribute to
the energy balance
• bioenergy supports agricultural
diversification
• agriculture contributes to world
environment
• Food Security enhanced
What are opportunities from the
USA?
From the point of view of
technology ?
• The USA has considerable know how
(examples)
– Solar systems
– Wind energy systems
– Integrated/hybrid RE systems
– High tech bioenergy production
– Standards and norms
– Material sciences
– Environmental assessment and monitoring
– Water management
– Emissions reduction
From the point of view of Ecology ?
• The USA has most ecological zones
– deserts
– coastal areas
– forests
– mountains
– humid tropics
– plains
– marshlands
Experiences are very valuable for other countries
From the economic/institutional point of view
important experience with subsidies and
(PURPA)
experience with private/public equation
experience with Federal vs. State action
understanding market development
existence of bridges between agriculture and
energy sectors
What are implications for the
USA ?
(besides new market creation)
Contribute to rural development
Reduce urbanization
Enhanced confidence in their future by the
rural poor
Play a part in the equation:
energy>development> security
Is there enough knowledge ?
Yes on science and technologies
No on data and priority requirements
Yes on social/cultural issues but many times
they are forgotten
FAO is ready to share its
experience in rural areas of its
member countries to promote
renewable energy systems as key
vehicles to achieving
sustainability.
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