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GENETICS-1
1) Complex organisms produce sex cells that unite during The changes in foot structure in a bird population on over
fertilization, forming a single cell known as many generations are shown in the diagram below.
a) an embryo c) a gonad
b) a gamete d) a zygote
2) A cell with a diploid chromosome number of 12 divided
two times, producing four cells with six chromosomes each.
The process that produced these four cells was most likely 6) These changes can best be explained by the concept of
a) internal fertilization a) evolution
b) external fertilization b) extinction
c) mitotic cell division c) stable gene frequencies
d) meiotic cell division d) use and disuse
3) Which diagram represents a pair of homologous 7) In 1889, August Weismann, a German biologist,
chromosomes? conducted an experiment attempting to produce mice without
tails. He cut the tails off adult mice and then permitted them
to mate. All offspring had long tails. He repeated the
experiment many times, always with the same results. This
experiment helped to disprove the concept of
a) overproduction in a species
b) inheritance of acquired characteristics
c) survival of the fittest
d) struggle for existence
8) In cats, a pair of X-sex chromosomes will produce a
female, while an X- and a Y-sex chromosome will produce a
male. Fur color is controlled by a single pair of alleles. The
4) In minks, the gene for brown fur (B) is dominant over the alleles for orange fur and for black fur are located on the X-
gene for silver fur (b). Which set of genotypes represents a chromosome only. Tortoise shell cats have one allele for
cross that could produce offspring with silver fur from orange fur and one for black fur. Which statement concerning
parents that both have brown fur? fur color in cats is true?
a) Bb x Bb c) BB x BB a) Only female cats can be tortoiseshell.
b) BB x bb d) Bb x bb b) Only male cats can be tortoiseshell
c) Males need two alleles to have orange fur.
5) When a certain pure strain of fruit fly is cultured at a d) Males need two alleles to have black
temperature of 16˚C, all of the flies will develop straight fur.
wings. The offspring of these flies will develop curly wings
when they are 9) In humans, Down syndrome is often a result of the
raised at 25˚C. This pattern of development a) disjunction of homologous
indicates that chromosomes during meiotic cell
a) acquired characteristics can be passed division
from generation to generation b) nondisjunction of chromosome
b) curly-winged flies will have straight- number 21 in one of the parents
winged offspring regardless of the c) combination of an egg and sperm,
environment each carrying a recessive allele for this
c) the environment can affect the disorder
expression of certain genes d) fusion of two 2n gametes during
d) straight-winged flies will have curly- fertilization
winged offspring regardless of the
environment
GENETICS-2
10) Which phrase best describes a human with the 13) Which diagram best represents a basic structural unit of
chromosomes represented in the diagram below? DNA?
a) a female who exhibits Down
syndrome Base your answers to the next three questions on the diagram
b) a male who exhibits Down syndrome below and on your knowledge of biology.
c) a female who does not exhibit Down
syndrome
d) a male who does not exhibit Down
syndrome
11) Siamese cats have a genotype for dark fur, but the
enzymes that produce the dark coloring function best at
temperatures below the cat's normal body temperature. A
Siamese cat usually has darker fur on its ears, nose, paws, and
tail, because these parts have a lower temperature than the
rest of its body. If a Siamese cat spends much time outdoors
during very cold weather, darker fur grows in other places on
its body. Which statement is supported by these
observations?
a) Phenotype is influenced by both
heredity and environment.
b) Phenotype is usually determined by 14) The DNA code for structure 1 is
the environment, only. a) U-U-U c) A-A-A
c) Genotype always has a greater b) T-T-T d) P-H-E
influence than environment.
d) Genotype is influenced by both 15) Number 2 indicates part of a compound known as a
heredity and environment. a) nucleic acid c) lipid
b) polysaccharide d) polypeptide
12) Which statement best describes messenger RNA? (protine)
a) It transfers polypeptides to the
nucleus. 16) Number 3 represents a molecule known as
b) It is chemically more complex than a) ribosomal RNA
DNA. b) transfer RNA
c) It has one oxygen atom less than DNA. c) an amino acid
d) It is composed of a single strand of d) deoxyribonucleic acid
nucleotides.
17) Number 4 represents a
a) gene c) codon
b) nucleotide d) sugar
GENETICS-3
The diagram below shows a portion of a DNA molecule Base your answers to the next three questions on the
information below and on your knowledge of biology.
In 1973, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer inserted a gene
from an African clawed frog into a bacterium. The bacterium
then began producing a protein directed by the code found on
the inserted frog gene.
22) The newly synthesized genetic material in the bacterium
is known as
a) recombinant DNA
b) messenger RNA
c) a gene mutation
18) The base sequence of the unlabeled strand shown in the d) a multiple allele
diagram is most likely
a) G-A-G-T c) T-C-T-G 23) The procedure used by Cohen and Boyer is known as
b) C-U-C-A d) C-A-C-U a) cloning
b) genetic engineering
19) A single gene mutation would most likely to occur if c) karyotyping
a) messenger-RNA molecules d) genetic screening
temporarily bond to DNA molecules
b) the cytoplasm lacks the amino acids 24) Analysis of the DNA from both the frog and the
necessary to synthesize a certain bacterium would reveal that
polypeptide. a) frog DNA is single stranded, but
c) a base sequence in a DNA molecule is bacterial DNA is double stranded
changed b) frog DNA contains thymine, but
d) transfer-RNA molecules do not line bacterial DNA contains uracil
up properly on a messenger-RNA c) DNA from both organisms is
molecule composed of repeating nucleotide units
d) DNA from both organisms contains
the sugar ribose
Base your answers to the next two questions on the diagram below, which represents some molecules involved in
protein synthesis, and on your knowledge of biology.
20) Which number indicates part of a molecule containing 21) A molecule that contains many codons is indicated by
peptide bonds? a) 1 c) 3
a) 1 c) 3 b) 2 d) 4
b) 2 d) 4
GENETICS-4
25) Which diagram best represents the formation of a zygote 28) In nucleotides, the letters A, G, C, and T represent
that could develop into a normal human male? a) phosphate groups
b) deoxyribose sugars
c) nitrogenous base
d) ribose sugars\
Base your answers to the next two questions on the chart
below and on your knowledge of biology.
26) Mutations can be transmitted to the next generation only
if they are present in
a) brain cells c) body cells
b) sex cells d) muscle cells
The difference in amino acids indicated in the circled portion
of the diagram below causes a change in the shape of red 29) According to this information, the closest evolutionary
blood cells. relationship most likely exists between the
a) human and the chimpanzee
b) human and the gorilla
c) chimpanzee and the gorilla
d) horse and the zebra
30) The information in the chart provides data that can help
in the identification of possible evolutionary relationships
from the study of comparative
a) cytology c) anatomy
b) embryology d) biochemistry
27) What is a probable cause of this difference in the
hemoglobin molecules?
a) the inability to synthesize a specific enzyme,
causing an accumulation of fat
b) the substitution of one kind of nucleotide for
another in a DNA molecule
c) an abnormal metabolism of phenylalanine
d) a recessive allele located on an X-chromosome
GENETICS-5
Base your answers to the next two questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
31) The diagram represents a technique that can be used for Base your answers to the next two questions on the
a) obtaining a chemical analysis of blood and urine information below and on your knowledge of biology.
b) transferring recombinant DNA to a Many squirrels in the city of Syracuse
fetus are black, rather than the typical gray.
c) preventing sickle-cell anemia This coloration is due to the presence of
d) determining the sex of the fetus a gene that codes for the production of
more melanin than is produced in gray
32) The chromosome analysis shown could be used to squirrels.
identify the presence of
a) Tay-Sachs in the mother 33) Calculating the relative percentages of black and gray
b) phenylketonuria in both the mother squirrels and predicting how these percentages may change in
and the fetus future generations would be an investigation in the field of
c) Down syndrome in the fetus a) genetic engineering
d) hemophilia in both the mother and the fetus b) biotechnology
c) population genetics
d) cytology
34) The relative frequencies of black and gray color in the
squirrel population in Syracuse would tend to remain constant
if
a) the squirrel population is small and
some squirrels migrate out of the city
b) no mutations in genes for color occur and the
squirrels do not mate randomly
c) a large number of squirrels migrate
into the city and random mating occurs
d) the squirrel population is large and no
mutations in genes for color occur
GENETICS-6
35) Sometimes a section of a chromosome is lost during 41) The correct order of molecules involved in protein
meiosis. This loss results in a change in genetic material synthesis is
known as a) messenger RNA, transfer RNA, DNA,
a) a deletion c) crossing-over polypeptide
b) replication d) mutation b) DNA, messenger RNA, polypeptide,
transfer RNA
Directions for the next four questions: c) transfer RNA, polypeptide, DNA,
For each phrase select the type of nucleic acid molecule messenger RNA, DNA
chosen from, the list below, that is best described by that d) DNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA,
phrase. [A number may be used more than once or not at all.] polypeptide
Types of Nucleic Acid Molecules 42) Which diagram best represents mitotic cell division?
a) DNA molecules, only
b) RNA molecules, only
c) Both DNA and RNA molecules
d) Neither DNA nor RNA molecules
36) May contain adenine, cytosine, guanine, and
thymine
37) Carry genetic information from the nucleus to the
ribosomes
43) The separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes
38) Are present in the nucleus of the cell during meiosis is known as
a) replication c) alignment
39) Consist of chains of nucleotides b) synthesis d) disjunction
A karyotype is shown in the diagram below. 44) The normal diploid chromosome number of the house
mouse, Mus musculus, is 40. How many pairs of homologous
chromosomes would a normal zygote of Mus musculus
contain?
a) 10 c) 40
b) 20 d) 80
45) In humans, the gene for red hair and the gene for freckles
are often inherited together because both genes are located on
the same chromosome. This observation best illustrates the
concept of
a) gene linkage
b) independent assortment
c) dominance
40) Information in this karyotype indicates that the individual d) hybridization
is a
a) female with sickle-cell anemia
b) male with Tay-Sachs disease
c) female with Down syndrome
d) male with phenylketonuria
GENETICS-7
46) A woman who is homozygous for type A blood marries a 50) In the diagram below, which type of change most likely
man who is homozygous for type B blood. All of their caused the new combination of traits in gametes B and C?
children have type AB blood. This type of inheritance is
known as codominance because
a) some of the children would be
expected to have type 0 blood
b) the allele for type A blood is dominant, and the
allele for type B blood is recessive a) an alteration in the chemical
c) the allele for type B blood is dominant, and the composition of a gene
allele for type A blood is recessive b) a change in the chromosome number
d) the allele for type A blood and the allele for type due to nondisjunction
B blood are both expressed in the children c) a change in the chromosome
composition due to crossing-over
In rabbits, the gene for black coat color (B) is dominant over (mixing)
the gene for white coat color (b). In the cross illustrated d) an alteration in the number of sugars
below, rabbit number III may have genotype BB or Bb. in DNA
51) Overexposure of animals to x rays is dangerous because x
rays are known to damage DNA. A direct result of this
damage is cells with
a) unusually thick cell walls
b) no organelles in the cytoplasm
c) abnormally large chloroplasts
47) Which cross should be done to help determine if rabbit d) changes in chromosome number or
number III is heterozygous structure
a) Cross I with 11 a second time.
b) Cross III with a rabbit having 52) Breeders have developed corn with 15-foot stalks and
genotype BB. pumpkins weighing 300 pounds. Which method did these
c) Cross III with a rabbit having breeders most likely use to develop these new varieties?
genotype bb. a) regeneration
d) Cross III with 11. b) natural selection
c) artificial selection
48) A molecule that has the shape of a double- d) grafting
stranded helix?
a) RNA c) ADP 53) What is the function of transfer RNA molecules in the
b) DNA d) ATP synthesis of proteins?
a) They provide nucleotides for
49) A man with normal color vision married a woman with messenger RNA production.
normal color vision. The father of the woman was colorblind. b) They carry genetic instructions to the
If this couple had a daughter, what is the chance this child nucleus.
would be colorblind? c) They pick up and transport amino
a) 0% c) 50% acids to the ribosomes.
b) 25% d) 100% d) They are chemically changed into
amino acids.
54) Which process can produce a large group of
organisms with identical genotypes?
a) cloning
b) sexual reproduction
c) meiosis
d) external fertilization
GENETICS-8
55) Which diagram represents a sperm that can unite with a Base your answers to the next three questions on the diagram
normal egg to produce a zygote that will develop into a below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram
normal human male embryo? represents molecular structures involved in protein synthesis.
56) The mutation rates in Drosophila will most likely
increase after exposure to
a) ultraviolet radiation 59) Structure 1 represents
b) yeast growing on a nutrient medium a) part of a polypeptide chain
c) oxygen gas b) a portion of a DNA molecule
d) extremely cold temperatures c) a portion of an RNA molecule
d) the building blocks of proteins
57) Scientists conducted a study of identical twins who were
separated at birth and raised in different 60) The DNA code for aspartic acid is
homes. They found that in some sets of twins a) C-T-G c) C-C-T
the individuals showed a marked difference in b) C-C-U d) C-U-C
intelligence. The most likely explanation for this
difference is that 61) Proline, methionine, and aspartic acid represent three
a) expression of inherited traits can types of
modify the environment a) fatty acids c) amino acids
b) intelligence is a sex-linked trait b) hormones d) enzymes
c) environment can influence the
development and expression of inherited 62) Structure 2 is synthesized in the
traits a) nucleus c) ribosome
d) nondisjunction occurred in the b) vacuole d) lysosome
autosomes of one twin but not the other twin
63) The gene frequency for a particular trait in a population
58) The individuality of an organism is determined by the was determined to be 80% A (dominant allele) and 20% a
a) sequence of nitrogenous bases in (recessive allele). Fifty years later, the gene frequency was
deoxyribonucleic acid determined to be 60% A and 40% a. What does this change
b) number of amino acids in a cell indicate about the gene pool?
c) position of the ribosomes on the a) It has remained stable.
endoplasmic reticulum b) It is evolving.
d) number of nitrogenous bases in a c) It has become predominantly
codon recessive.
d) It lacks mutations.
GENETICS-9
64) The technique known as karyotyping is used to detect 68) Which statement best describes chromosomes
abnormalities in that contain genes for the same characteristics?
a) chromosomes c) blood and urine a) They are present in a normal gamete.
b) ribosomes d) amniotic fluid b) They are homologous.
c) They occur in the same monoploid
65) What will happen if a base sequence of a strand DNA is cell.
changed from A-T-G to A-T-C? d) They are linked
a) The m-RNA will be changed from U-
A-C to U-A-G. 69) What is one difference between mitotic cell --division in
b) The t-RNA will be changed from U- plants and mitotic cell division in
A-C to T-A-C. animals?
c) The m-RNA will be changed from T- a) Chromosomes are replicated in plants
U-C to T-U-G. but not in animals.
d) The t-RNA will be changed from C- b) The replicated chromosomes separate
A-U to C-A-C. in plants but not in animals.
c) A cell plate divides the cytoplasm in
66) The addition, removal, or substitution of nitrogenous plants but not in animals.
bases in a DNA molecule may be caused by d) The nuclear membrane reforms in
a) mutagenic agents plants but not in animals.
b) cloning
c) vegetative propagation 70) Which concept is not associated with the work of Gregor
d) nondisjunction Mendel?
a) dominance
A student using a compound light microscope to observe a b) use and disuse
cell saw a number of threadlike nuclear structures such as c) independent assortment
those shown in the photograph below. d) segregation
71) In pea plants, the long-stem trait (L) is dominant and the
short-stem trait (l) is recessive. Two pea plants were crossed,
producing seeds that yielded 165 long-stem plants and 54
short-stem plants. The genotypes of the parent plants were
most likely
a) Ll and LL c) Ll and Ll
b) ll and ll d) LL and ll
72) Identical twins were born with genes for a genetic
67) These threadlike structures are composed primarily of disorder that can be controlled by diet. Both twins were
a) fatty acids c) nucleic acids placed on this diet, which excludes a certain amino acid.
b) glucose d) lipids However, one twin chose not to follow the diet and
developed the genetic disorder. The other twin followed the
diet and did not develop the disorder. This difference between
the twins illustrates that
a) gene expression is not influenced by
biochemical factors
b) identical twins do not always have the
same genotype
c) gene expression is influenced by the
environment
d) the genetic disorder is inherited by identical
twins, only
GENETICS-10
The diagram below represents a pair of chromosomes. The Punnett square below shows the cross between two
squash plants.
73) Which diagram best represents the chromatids if only
crossing-over has occurred? 77) Which genetic principle is best illustrated by the
phenotype of the offspring?
a) codominance
b) intermediate inheritance
c) independent assortment
d) dominance
78) In pea plants, the gene for yellow seeds is dominant over
the gene for green seeds. Which procedure can be used to
determine if a plant that
produces yellow seeds is homozygous or
heterozygous?
a) crossing it with plants that are
homozygous for yellow seeds
74) Which technique is used to determine whether an adult is b) crossing it with plants that are
a carrier of the gene for sickle-cell anemia? homozygous for green seeds
a) karyotyping c) urine analysis c) crossing it with plants that are known to contain
b) amniocentesis d) blood screening mutant genes
d) exposing it to high doses of radiation
75) Homologous pairs of chromosomes are restored a result
of 79) The exchange of segments of chromatids during meiosis
a) gametogenesis c) germination is known as
b) fertilization d) differentiation a) gene linkage
b) sex linkage
The diagram below represents a pair of homologous c) crossing-over (mixing)
autosomes. d) nondisjunction
80) Which blood type would not appear in the offspring and
of parents who had genotypes IAIB and IAIB?
a) A c) AB
b) B d) O
76) The letters B and b represent genes for a certain trait. 81) Amniocentesis a process that is used to
These letters also represent a) determine the rate of mutation in
a) different allels for the same gene embryos
b) linked genes b) examine the phenotypes of fruit flies
c) genes for sex determination c) detect genetic disorders in humans
d) homozygous genes before birth
d) search for polyploid fruit seeds
GENETICS STUDY GUIDE SOLUTIONS
1) d 50) c
2) d 51) d
3) 2 52) c
4) a 53) c
5) c 54) a
6) a 55) 2
7) b 56) a
8) a 57) c
9) b 58) a
10) c 59) b
11) a 60) a
12) d 61) c
13) 4 62) a
14) c 63) b
15) d 64) a
16) b 65) a
17) c 66) a
18) a 67) c
19) c 68) b
20) a 69) c
21) d 70) b
22) a 71) c
23) b 72) c
24) c 73) 1
25) 4 74) d
26) b 75) b
27) b 76) a
28) c 77) d
29) a 78) b
30) d 79) c
31) d 80) d
32) c 81) c
33) c
34) b
35) d
36) a
37) b
38) c
39) c
40) c
41) d
42) 1
43) d
44) b
45) a
46) d
47) c
48) b
49) a
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